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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

A national sample of US paternity tests: do demographics predict test outcomes?

BACKGROUND: Nearly 300,000 paternity tests are performed in the United States annually to include or exclude a male as the biological father of a child. Little is known about how well the test outcomes could be predicted simply on the basis of the subjects' social background. Our objective is to document the demographic composition of test subjects and to determine how well ethnic background and age predict paternity inclusion. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A national database of 9999 paternity test results was formed weighted to represent the population of paternity establishment cases for the United States. Multiple regression determined the odds ratio of a paternity inclusion based on demographic variables such as race and age. RESULTS: The test results indicated paternity inclusions in 72 percent of cases, overall. The percent included varied little across racial and/or ethnic categories with a low of 67 percent in African Americans and a high of 82 percent among Native Americans, but these differences were not significant in multivariate analysis. The likelihood of inclusion showed a modest but significant correlation with increased maternal age. Mothers of European origin who nominated non-Europeans as fathers were less likely to identify the correct man as father. CONCLUSION: For any subject receiving a genetic test in a child support office, predicting a 72 percent probability that the test will show paternity inclusion offers as good an estimate of the test outcome as a subgroup estimate based on a subject's age, race, and child characteristics.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Paternal age and schizophrenia: a population based cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of paternal age at conception with the risk of offspring developing schizophrenia. DESIGN: A population based cohort study. SETTING: Sweden. SUBJECTS: 754,330 people born in Sweden between 1973 and 1980 and still alive and resident in Sweden at age 16 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Hospital admission with schizophrenia or non-schizophrenic, non-affective psychosis. RESULTS: After adjustment for birth related exposures, socioeconomic factors, family history of psychosis, and early parental death the overall hazard ratio for each 10 year increase in paternal age was 1.47 (95% confidence interval 1.23 to 1.76) for schizophrenia and 1.12 (0.98 to 1.29) for non-schizophrenic non-affective psychosis. This association between paternal age and schizophrenia was present in those with no family history of the disorder (hazard ratio for each 10 year increase in paternal age 1.60, 1.32 to 1.92), but not in those with a family history (0.91, 0.44 to 1.89) (P = 0.04 for interaction). CONCLUSIONS: Advancing paternal age is an important independent risk factor for schizophrenia. The stronger association between paternal age and schizophrenia in people without a family history provides further evidence that accumulation of de novo mutations in paternal sperm contributes to the overall risk of schizophrenia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Paternally derived twinning: a two century examination of records of one Scottish name.

Paternal influence on twinning was investigated through a study of all the state and church records of Scotland for the period 1800-2000 (nine generations) in relation to one Scottish patronymic - in total 50,000 births. All recorded twins born with the chosen patronymic were identified and their whole paternal ascent and descent on the male line were charted for twins. There were established three pedigrees A, B and C manifesting clear paternal twinning hereditary transmission. Detailed familial reproduction patterns were traced for pedigree A, including phenotypic identification of twin zygosity in relation to seven same sexed pairs of twins in the pedigree and one same sexed pair out of dizygotic triplets. It is the most comprehensive description to date of such a kind of twin familial trait. The data presented show (i) the unique feature of clear direct paternal influence on twinning in three families; (ii) paternal factor(s) determination in both DZ and MZ twinning; and (iii) a definite association of twinning tendency with a partial male infertility, which corresponds to the prediction of the Infertility/Twinning Paternally Dependent syndrome hypothesis. The hypothesis of a founder effect explaining the similarity of A, B, C families and the possible localisation of the paternally dependent twinning factor on the Y-chromosome are currently under molecular investigation.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Is paternal age associated with an increased risk of low birthweight, preterm delivery, and multiple birth?

