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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Induction of CD-RAP mRNA during periosteal chondrogenesis.

Induction of chondrogenesis and maintenance of the chondrocyte phenotype are critical events for autologous periosteal transplantation, which is a viable approach for cartilage repair. Cartilage-derived retinoic acid-sensitive protein (CD-RAP) is a recently discovered protein that is mainly produced in cartilage. During development, CD-RAP expression starts at the beginning of chondrogenesis and continues throughout cartilage maturation. In order to investigate the involvement of CD-RAP during periosteal chondrogenesis we have determined the nucleotide sequence of the rabbit CD-RAP mRNA and utilized this information to evaluate the temporal and spatial expression pattern of CD-RAP at the mRNA level during chondrogenesis. When the periosteal explants were cultured under chondrogenic conditions, the expression of CD-RAP was induced, as shown by a 40-fold increase in CD-RAP mRNA between days 7 and 10. The temporal expression pattern of CD-RAP closely mimicked that of collagen type IIB mRNA. Also, the CD-RAP mRNA was localized to the matrix forming chondrocytes in the cambium layer of the periosteum by in situ hybridization as indicated by colocalization with collagen type II mRNA and positive safranin O staining. These data suggest a regulatory role of CD-RAP in periosteal chondrogenesis, which is potentially important for both cartilage repair and fracture healing via callus formation.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1999

Expansion with vestibular shields: an experimental test of the periosteal-pull hypothesis.

Two mechanisms are said to be responsible for the expansion commonly produced by buccal shields: (1) unbalanced tongue pressure and (2) periosteal pull; that is, periosteal traction on the bone overlying the molar roots. The present study used 44 young albino rats to examine these two alternatives. Half the rats wore buccal shields to produce molar expansion, and half had their maxillary molar crowns ground down to the gingiva to eliminate the effect of the tongue. In the resulting 2 x 2 design, four experimental groups were formed: (1) SM, shields and intact molars; (2) Sm, shields and reduced molars; (3) sM, no shields and intact molars; and (4) sm, no shields and reduced molars. It was hypothesized that if vestibular shields produce expansion through periosteal traction, the presence or absence of molar crowns should make no difference. Conversely, if the expansion is caused by unbalanced tongue pressure, shields should have an effect only in conjunction with intact maxillary molars. Palatal amalgam implants and dorsoventral cephalograms were used to measure the maxillary basal and dental expansion that occurred during the 6 weeks of the experiment. Analysis of variance showed the presence of highly significant interaction between shields and molars: the shields produced an increase in posterior dental expansion, but only when molar crowns were present. In contrast, basal expansion was unaffected by any combination of treatments. At least for the rat, it may be concluded that unbalanced tongue pressure, rather than periosteal traction, is probably responsible for the expansion produced by buccal shields.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed2002

A laser Doppler study of gingival blood flow variations following periosteal stimulation.

OBJECTIVES: Evaluation of the modifications occurring in human gingival blood flow following periosteal stimulation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Laser Doppler was used to measure the gingival blood flow (GBF). The reproducibility of the technique was validated by comparing measures made at intervals of 1 week. Sensitivity was verified by recording GBF before and after injection of an anesthetic containing a vasoconstrictor. Finally, 12 patients were subjected to GBF measurements before and 8 days after periosteal stimulation prior to gingival grafting. RESULTS: The laser Doppler accurately measured GBF. Measurements made at day 0 and day 7 were not statistically different (p=0.60). After injection of an anesthesic solution containing vasoconstrictor, the laser Doppler recorded a sharp decrease of the GBF (p=0.04). The patient that underwent periosteal stimulation showed statistically significant increases (p=0.02) in GBF before and 1 week post-stimulation. CONCLUSION: Periosteal stimulation induces significant increases in the GBF after 1 week.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Periosteal osteoblastoma: a case report and a review of the literature.

Osteoblastomas located on the surface of cortical bone, so-called periosteal (juxtacortical) osteoblastomas, are extremely rare. A 24-year-old man complained of pain and swelling in the left knee. The clinical and radiological investigation showed a tumor located in the posterior portion of the distal shaft of the femur. The radiological differential diagnosis included parosteal osteosarcoma, periosteal chondroma and periostitis ossificans. A frozen section was obtained and histology revealed an osteoblastoma with large epithelioid-appearing osteoblasts consistent with an aggressive osteoblastoma. An en bloc resection of the tumor was performed and the definitive histology of the whole specimen revealed a typical osteoblastoma. The authors draw attention to the fact that periosteal osteoblastoma is a rare tumor that could be mistaken clinically and histologically for other and more common tumors at this location.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Combined effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 and transforming growth factor-beta1 on periosteal mesenchymal cells during chondrogenesis in vitro.

