Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Operating Rooms”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Endo-Lap OR: an innovative "minimally invasive operating room" design.

BACKGROUND: A newly constructed Endoscopic-Laparoscopic operating room (Endo-Lap OR) started to operate in our department in January 2005. A prospective study was conducted to evaluate its feasibility, efficacy, and safety, as well as the staff's satisfaction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From January 2005 to September 2005, all patients undergoing operation in this Endo-Lap OR were included in the study. The patient's diagnosis, types of operating procedures, incidents of operating failure (either due to the hardware or the software of Endo-Lap OR) that led to a delay in the patient's transfer or that extended the total operating time were recorded. In addition, questionnaires regarding staff satisfaction with the new operating room were distributed to nurses, anesthetists, and surgeons. RESULTS: A total of 640 cases were included in the study period, 245 cases of open surgery, 282 cases of laparoscopic surgery, 82 cases of endoscopic surgery, 17 cases of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, and 14 cases of combined endoscopic-laparoscopic surgery. There were no reported incidents of operating failure related to hardware or software problems. The overall staff satisfaction was excellent. CONCLUSIONS: The integration of endoscopic and laparoscopic surgery into this newly constructed Endo-Lap OR is feasible and safe. The running of the operating room was smooth and it received a high level of acceptance and satisfaction from different staff members.

Architecture↗
PubMed1996

[Chemical disinfectant pollution of the air in the operating room].

After monitoring the air the operating room, the author found that the air was polluted by various chemical disinfectants which had exceeded the standard seriously. Close attention should be paid to it since health can be influenced by long period exposed to the polluted air. The author suggested the improved method for using chemical disinfectants to prevent air pollution in the operating room.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed2005

Fire in the operating room: principles and prevention.

Fire is a rare but potentially disastrous operating room misadventure. In this article, the authors describe the elements of operating room fires and present an illustrative case. The risk of fire can be minimized when the operating room team understands the interactions among the three sides of the classic fire triangle: oxidizers, fuels, and ignition sources. Lists of fire prevention techniques and steps to take in the event of an operating room fire are provided.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Postoperative infection in a double-occupancy operating room. A prospective study of two thousand four hundred and fifty-eight procedures on the extremities.

The purposes of this study were to determine the rate of infection associated with elective outpatient operations on an extremity, performed in a double-occupancy operating room (one operating room designed to accommodate two separate operating teams), and to determine which factors influenced this rate. We evaluated the records of 2458 consecutive patients who had had such a procedure, performed by one of nine surgeons during a two and one-half-year period, and in whom the operative wound had been classified as clean (without a drain) or clean-contaminated (with a drain). The information regarding the factors associated with the operation and the operating-room environment was recorded for each patient at the time of the operation. Each wound was inspected periodically in the attending surgeon's office for at least thirty days postoperatively. Using definitions established by the Centers for Disease Control, the attending surgeon determined the presence of infection primarily by judging whether there was purulent drainage or whether erythema or swelling at the operative site was beyond that expected from the procedure. Of the 2458 patients, thirty-seven (1.5 per cent; 95 per cent confidence interval, 1.1 to 2.1 per cent) had infection of the operative wound. Only eight patients (0.3 per cent) had deep infection, with seven of the infections necessitating a reoperation. Infection developed in thirty of the 2311 clean wounds, a rate of 1.3 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval, 0.9 to 1.8 per cent), and in seven of the 147 clean-contaminated wounds, a rate of 4.8 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval, 2.3 to 9.5 per cent) (p = 0.001). No cross-contamination occurred between patients who had infection. The rate of infection was not related to the number of patients who were operated on in the same room at the same time. Logistic regression analysis, used to account for confounding factors, demonstrated a significant association between the classification of the wound (use of a drain) and a higher rate of infection (p = 0.006) as well as between the instillation of a topical steroid solution and a lower rate of infection (p = 0.04). It also demonstrated a significant difference, with respect to the rate of infection, among individual surgeons (p = 0.02).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Telemedicine in tomorrow's operating room: a natural fit.