OBJECTIVE: To determine if paternal age elevates the risk of low birthweight (< 2500g, LBW), preterm birth (< 37 weeks gestation), and multiple gestation among mothers whose age does not predict an elevated risk. DESIGN/METHODS: Population data on birth outcome, maternal age and paternal age was obtained from Alberta Health and Wellness for all births 1990-1996. RESULTS: Among women aged 25 to 29, regardless of parity, there was no linear relationship between paternal age and preterm birth or LBW. However, multiple birth rates increased with increased paternal age (p < 0.01). Among singleton births, advanced paternal age (>50 years) increased the risk of LBW and preterm birth (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Paternal age is not a risk factor for LBW or preterm delivery among low risk women. The increased risk of multiple birth with increased paternal age, regardless of parity, requires confirmation among other populations.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Extra structurally abnormal chromosomes (ESAC) detected at amniocentesis: frequency in approximately 75,000 prenatal cytogenetic diagnoses and associations with maternal and paternal age.

We analyzed rates of extra structurally abnormal chromosomes (ESAC) detected in prenatal cytogenetic diagnoses of amniotic fluid reported to the New York Chromosome Registry. These karyotypes include both extra unidentified structurally abnormal chromosomes (EUSAC)--often denoted as "markers"--and extra identified structurally abnormal chromosomes (EISAC). The rate of all EUSAC was 0.64/1,000 (0.32-0.40/1,000 mutant and 0.23-0.32 inherited), and that of all EISAC was 0.11/1,000 (0.07/1,000 mutant and 0.04/1,000 inherited). The rate of all ESAC was approximately 0.8/1,000-0.4-0.5/1,000 mutant and 0.3-0.4/1,000 inherited. Mean +/- SD maternal age of mutant cases was 37.5 +/- 2.9, significantly greater than the value of 35.8 years in controls. A regression analysis indicated a rate of change of the log of the rate of about +0.20 with each year of maternal age between 30 and 45 years. When paternal age was introduced, the maternal age coefficient increased to about +0.25--close to that seen for 47, +21--but the paternal age coefficient was -0.06. After being matched for maternal age and year of diagnosis, the case-control difference in paternal age for 24 mutant cases was -2.4 with a 95% confidence interval of -4.6 to -0.1 years. In a regression analysis of the effects of both parental ages on the (log) rate, the maternal age coefficient was +0.25 and the paternal age coefficient was -0.06. These results are consistent with a (weak) negative paternal age effect in the face of a strong maternal age effect. Since ESAC include a heterogeneous group of abnormalities, the maternal age and paternal age trends, if not the result of statistical fluctuation or undetected biases, may involve different types of events. Data in the literature suggest that chromosomes with de novo duplicated inversions of 15p have a strong maternal age effect (but little paternal age effect). Such chromosomes, however, do not account for the active maternal age trends seen in the data analyzed here. Inherited ESAC exhibited no such trends.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

An analysis for paternal-age effect in Ohio's Down syndrome births, 1970-1980.

The purpose of this study was to analyze Down syndrome (DS) births during 1970-1980 in the State of Ohio for a paternal-age effect independent of maternal age. Birth certificates and chromosome analysis records were used to ascertain 1,244 white DS births, which by capture-recapture methodology were estimated to comprise two-thirds of all white DS births in Ohio for this period. The control data consisted of 1,667,210 white live births in Ohio during the same period. One method of statistical analysis was a case-control comparison, which for each single-year maternal age compares the mean paternal age for controls with each observed DS paternal age. No statistically significant paternal-age effect was found in nine of the 11 years. For two of the years, and for all years combined, the DS fathers were significantly younger than the fathers of controls. When the data were subdivided according to ascertainment, one subpopulation--those DS individuals obtained from birth certificates alone--also showed a statistically significant negative paternal-age effect. The Mantel-Haenszel test was also applied to these data. Assuming no paternal-age effect, a lower rate of DS births than expected was found at paternal ages greater than or equal to 40, but not at greater than or equal to 45, greater than or equal to 50, or greater than or equal to 55. These same methods were used to test for a maternal-age effect. In each of the 11 years and over all 11 years combined, a strong and statistically significant positive maternal-age effect was detected.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The application of restriction fragment length polymorphism to disputed paternity.