OBJECTIVE: Periosteum contains undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells that have both chondrogenic and osteogenic potential, and has been used to repair articular cartilage defects. During this process, the role of growth factors that stimulate the periosteal mesenchymal cells toward chondrogenesis to regenerate articular cartilage and maintain its phenotype is not yet fully understood. In this study, we examined the effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), alone and in combination, on periosteal chondrogenesis using an in vitro organ culture model. METHODS: Periosteal explants from the medial proximal tibia of 2-month-old rabbits were cultured in agarose under serum free conditions for up to 6 weeks. After culture the explants were weighed, assayed for cartilage production via Safranin O staining and histomorphometry, assessed for proliferation via proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunostaining, and assessed for type II collagen mRNA expression via in situ hybridization. RESULTS: IGF-1 significantly increased chondrogenesis in a dose-dependent manner when administered continuously throughout the culture period. Continuous IGF-1, in combination with TGF-beta1 for the first 2 days, further enhanced overall total cartilage growth. Immunohistochemistry for PCNA revealed that combining IGF-1 with TGF-beta1 gave the strongest proliferative stimulus early during chondrogenesis. In situ hybridization for type II collagen showed that continuous IGF-1 maintained type II collagen mRNA expression throughout the cambium layer from 2 to 6 weeks. CONCLUSION: The results of this study demonstrate that IGF-1 and TGF-beta1 can act in combination to regulate proliferation and differentiation of periosteal mesenchymal cells during chondrogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Therapy for static scapholunate instability -- reconstruction of the dorsal part of the scapholunate ligament with a periosteal flap of the iliac crest].

Recurrent instability is frequent following capsulodesis, tenodesis, or ligament reconstruction in static scapholunate instability. Therefore a periosteal flap of the iliac crest was designed to reconstruct the dorsal part of the SL ligament, which is known to be the biomechanically strongest portion and also the axis of rotation between the scaphoid and lunate. Biomechanical testing of ten fresh frozen dorsal SL ligaments and ten periosteal flaps of the iliac crest showed similar properties concerning failure force, failure displacement, failure stress, energy to failure and stiffness. Results of eight specimens in each group were available following successful testing. Failure force of the dorsal SL ligament was 171.8 N (SD 44.2), energy to failure amounted 269.1 N-mm (SD 98.9), failure stress was 10.3 N/mm (2) (SD 1.3), failure displacement 2.9 mm (SD 0.4), and stiffness 77.2 N/mm (SD 21.4). Testing of the periosteal flap gave the following values: failure force 144.3 N (SD 38.7), energy to failure 217.9 N-mm (SD 85.0), failure stress 9.9 N/mm (2) (SD 1.7), failure displacement 3.0 mm (SD 0.4) and stiffness 60.5 N/mm (SD 14.7). In addition to these test values, clinical and radiological data of eleven patients were available following reconstruction of the dorsal SL ligament with a periosteal flap of the iliac crest. The interval between trauma and surgery was 15 months, mean follow-up was 29 months. One patient was free of pain, whereas ten mentioned pain during or following strenuous work. Two patients were completely satisfied, nine complained about some restriction during special activities. Active range of motion amounted to 56 degrees extension, 46 degrees flexion, 17 degrees radial abduction, 30 degrees ulnar abduction. Grip strength was 38.5 kg, which was 79 % of the contralateral side. Radiological evaluation demonstrated a correction of the static instability in nine cases. In two patients recurrence of static instability was obvious. The prerequisite for success of the procedure is the easy reduction of the carpals. In cases of a fixed rotatory subluxation of the scaphoid, the technique cannot maintain the reduction.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Low intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulates osteogenic activity of human periosteal cells.