The integration of telecommunications and information technologies in medicine, known as telemedicine, has traditionally been outside the operating room. However, with the advent of new technologies, smart systems, and advanced computing, adoption and adaptation of these technologies in the operating room has increased. The operating room has been a place of startling isolation. The operating room is an island within a health system that is only reached by a select few. The application of telemedicine in this inaccessible place offers a huge potential in a variety of ways. These include enhanced education for students, enhanced safety for the patient, enhanced knowledge of the events that occur-a sort of status monitoring of underlying infrastructures-and sharing of the operating environment for collaboration. The Operating Room of the Future will be linked to other islands of expertise by robust telemedicine capabilities, thereby eliminating the isolation. Telemedicine in tomorrow's operating room is a natural fit

Humans↗
PubMed1990

Networking in the operating room.

Although managerial networking in the operating room takes on different dimensions than elsewhere in the nursing arena, networking is nevertheless an important concept for the OR manager. The manager's network can assist in achieving both personal and surgical department goals. This article has identified key aspects of developing a network and has outlined the benefits of networking in the operating room, including facilitating the exchange of information, interpersonal support, and establishing contacts. In addition, the OR manager's potential role as mentor and mentee in a professional network has been identified.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Trends in operating room devices.

Although trends in the use of operating room devices have generally followed advances in technology, the trends are not always influenced as much by surgical need as they are by industrial expediency and commercial promotion. Nonetheless, a broad view of trends in OR devices definitely points to efforts at greater compatibility between devices made by different manufacturers. To mention a few examples, operating tables are being made more compatible with OR X-ray equipment; surgical lighting is being designed for greater compatibility with air-handling systems and video equipment; power consoles have reduced the clutter of tubes, hoses, and wires in complicated operations, and have become more functional in keeping with the trend away from electrical power and toward nitrogen power for driving surgical tools; cabinetry is being designed to employ clean-air principles; and surgical apparel and barrier materials are undergoing close scrutiny for their effectiveness against moist bacterial strike-through in lengthy wet operations. Operating room devices form an important segment of the devices classified by the FDA, and are expected to benefit by the application of standards in performance and safety. This trend will affect not only the devices themselves, but all other facets of operating room design and engineering.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Predicting patient nonappearance for surgery as a scheduling strategy to optimize operating room utilization in a veterans' administration hospital.

BACKGROUND: Previous attempts at improving operating room utilization have generally emphasized more accurate scheduling, starting the first case on time, and reducing turnover time. Surgical case cancellations have largely been ignored except for recommendations for preoperative screening and good physician-patient communication to improve patient compliance. METHODS: A retrospective review of operating room records was initially used to identify reasons for surgical cancellations. This was followed by a retrospective stratified case-control study of patient records to identify preexisting factors that predict the failure of patients to appear for surgical procedures as scheduled. Factors assessed included demographics, type of surgical procedure, compliance with previous healthcare visits, substance abuse, mental illness, travel distance, and neurologic problems. RESULTS: The authors reviewed their operating room utilization and found patient nonappearance rates to be a substantial source of surgical cancellations. Furthermore, multivariate analysis demonstrated that patient nonappearance could be strongly predicted from patient noncompliance with clinic visits and other clinical procedures without reference to the other variables assessed. Further analysis of data from an independent sample of patients confirmed this observation. CONCLUSIONS: Noncompliance with hospital visits for surgical procedures can be predicted from noncompliance with other healthcare encounters. Surgical procedures for previously noncompliant patients should be booked at the end of the operating room day, when the cancellation is least likely to interfere with operating room flow.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[The effect of Federal Public Health Service guidelines on air, surface and floor germ count in a general surgery and an orthopedic operating room].

In a prospective study the environmental contamination in an old and a new operating theatre was investigated. The old operating rooms were constructed in 1936 whereas the new rooms were built in 1986. The study was conducted in surgical and orthopedic surgical operating rooms. There was a slight increase in floor as well as in surface contamination in the new operating rooms. On the other hand there was a slight decrease in the airborne microorganisms in the orthopedic surgery and nearly identical colony counts in the general surgery operating rooms. All the differences were statistically not significant. The spectrum of microorganisms and the occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus in the old and the new operating rooms showed no difference.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1997

Is operating room resuscitation a way to save time?