The Hae III restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) system with four variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) loci has been used to resolve disputed paternity. The system exhibits an average power of exclusion of 99.96% and a mean probability of paternity of 99.96%. In all the casework examined, three VNTR loci provided a minimum 98.11% of probability of paternity. With four VNTR loci, the minimum probability of paternity was 99.69%. The alleged fathers in these cases were of different races: Chinese, Malay, Indian, Caucasian and Black, suggesting that the RFLP system is not biased for any race. This RFLP system has also been used to resolve disputed paternity cases involving related alleged fathers and cases of "motherless children". To date, we have not observed any mutation or recombination on either the maternal or paternal alleles. These results suggest that the RFLP system with four VNTR loci can decisively resolve the biological relationship in disputed paternity cases.

Female↗
PubMed1993

Paternity investigation among known false trios: ABO, Rh, MNSs, Kell, Duffy, Kidd, and HLA systems.

This paternity study was performed with trios in which the putative father was not the biological father (NBF), in order to evaluate adjustment of genetic markers employed to disclose non biological fathers for the population, and the biological meaning of likelihood of paternity in casework. All 923 generated trios had ABO, Rh, MNS, Kell and HLA systems tested; 372 of them also had Duffy and Kidd systems tested. The most powerful exclusion system was HLA, followed, in this order, by ABO, Rh, Duffy, MNSs, Kidd, and Kell. Taking into account the Indian/black/white historical miscegenation background in the population, an improvement in the performance of red blood cells as disclosers of non biological fathers could be achieved, if particular additional sera were used. In the group tested with seven different systems, direct exclusions were observed in 90.31%, and they were single system exclusions in 26.61%. In order to avoid the remote possibility of mutation, it is suggested that the number of used systems be increased. Indirect exclusions were verified in 8.87% and only 0.81% of NBF were not excluded at all. In this last group, probabilities of paternity were calculated and two values greater than 95% were obtained. To be able to accomplish the "visum et repertum" duty and to assist the court, the expert should equally emphasize: a) the probability of paternity of the alleged father and the possibility of finding an unexcluded NBF; b) the actual performance of systems used to uncover NBF, together with the probabilities of paternity of those who were not discovered; c) the previous referenced trend of probabilities of paternity of true and of non-biological fathers to cluster in distinct class intervals of likelihood of paternity.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1998

Male parental effort and paternity in a variable mating system

Recent theoretical models suggest that males may respond to changes in paternity by adjusting their parental effort. Male response will depend on the availability of reliable paternity cues and the relative costs and benefits of parental effort to the male (i.e. its effect on the survival of young and alternative mating opportunities). Males breeding in pairs may be constrained because reductions in male parental effort are unlikely to be compensated for by the female and thus the survival of both related and unrelated young may decrease. In contrast, males breeding in cooperative groups (i.e. with helpers or co-breeders) may not have this constraint if other individuals in the group compensate for reductions in male parental effort. White-browed scrubwrens, Sericornis frontalis, breed in pairs and cooperative groups, typically with one female and two males (alpha and beta). We found that male parental effort was related positively to paternity for beta males, but not for alpha or pair males. Alpha males had paternity in all broods and always fed young. In contrast, beta males often had no paternity and sometimes did not feed young. Time spent near the fertile female was not an accurate predictor of the percentage of young sired in a brood, but it was a good predictor of having sired young in a brood. Our results are consistent with the idea that male parental effort is allocated according to whether or not the male copulated with the female. We suggest that the relationship between male parental effort and paternity may vary among cooperatively breeding species depending on the type and availability of cues to a male's paternity. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1989

Loss of tolerance associated with disappearance of B cells in a patient sequentially transplanted with paternal and maternal bone marrow for the treatment of severe combined immunodeficiency disease.