The effect of low intensity pulsed ultrasound on human periosteal cells was investigated. Normal human periosteum was obtained to culture the periosteal cells. After characterization, cultures of periosteal cells at Days 2 and 4 were treated with ultrasound for 5, 10, and 20 minutes respectively. Assessments were done to assess total number of viable cells, cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity, osteocalcin secretion, vascular endothelial growth factor expression, and calcium nodule formation. With the cells not treated with ultrasound as the control, the results showed that ultrasound did not affect the total number of viable cells. It stimulated cell proliferation at the early phase of cell culture. The activity of alkaline phosphatase was increased significantly in the culture at Day 4. A similar effect was seen with osteocalcin secretion and the responses were dose-dependent. The vascular endothelial growth factor secretion increased in Day 2 and Day 4 cultures with the dose-dependent effect. Formation of calcium nodules was significantly higher with ultrasound treatment. We think that low intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulated periosteal cell proliferation and differentiation toward osteogenic lineage. The dose-dependent effect on osteogenic activities may modify the existing treatment regimen. Ultrasound treatment should be started from the beginning of fracture healing.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

MR appearance of periosteal chondrosarcoma of the foot.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the role of MRI in evaluating periosteal chondrosarcoma in the foot, an anatomically complicated location. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three cases of surgically and histologically confirmed periosteal chondrosarcomas occurring in the foot (58-year-old woman, 57-year-old woman, and 63-year-old man) were retrospectively reviewed with an emphasis on MR findings. RESULTS: Magnetic resonance successfully delineated the hypovascular nature and lobulating pattern of the lesion suggesting the cartilaginous component, the periosteal location with sparing bone marrow, and the extent of involvement of adjacent structures. These findings were either not seen or less clearly seen on CT in the former two cases. CONCLUSION: In cases of periosteal chondrosarcomas in the foot MRI can play a significant role both in the characterization of the lesion and in planning surgical therapy.

Amputation, Surgical↗
PubMed1996

Effects of periosteal stripping on healing of segmental fractures in rats.

The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of periosteal detachment upon the healing of segmental diaphyseal fractures. In rats we produced two standardized partial osteotomies with an 8-mm intermediary fragment in the femoral diaphysis. The osteotomies were then manually broken, retaining the periosteal and muscular attachment on the medial side in one group. In the other group, the segment was stripped of periosteum circumferentially. The fractures were stabilized with 1.6-mm steel pins, and the rats were allowed free movement. After 4, 8, and 12 weeks eight rats in each group were sacrificed, and callus formation, mechanical parameters, and bone blood flows were evaluated. The area of callus in the fractures with periosteal attachment was significantly less after 12 weeks, but not different from the fractures stripped of periosteum after 4 and 8 weeks. Bending moment increased throughout the experimental period in both groups. In the fractures with attached periosteum, bending moment was significantly larger at 12 weeks and bending rigidity after 4 weeks. No differences were found in total bone blood flow. Blood flow in the segmental fractured area was substantially increased in both groups after 4 weeks. At 8 weeks the segmental flow was significantly larger in the fractures with stripped periosteum, while a normalization was observed in those with attached periosteum. This study indicates that segmental fractures initiate a substantial increase in blood flow, and that additional stripping of the periosteum delays normalization of the flow. Periosteal stripping of the segment impairs fracture healing, measured as gain of bending moment.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Time scale for periosteal readhesion after brow lift.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: The objective was to determine the time interval after brow lift required to achieve periosteal readhesion to the skull with preoperative strength [corrected]. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized prospective analysis of variance with repeated measures. METHODS: Twenty-one New Zealand white rabbits, each serving as its own control, underwent subperiosteal elevation on one side of the skull. The elevated periosteum was lifted and fixed to a resorbable screw, and the contralateral periosteum was left untouched. Adhesion characteristics were subsequently examined at postoperative days 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, and 17. Seven subjects were assessed histologically to determine attachment of periosteum to underlying bone. Fourteen subjects underwent biomechanical analysis of the bone-periosteum interface using the following three measures of periosteal readhesion strength: ultimate shear strength, shear stiffness, and shear energy [corrected]. RESULTS: Blinded histological analysis showed a qualitative increase in the number of markers of periosteal healing on days 8 to 12 for the operated sides. Analysis of ultimate shear strength and shear stiffness demonstrated a significant relationship to postoperative day (P <.001). The ultimate shear strength and shear stiffness of the operated side approached that of the nonoperated side by postoperative days 12 and 8, respectively. Shear energy was significantly lower for all time points on the operated side as compared with the control (P <.02). CONCLUSION: Periosteal readhesion after surgical elevation approaches preoperative strength by the twelfth postoperative day.

Absorbable Implants↗
PubMed1998

Tissue engineered bone repair of calvarial defects using cultured periosteal cells.