BACKGROUND: Direct admission to the operating room (OR) can shorten the time to incision. A protocol for operating room resuscitation was established with patient triage based on (1) cardiac arrest, (2) hypotension unresponsive to field fluid resuscitation, or (3) uncontrolled external hemorrhage. METHODS: Operating room resuscitation over 11 years was reviewed to determine whether the triage criteria correctly identified patients requiring operation. Survival was analyzed and compared with the probability of survival (Ps) determined at the scene. RESULTS: Operating room resuscitation patients were more likely to require a major operation regardless of mechanism of injury. Of 476 patients with penetrating injury, 170 patients had persistent low blood pressure (<90 mm Hg), and 146 (85.9%) of these required major operative intervention. The mean time to incision in this group was 21.7-67.5 minutes less than for patients not receiving OR resuscitation. Observed survival was significantly greater than that predicted for this group. CONCLUSIONS: Field triage criteria are able to reliably identify patients who require immediate major operative intervention. Direct admission to the OR results in a more timely initiation of operative therapy for patients requiring emergency surgical procedures.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Working in operating rooms, an unhealthy existance?

A literature survey indicates that some complaints occur relatively frequently among anesthetists and nurses working in operating rooms. Pollution of the air in the operating rooms by anesthetic gases is often considered as a possible cause. On account of this the degree of pollution has been determined. Concentrations of nitrous oxide and halothane were measured using an infrared absorption spectrophotometer. In each room the concentrations were measured at several different sites. In naturally ventilated operating rooms the concentrations increased steadily during operation. The measured values lied mostly between 1500 and 3000 ppm (vol/vol) for nitrous oxide and between 15 and 35 ppm for halothane. In mechanically ventilated operating rooms where no recirculation is applied a constant level was found some time after the beginning of an operation. The concentrations varied from about 100 to 500 ppm for nitrous oxide and from 1 to 5 ppm for halothane. In naturally ventilated operating rooms the anesthetic gases were rather homogeneously spread, while in mechanically ventilated rooms there was an inhomogeneous distribution. Scavenging of waste anesthetics is recommended.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

A comparison of operative times in arthroscopic ACL reconstruction between orthopaedic faculty and residents: the financial impact of orthopaedic surgical training in the operating room.

There is no published data regarding the financial impact of training orthopaedic residents in the operating room. No comparisons between orthopaedic faculty and residents in regard to operative time and costs are known. One hundred eleven cases of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with or without partial meniscectomy were evaluated from 1996 to 1997. Fifty-three cases met the selection criteria of times, documentation and identification of the surgeon. Twenty-one cases were performed by the orthopaedic attending (RCS) while 32 cases were performed by the senior orthopaedic resident. All procedures had the same faculty member present in the operating room either as the primary surgeon or as an assistant providing supervision and instruction as needed. In a two year period, comparisons were made between the attending and residents for the total anesthesia time and actual operative case time. Attending case time and anesthesia times averaged 94.62 minutes (range 60-125 min) and 128.1 minutes (range 84-185 min) respectively. Resident case and anesthesia times averaged 137.09 minutes (range 95-210 min) and 190.48 minutes (range 145-255 min) respectively. The anesthesia time was significantly less for the attending (p<.0001) as was the case time (p<.0001). The true costs of training orthopaedic surgery residents in the operating room is not known. The operative time and subsequent cost difference between experienced faculty and orthopaedic residents in certain arthroscopic procedures is not inconsequential. On average, the difference is equivalent to $228.73 per case for anesthesia costs. Based on increased operative times, operating room costs, on average, were increased by $661.85. The significant differences demonstrated between residents and faculty suggest the need to develop strategies and technical training facilities in order to improve orthopaedic residents' surgical skills and efficiency outside of the cost-central operating room.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Health experiences of operating room personnel.