We have studied the tolerance of engrafted T cells from a severe combined immunodeficiency disease patient sequentially transplanted with T-cell-depleted bone marrow from both HLA haploidentical parents. The T cells from this patient were shown by HLA typing and cytogenetic analysis to be of material origin (donor of the second graft) while HLA typing of peripheral E--populations and of an Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B-cell line established 2 1/2 years after transplantation revealed the presence of host, maternal, and paternal (donor of the first graft) HLA antigens. When tested at 30 and 60 months after the last transplant, engrafted T cells from this patient had only weak mixed lymphocyte culture reactivity to paternal cells which could be inhibited by monoclonal antibodies to HLA-DQ and DR but not by anti-DP. T cells obtained 60 months after transplant were stimulated with paternal cells in both bulk and limiting dilution cultures and failed to generate typical allocytotoxic cells to paternal T- or B-cell targets. Mixed lymphocyte cultures performed at 71 months revealed an increased proliferative response by patient cells to paternal antigens; however, the engrafted T cells remained tolerant to maternal and host antigens. Limiting dilution analysis performed at this time revealed the presence of cytolytic cells directed to paternal antigens. There were no detectable B cells (only identified source of paternal antigen) as measured by immunofluorescent analysis of peripheral blood, nor any evidence of B-cell function as assessed by in vitro assays (proliferation to staphylococcus aureus Cowen strain A and mitogen-stimulated immunoglobulin production) or in vivo production of serum immunoglobulin at 60 and 71 months. The appearance of alloreactivity associated with the loss of B cells in this patient further supports the conclusion that the maintenance of tolerance to major histocompatibility complex disparate cells requires the continued in vivo presence of cells bearing the tolerizing antigens.

Antibody Formation↗
PubMed2000

Pathogenesis of placental site trophoblastic tumor may require the presence of a paternally derived X chromosome.

Placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT) is a neoplastic proliferation of intermediate trophoblasts that invades the myometrium at the placental site after a pregnancy. Less than 100 cases have been reported. Information of the sex assignment of the antecedent gestation is available in 21 cases: 18 of these were female. To explore this interesting phenomenon, we have determined the sex chromosome composition of the tumor tissue preserved in paraffin blocks for five new cases of this condition. The last documented gestational event included a normal vaginal delivery of female infants in three cases, normal vaginal delivery of an infant of unknown sex in one case and a molar gestation in one case. Using the X-linked human androgen receptor (AR) gene as a polymorphic marker, we showed that in all five cases the tumor had a likely XX chromosomal composition; and in four cases it was possible to determine that one of the X chromosomes was of paternal origin. In one case, the paternal X chromosome showed no polymorphism to either maternal X chromosomes. In addition, sensitive semi-nested PCR failed to show a human Y chromosome element in any of the five cases of PSTT. Overall, of 21 cases from the literature and 5 cases of ours, 89% (23 of 26) showed an XX genomic composition in PSTT, either by history or genetic analysis. These results suggest that most PSTT were derived from the antecedent female conceptus and were likely to have possessed a functional paternal X chromosome. Methylation status analysis at the AR locus was performed in the three PSTT in which the paternal X chromosome was identifiable. In two cases, the paternal AR locus was hypomethylated while the corresponding maternal locus was hypermethylated. The methylation status of other loci was not investigated. Collectively, sex chromosome analysis of five cases of PSTT with literature support suggests a unique genetic basis for the development of PSTT that involves the paternal X chromosome. Although largely speculative, an active paternal X chromosome may be of importance in the pathogenesis of PSTT.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Multiple paternity in loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) nests on Melbourne Beach, Florida: a microsatellite analysis.

Many aspects of sea turtle biology are difficult to measure in these enigmatic migratory species, and this lack of knowledge continues to hamper conservation efforts. The first study of paternity in a sea turtle species used allozyme analysis to suggest multiple paternity in loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) clutches in Australia. Subsequent studies indicated that the frequency of multiple paternity varies from species to species and perhaps location to location. This study examined fine-scale population structure and paternal contribution to loggerhead clutches on Melbourne Beach, FL, USA using microsatellite markers. Mothers and offspring from 70 nests collected at two locations were analysed using two to four polymorphic microsatellite loci. Fine-scale population differentiation was not evident between the sampled locations, separated by 8 km. Multiple paternity was common in loggerhead nests on Melbourne Beach; 22 of 70 clutches had more than one father, and six had more than two fathers. This is the first time that more than two fathers have been detected for offspring in individual sea turtle nests. Paternal genotypes could not be assigned with confidence in clutches with more than two fathers, leaving the question of male philopatry unanswered. Given the high incidence of multiple paternity, we conclude that males are not a limiting resource for this central Florida nesting aggregate.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Paternal employment in agriculture and childhood kidney cancer.