Periosteum has been demonstrated to have cell populations, including chondroprogenitor and osteoprogenitor cells, that can form both cartilage and bone under appropriate conditions. In the present study, periosteum was harvested, expanded in cell culture, and used to repair critical size calvarial defects in a rabbit model. Periosteum was isolated from New Zealand White rabbits, grown in cell culture, labeled with the thymidine analog bromodeoxyuridine for later localization, and seeded into resorbable polyglycolic acid scaffold matrices. Thirty adult New Zealand White rabbits were divided into groups, and a single 15-mm diameter full-thickness calvarial defect was made in each animal. In group I, defects were repaired using resorbable polyglycolic acid implants seeded with periosteal cells. In group II, defects were repaired using untreated polyglycolic acid implants. In group III, the defects were left unrepaired. Rabbits were killed at 4 and 12 weeks postoperatively. Defect sites were then studied histologically, biochemically, and radiographically. In vitro analysis of the cultured periosteal cells indicated an osteoblastic phenotype, with production of osteocalcin upon 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 induction. In vivo results at 4 weeks showed islands of bone in the defects repaired with polyglycolic acid implants with periosteal cells (group I), whereas the defects repaired with untreated polyglycolic acid implants (group II) were filled with fibrous tissue. Collagen content was significantly increased in group I compared with group II (2.90 +/- 0.80 microg/mg dry weight versus 0.08 +/- 0.11 microg/mg dry weight, p < 0.006), as was the ash weight (0.58 +/- 0.11 mg/mg dry weight versus 0.35 +/- 0.06 mg/mg dry weight, p < 0.015). At 12 weeks there were large amounts of bone in group I, whereas there were scattered islands of bone in groups II and III. Radiodensitometry demonstrated significantly increased radiodensity of the defect sites in group I, compared with groups II and III (0.740 +/- 0.250 OD/mm2 versus 0.404 +/- 0.100 OD/mm2 and 0.266 +/- 0.150 OD/mm2, respectively, p < 0.05). Bromodeoxyuridine label, as detected by immunofluorescence, was identified in the newly formed bone in group I at both 4 and 12 weeks, confirming the contribution of the cultured periosteal cells to this bone formation. This study thus demonstrates a tissue-engineering approach to the repair of bone defects, which may have clinical applications in craniofacial and orthopedic surgery.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1983

Effect of spaceflight on periosteal bone formation in rats.

Male Wistar rats were placed in orbit for 18.5 days aboard the Soviet COSMOS 1129 biological satellite. Tetracycline was administered before and after spaceflight to label areas of bone formation. An inhibition of periosteal bone formation occurred during spaceflight in the tibial and humeral diaphyses, but this defect was corrected during the postflight period. The increased extent of arrest lines at these skeletal sites suggested that periosteal bone formation may have even ceased during spaceflight. The rib exhibited a small but nonsignificant decrease in periosteal bone formation. Endosteal bone resorption was not affected markedly by spaceflight conditions. The observed inhibition of periosteal bone formation may be a result of mechanical unloading, but endocrine factors cannot be ruled out.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Effects of calcium-phosphate-based materials on proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity of newborn rat periosteal cells in vitro.

The effects of dental materials, intended for bone substitution, on cell growth and alkaline phosphatase activity of newborn rat periosteal cells have been studied in vitro. Confluent periosteal cells were exposed to three apatite-based materials (400 micrograms/mL) with different physico-chemical properties. The materials were a beta-tricalcium phosphate with a microporous granular structure obtained by sinterization (Synthograft, Johnson & Johnson, East Windsor, NY), a 40-60-mesh microporous durapatite ceramic (Periograf, Sterling Drug, Inc., Rensselaer, NY), and a 1-2-mm-diameter hydroxyapatite ceramic (Osprovit, Feldmuhle Aktiengeselschaft, Plochingen, Germany) with macropores larger than 100 microns. Cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity were assessed by incorporation of 3H-thymidine into trichloroacetic-acid-precipitable material and by a fluorimetric method, respectively. Cell viability and compatibility with the materials were determined by morphology in phase-contrast microscopy. Periosteal cells showed increased proliferation following exposure to Synthograft, but were unaffected by Osprovit, whereas Periograf caused significantly reduced cell growth. Alkaline phosphatase activity was unaffected by Osprovit, but was decreased by both Synthograft and Periograf. The results indicated a differential response of periosteal cells to bone-substituting materials with heterogeneous physico-chemical characteristics.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1987

Periosteal division and longitudinal growth in the tibia of the rat.