In an attempt to evaluate health experiences of operating room personnel using previously published reports, the authors calculated summary relative risks (RRs) for each outcome under investigation by combining data from six studies. For each summary RR, they also calculated 95% confidence limits; when the range of the confidence interval excludes 1.0, the increased risk is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. The most consistent evidence was for spontaneous abortion among pregnant physicians and nurses who work in operating rooms, where the RR was 1.3 (95% confidence limits from 1.2 to 1.4). For liver disease there were statistically significant increased RRs among both men (1.6, 1.3-1.9) and women (1.5, 1.2-1.9), but these were based on smaller numbers of studies. Although the results of pooled analyses are suggestive, most studies of this issue have relied on voluntary responses and self-reported outcomes, so that response and/or recall bias could explain these findings. In addition, these investigations generally have examined working in operating rooms rather than actual exposure to anesthetic gases. Finally, there have been considerable improvements in operating room scavenging systems during the last decade. Thus, prospective cohort studies are needed to determine whether there is a relationship between current levels of occupational exposure to anesthetic gases and adverse outcomes, particularly spontaneous abortion and liver disease.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed2002

[Annual report of perioperative mortality and morbidity for the year 2000 at certified training hospitals of Japanese Society of Anesthesiologists: with a special reference to anesthetic methods--report of the Japanese Society of Anesthesiologists Committee on Operating Room Safety].

The Committee on Operating Room Safety of Japan Society of Anesthesiologists (JSA) sends annually confidential questionnaires of perioperative mortality and morbidity (cardiac arrest, severe hypotension, severe hypoxia) to Certified Training Hospitals of JSA. This report is a special reference to anesthetic methods in perioperative mortality and morbidity in 2000. Five hundreds and twenty hospitals reported perioperative mortality and morbidity referred to anesthetic methods and total numbers of reported cases were 910,007. The percentage of cases reported by each anesthetic method was as follows; inhalation anesthesia 45.47%, total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) 6.15%, inhalation anesthesia + epidural or spinal or conduction block 24.48%, TIVA + epidural or spinal or conduction block 6.33%, spinal with continuous epidural block (CSEA) 3.67%, epidural anesthesia 1.92%, spinal anesthesia 10%, conduction block 0.47% and others 1.49%. The incidence of cardiac arrest per 10,000 cases due to all etiology (anesthetic management, preoperative complications, intraoperative complications, surgery, others) is estimated to be 6.55 cases in average; 5.36 cases in inhalation anesthesia, 30.72 cases in total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA), 4.62 cases in inhalation anesthesia + epidural or spinal or conduction block, 2.6 cases in TIVA + epidural or spinal or conduction block, 1.2 cases in spinal with continuous epidural block (CSEA), 0.57 cases in epidural anesthesia, 1.65 cases in spinal anesthesia, 2.36 cases in conduction block and 46.38 cases in other methods. However, the incidence of cardiac arrest per 10,000 cases totally attributable to anesthetic management is estimated to be 0.54 cases in average; 0.34 cases in inhalation anesthesia, 1.07 cases in TIVA, 0.58 cases in inhalation anesthesia + epidural or spinal or conduction block, 0.17 cases in TIVA + epidural or spinal or conduction block, 0.9 cases in CSEA, 0.57 cases in epidural anesthesia, 0.99 cases in spinal anesthesia, zero case in conduction block and 1.47 cases in other methods. The incidence of severe hypotension per 10,000 