This paper explores the hypothesis that there is an association between risk of childhood kidney cancer and paternal employment in occupations that have potential for exposure to herbicides and/or pesticides. In contrast to a previous study using paternal occupations at the time of the child's death, no significant association was found between such potential paternal exposures (using paternal occupations at the time of the child's birth) and the risk of cancer of the kidney in childhood (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.20-3.84). In addition, this paper quantifies the extent to which paternal occupational information on death certificates can be used as a proxy for paternal occupation at birth and how such misclassification could affect risk estimates. An example is given showing how a recently reported association between kidney cancer and paternal agricultural employment may have been overestimated as a result of the use of death certificate information.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Late, but not early, paternal effect on human embryo development is related to sperm DNA fragmentation.

BACKGROUND: It is known that repeated failure of assisted reproduction treatment (ART) can be due to a paternal effect. This study was undertaken to analyse the possible relationship between ART failure and sperm DNA fragmentation. METHODS: Zygote morphology and the percentage of spermatozoa with fragmented DNA (assessed by TUNEL) were compared in two groups using donor oocytes for ICSI attempts. The experimental group consisted of 18 infertile couples who had each undergone three previous failed ART attempts. The control group included 18 randomly selected infertile couples undergoing their first ICSI attempt. Both groups used sibling oocytes from the same donors. RESULTS: In 10 couples of the experimental group, the adverse paternal effect was evident as early as the zygote stage. This early paternal effect was not associated with sperm DNA fragmentation. In eight couples of the experimental group, the adverse paternal effect did not produce any perceptible deterioration of zygote morphology. However, this late paternal effect was associated with an increased percentage of spermatozoa with fragmented DNA. CONCLUSIONS: Early paternal effect can compromise ART outcomes in the absence of increased sperm DNA fragmentation. Evaluation of sperm DNA integrity is useful to detect late paternal effect, which is not associated with morphological abnormalities at the zygote and early cleavage stages.

DNA Fragmentation↗
PubMed2002

No evidence for paternal mtDNA transmission to offspring or extra-embryonic tissues after ICSI.

There is a risk that ICSI may increase the transmission of mtDNA diseases to children born after this technique. Knowledge of the fate and transmission of paternal mitochondrial DNA is important since mutations in mitochondrial DNA have been described in oligozoospermic males. We have used an adaptation of solid phase mini-sequencing to exclude the presence of levels of paternal mtDNA >0.001% in ICSI families. This method is more sensitive than those used in previous studies and is sufficient to detect the likely paternal contribution (approximately 0.1-0.5% from simple calculations of expected dilution during fertilization). Using this method, we were able to detect concentrations as low as 0.001% paternal mtDNA in a maternal mtDNA background. No paternal mtDNA was detected in the embryonic (blood or buccal swabs) tissue of children born after ICSI nor in extra-embryonic tissue (placenta or umbilical cord). In conclusion, we did not detect paternal mtDNA in blood, buccal swabs, placenta or umbilical cord of children born after ICSI. We have found no evidence that ICSI increases the risk of paternal transmission of mtDNA and hence of mtDNA disorders.

DNA, Mitochondrial↗
PubMed1980

A search for evidence for a paternal age effect independent of a maternal age effect in birth certificate reports of Down's syndrome in New York state.