Growth at the proximal tibial epiphyseal plate of the rat has been measured following three different growth-stimulating procedures. These were proximal periosteal release, distal periosteal release and full periosteal stripping of the diaphysis. A new radiographic method using a photographic technique has made it possible to take accurate measurements of the rate of long-bone growth in small experimental animals. From the results of this animal series we conclude that proximal tibial periosteal division is likely to be the most effective of the three procedures when used to correct leg-length discrepancy in the growing child.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Isolation of a cDNA sequence of rabbit GDF5 (mature form) and pattern of its mRNA expression during periosteal chondrogenesis.

Articular cartilage has a limited ability for repair and/or regeneration. Periosteal grafts, having chondrogenic potential, are used clinically and in experimental models to study the repair and regeneration of cartilage. Growth/differentiation factor 5 (GDF5), recently shown to be involved in chondrogenesis and normal skeletal development, is a bioactive candidate for augmenting the repair of damaged cartilage. In order to investigate the role of GDF5 during periosteal chondrogenesis, the rabbit sequence must be known, as most experimental models involve rabbit tissues. For this purpose, the complete rabbit-specific cDNA sequence of the mature form of GDF5 was determined. Mature rabbit GDF5 was found to be 100% identical to that of human GDF5 at the amino acid level. Using the cDNA sequence, specific primers for PCR were designed. Quantitative RT-PCR, using rabbit-specific primers, showed up-regulation of GDF5 mRNAs early during periosteal chondrogenesis suggesting its potential involvement in this process. The timing and magnitude of this expression was markedly stimulated by TGF-beta 1, which has already been shown to be a potent inducer of periosteal chondrogenesis.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1977

Lamellated periosteal reactions: a radiologic and histologic investigation.

The lamellated periosteal reaction produced in the hind limbs of seven beagle puppies following ligation of the femoral vein was used as a model for studying the mechanism of lamellated new bone formation. Rather than resulting from alternating periods of slow and fast growth, this lamellated periosteal reaction was caused by acceleration of the normal process of periosteal bone growth. This involvement is thought to explain the "physiologic" periosteal new bone of early infancy.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Three-dimensional reconfirmation of the gingivo-periosteal microvasculature and its angiogenesis during the healing process].

Periodontal surgical procedures are conducted largely on the basis of the angiogenic and fibrogenic activity of the periosteum. Therefore, it is considered that correlating treatment with this healing activity of the periosteum is a key to a successful outcome. The purpose of the present study was to reconfirm the periosteal microvasculature in the periodontal region, and closely observe the role of the vasculature in wound healing and its angiogenesis during the healing process by means of a vascular corrosion cast. In 30 adult mongrel dogs with healthy periodontium, the basic morphology of the periosteal vasculature was observed, with the left maxillary attached gingiva and alveolar mucosal regions serving as a control. A 6 x 6 mm incision was made in the right attached gingiva in order to remove a layer of not slear at a predetermined position, and the healing process was observed on the 5th, 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th postoperative day. A difference in histological construction between the gingiva and the alveolar mucosa was observed in the vasculature, which enabled easy distinction of muco-gingival junction from the periosteal vasculature. In addition, the fact that the gingivo-periosteal vasculature served as a base for vigorous angiogenesis associated with gingival regeneration and bone resorption and formation was made clear when a layer of partial thickness was removed.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

The influence of a free periosteal transplant on bone healing in the irradiated tibia. A radiological histological and biochemical study on rabbits.

The influence of periosteal transplants on irradiated bone cavities was studied in ten adult rabbit hind legs. The left hind legs were irradiated with a single X-ray dose of 20 Gy one week before operation. The right hind leg was used as a control. Radiological, histological and biochemical findings were recorded for specimens obtained 8 and 12 weeks after operation. Non-irradiated periosteal transplants on irradiated bone cavities induced more rapid and intense mature bone formation than irradiated periosteal transplants on the same areas. Ossification of bone cavities occurred even more rapidly, when neither the bone nor the transplant had been irradiated. These results indicate that a free periosteal transplant enhances ossification on irradiated bone cavities, whereas ossification may be inhibited or delayed after radiation therapy. A similar effect on diseased human mandibular bone has been observed in our clinical trials.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