cases due to all etiology is estimated to be 11.14 cases in average; 11.31 cases in inhalation anesthesia, 36.61 cases in TIVA, 9.29 cases in inhalation anesthesia + epidural or spinal or conduction block, 6.59 cases in TIVA + epidural or spinal or conduction block, 3.59 cases in CSEA, 6.3 cases in epidural anesthesia, 4.39 cases in spinal anesthesia, 2.36 cases in conduction block and 23.56 cases in other methods. On the other hand, the incidence of severe hypotension per 10,000 cases totally attributable to anesthetic management is estimated to be 1.25 cases in average; 0.97 cases in inhalation anesthesia, 0.89 cases in TIVA, 1.39 cases in inhalation anesthesia + epidural or spinal or conduction block, 1.39 cases in TIVA + epidural or spinal or conduction block, 2.09 cases in CSEA, 3.44 cases in epidural anesthesia, 1.87 cases in spinal anesthesia, zero case in conduction block and zero case in other methods. The incidence of severe hypoxia per 10,000 cases due to all etiology is estimated to be 4.8 cases in average; 6.35 cases in inhalation anesthesia, 9.64 cases in TIVA, 3.82 cases in inhalation anesthesia + epidural or spinal or conduction block, 2.26 cases in TIVA + epidural or spinal or conduction block, 0.3 cases in CSEA, 1.15 case in epidural anesthesia, 1.21 cases in spinal anesthesia, zero case in conduction block and 5.89 cases in other methods. On the other hands, the incidence of severe hypoxia per 10,000 cases totally attributable to anesthetic management is estimated to be 1.98 cases in average; 3.09 cases in inhalation anesthesia, 2.32 cases in TIVA, 1.3 cases in inhalation anesthesia + epidural or spinal or conduction block, 0.87 cases in TIVA + epidural or spinal or conduction block, zero case in CSEA, zero case in epidural anesthesia, 0.55 cases in spinal anesthesia, zero case in conduction block and zero case in other methods. The mortality rate of cardiac arrest within 7 postoperative days per 10,000 cases due to all etiology is estimated to be 3.55 (54.2%) cases in average; 3.12 (58.1%) cases in inhalation anesthesia, 19.29 (62.8%) cases in TIVA, 1.17 (25.2%) cases in inhalation anesthesia + epidural or spinal or conduction block, 0.52 (20%) cases in TIVA + epidural or spinal or conduction block, zero cases in CSEA, zero case in epidural anesthesia, 0.33 (20%) cases in spinal anesthesia, zero case in conduction block and 39.76 (85.7%) cases in other methods. On the other hands, the mortality rate of cardiac arrest per 10,000 cases totally attributable to anesthesia is estimated to be 0.07 (12.2%) case in average, 0.07 (21.4%) case in inhalation anesthesia, 0.18 (16.8%) case in TIVA, zero case in inhalation anesthesia + epidural or spinal or conduction block, zero case in TIVA + epidural or spinal or conduction block, zero case in CSEA, zero case in epidural anesthesia, 0.11 (11.1%) case in spinal anesthesia, zero case in conduction block and 0.74 (50%) case in other methods. Five major combinations of listed critical incidents, causes and anesthetic methods were as follows: 18.93 cases in TIVA, preoperative complications and severe hypotension; 18.75 cases in TIVA, preoperative complications and cardiac arrest; 11.07 cases in TIVA, surgery and severe hypotension; 6.79 cases in TIVA, surgery and cardiac arrest; 5.24 cases in inhalation anesthesia, preoperative complications and severe hypotension. In summary: 1. There was no significant difference with regard to perioperative mortality and morbidity due to anesthetic management among anesthetic methods. 2. The percentage of each anesthetic method in 2000 was not different significantly from that in 1999 in spite of increased cases reported. 3. Incidence of severe hypotension due to all etiology of TIVA in 2000 decreased significantly compared with that in 1999 (P < 0.05). This may be attributed to the decreased incidence in preoperative complication (shock) and massive bleeding due to surgery.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed2002