The discovery that in 20% to 30% of Down's syndrome cases the extra chromosome is of paternal origin, and the recent independent report of two groups that maternal age-specific rates are two-fold greater for livebirths to couples in which the father is aged 55 years and over prompted this investigation. Analyses were of coded birth certificate reports of Down's syndrome in Upstate New York residents in the years 1963-1974. The expected numbers of cases, on the assumption of no paternal age effect, were determined at each paternal age interval (and at each paternal age minus maternal age interval) adjusting for an effect of maternal age; these were compared with observed values. There was a slightly lower number of observed than expected cases for fathers aged 55 years and over (ratio = 0.76), and the results exclude with 95% confidence an increase of 1.5-fold or greater in rates in this group after correction for maternal age. There was, moreover, no overall evidence for any trend to increasing rates with paternal age. Regression analyses in which the data were first fit to functions of maternal age and subsequently terms involving paternal age were introduced also revealed no evidence that paternal age made a significant independent contribution to the observed rates in contrast to the conclusion of earlier positive reports.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Maternal ethnicity, paternal ethnicity, and parental ethnic discordance: predictors of preeclampsia.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of maternal and paternal ethnicity as well as parental ethnic discordance with preeclampsia. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of all low-risk women delivered from 1995 to 1999 within a mature managed care organization. Rates of preeclampsia were calculated for maternal, paternal, and combined ethnicity using both univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: Among the 127,544 low-risk women, when examining maternal ethnicity in a multivariate model controlling for maternal age, parity, education, and gestational age, we found that the rates of preeclampsia were higher among African American (5.2%; odds ratio [OR] 1.41, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.25-1.62) women and lower among Latina (4.0%; OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.84-0.97) and Asian women (3.5%; OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.72-0.88), with all results being statistically significant as compared with white women. When paternal ethnicity was controlled for separately, however, the difference in the rate of preeclampsia among Asian women disappeared, the effect of African-American maternal ethnicity increased slightly (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.33-1.72), and Asian paternity was found to be associated with the lowest rate of preeclampsia (3.2%; OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.68-0.85). Further, parental ethnic discordance was associated with an increase in the rate of preeclampsia (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.02 - 1.26). CONCLUSION: We found that rates of preeclampsia were lower with Asian paternal ethnicity. We also found that having a differing paternal and maternal ethnicity was associated with increased rates of preeclampsia. For every 1,000 pregnancies, there would be approximately 10 fewer cases of preeclampsia in the setting of Asian paternity and 5 more cases of preeclampsia in the setting of parental ethnic discordance. These differences may be useful in further investigation of the cause of preeclampsia. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II-2.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Limiting dilution analysis of the allo-MHC anti-paternal cytotoxic T cell response. II: Recurrent spontaneous abortion and the effect of immunotherapy.

Using limiting dilution analysis (LDA) we determined anti-paternal cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursor (CTLp) frequencies in the peripheral blood of 10 women with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) before and after immunization with paternal lymphocytes. The women and their partners were HLA tissue-typed and none of the women had anti-paternal cytotoxic antibodies (APCA) before immunization. All other known causes of RSA were excluded. All 10 women were found to have high frequencies of specific anti-paternal cytotoxic T cells before immunization (range 1/1030 to 1/9574). Splitwell analysis showed that these cytotoxic cells were specific to paternal MHC antigens. These frequencies rose significantly following immunization (range 1/683 to 1/4652). The cytotoxic T lymphocyte frequencies against an HLA-mismatched third party varied from woman to woman, but were not affected by the immunization. The LDA data conformed to single-hit kinetics, indicating that only cytotoxic T cells were limiting in the assay. Our data are in sharp contrast to the previously held view that women with RSA may be hyporesponsive to paternal MHC antigens. Immunizing such women with paternal leucocytes further sensitizes them. These findings cannot be reconciled with a favourable outcome in the treatment of RSA with immunotherapy. We would argue that this treatment is at best of unproven value, and may even be harmful. That these women may sometimes have successful pregnancies following immunotherapy testifies to the effectiveness of the classical MHC antigen-deficient trophoblast as an immunological barrier between mother and fetus.

Abortion, Habitual↗