Suspended particulate matter in an office and laser smoke particles in an operating room.

Suspended particulate matter in an office and laser smoke particles in a laser operative room of the Otolaryngology Department, Ramathibodi Hospital were compared. Suspended particulate matter sizes of PM15, PM10 and PM2.5 were selected due to their impact on health. The amount and sizes of the particles were measured by a laser diode portable dust monitor. The mean and standard deviation were measured every hour for 6 periods and calculated by specific computer software. The amount of suspended particulate matters in the office were within the accepted safety level. The amount of suspended particulate matter including laser smoke particles in the operative room before, during and after each laser evaporative procedure was much higher than that of the office. The amount of suspended particulate matter was dangerous for all personnel in the operative room. Risk management for patients in the operative room should be stressed. The ventilation system of the operative room will be assessed further.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Time management in the operating room: an analysis of the dedicated minimally invasive surgery suite.

BACKGROUND: Dedicated minimally invasive surgery suites are available that contain specialized equipment to facilitate endoscopic surgery. Laparoscopy performed in a general operating room is hampered by the multitude of additional equipment that must be transported into the room. The objective of this study was to compare the preparation times between procedures performed in traditional operating rooms versus dedicated minimally invasive surgery suites to see whether operating room efficiency is improved in the specialized room. METHODS: The records of 50 patients who underwent laparoscopic procedures between September 2000 and April 2002 were retrospectively reviewed. Twenty-three patients underwent surgery in a general operating room and 18 patients in an minimally invasive surgery suite. Nine patients were excluded because of cystoscopic procedures undergone prior to laparoscopy. Various time points were recorded from which various time intervals were derived, such as preanesthesia time, anesthesia induction time, and total preparation time. A 2-tailed, unpaired Student t test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The mean preanesthesia time was significantly faster in the minimally invasive surgery suite (12.2 minutes) compared with that in the traditional operating room (17.8 minutes) (P=0.013). Mean anesthesia induction time in the minimally invasive surgery suite (47.5 minutes) was similar to time in the traditional operating room (45.7 minutes) (P=0.734). The average total preparation time for the minimally invasive surgery suite (59.6 minutes) was not significantly faster than that in the general operating room (63.5 minutes) (P=0.481). CONCLUSION: The amount of time that elapses between the patient entering the room and anesthesia induction is statically shorter in a dedicated minimally invasive surgery suite. Laparoscopic surgery is performed more efficiently in a dedicated minimally invasive surgery suite versus a traditional operating room.

Efficiency, Organizational↗
PubMed1986

Development of an operating room pharmacy substation on a restricted budget.

Pharmaceutical services implemented in an operating room (OR) pharmacy substation without addition of staff in a 764-bed teaching hospital with 22 operating rooms are described. In 1984 an interdepartmental task force recommended that pharmacy take control of responsibility for controlled drugs used in anesthesia. The anesthesia department contributed space for a pharmacy substation and some of the necessary equipment. Two technicians staff the substation (1.5 full-time equivalent positions); pharmacy contributed 0.5 FTE and the additional FTE was obtained through staffing adjustments in other departments. Anesthesiologists and nurse anesthetists obtain controlled drugs directly from the technicians, and records of drug disposition are compared with inventory twice daily. The substation also handles exchange carts for noncontrolled drugs for anesthesia and for other drugs used in the operating rooms. Total cost (additional cost to pharmacy and other departments) for operating the substation for its first year was +2161, and there were no unresolved discrepancies in controlled drug accounting. Undocumented use of noncontrolled drugs has been reduced by 67%, and cooperation and communication between the pharmacy and anesthesia departments has improved. Substation personnel do not prepare intravenous admixtures or provide clinical services. An operating room substation staffed by technicians 10.5 hours daily Monday through Friday provided cost-effective pharmacy control of drugs used in the OR.

Budgets↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative analysis of bedside and operating room tracheostomies in critically ill patients with burns.

The objective of this study was to demonstrate that bedside burn intensive care unit tracheostomy is a safe and cost-effective procedure and has advantages over operating room tracheostomy. The charts of all patients who underwent tracheostomies in the burn unit between January 1990 and September 1993 were reviewed retrospectively. All tracheostomies were performed by residents in their second to fourth postgraduate years. The identical operating room technique was used for all bedside procedures including complete instrument tray, electrocautery, and adequate lighting. Standard tracheostomies were routinely performed at the bedside instead of the operating room in an attempt to deal with an increasing number of critically ill patients with burns requiring operating room surgical procedures. No patient-specific criteria were used to determine whether bedside or operating room tracheostomy would be performed. Charges for bedside intensive care unit and operating room tracheostomy were compared. Group t test and chi-square analysis were used with significance set at p < 0.05. Forty-three tracheostomies were performed in the 45-month period reviewed. Twenty-five tracheostomies performed in the operating room were compared with the 18 tracheostomies performed at the bedside in the burn intensive care unit. No statistical difference existed in age, sex, mean total body surface area percent burned, mean inspired oxygen, mean positive end expiratory pressure, mean pretracheostomy intubated days, presence of inhalation injury, or complication rate between groups. The average combined cost for operating room and anesthesia was $1740 per tracheostomy performed in the operating room. No charge was given to the patient for a bedside tracheostomy apart from the surgeon's fee and tracheostomy tube.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