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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Managing the horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae) using an electric walk-through fly trap.

An electric walk-through fly trap was evaluated for the management of the horn fly, Hematobia irritans (L.), on dairy cattle in North Carolina over 2 yr. The trap relies on black lights and electrocution grids to attract and kill flies that are brushed from the cattle passing through. During the first season, horn fly densities were reduced from >1,400 to <200 flies per animal. Horn fly density averaged 269.2 +/- 25.8 on cattle using the walk-through fly trap twice daily, and 400.2 +/- 43.5 on the control group during the first year. The second year, seasonal mean horn fly density was 177.3 +/- 10.8 on cattle using the walk-through fly trap compared with 321.1 +/- 15.8 on the control group. No insecticides were used to control horn flies during this 2-yr study.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Evaluation of alternative tactics for management of insecticide-resistant horn flies (Diptera: Muscidae).

A 3-yr study was conducted to determine the efficacy of tactics that could be used to manage populations of insecticide-resistant horn flies, Hematobia irritans irritans (L.). Insecticide spray, spot-on or pour-on formulations and two IGRs in bolus formulation, 1.3- and 3.2-ha pasture rotations on different rotation schedules, 0-50% Brahman breeding, selected fly-resistant cows, and a mechanical trap were evaluated singly and in combination. Concentration-mortality tests indicated that horn flies collected from cows used in the current study were significantly less susceptible to diazinon, coumaphos, and methoxychlor than horn flies from cows at the same locations previously used to determine baseline susceptibility. During the 3-yr study at the Southeast Research and Extension Center (SEREC), the IGR-bolus significantly reduced (P < 0.05) horn fly numbers on both the continuous and rotational graze regimens, resulting in significantly (P < 0.05) greater calf weaning weights (average of 24 kg). Horn fly numbers were significantly greater on untreated cows during the 3-yr study at the Southwest Research and Extension Center (SWREC) compared with the mean fly numbers on cows that received fly-management treatments. All tactics and tactic-combinations used at SWREC on cattle having no Brahman breeding failed to significantly reduce insecticide-resistant horn fly numbers. However, the combination of Brahman breeding with the IGR-Bolus and mechanical trap significantly reduced horn fly numbers and resulted in significant increases in calf weaning weight. In addition, mean horn fly numbers decreased significantly as the percentage Brahman breeding increased with 50% Brahman breeding reducing horn fly numbers by 140 flies per cow. No significant difference was found between the mean fly numbers on the fly-resistant purebred group and the cows that had no Brahman breeding but received the IGR-Bolus or used the mechanical trap. The use of synergized zeta-cypermethrin pour-on treatment successfully complimented the use of IGR-bolus and mechanical traps in reducing insecticide-resistant horn fly numbers. Neither 1.3- nor 3.2-ha size paddocks and stocking rates used in the rotation graze regimens at SEREC and SWREC, respectively, significantly reduced horn fly numbers when compared with continuously grazed paddocks. Data indicated the importance of using tactics that reduce horn fly numbers to approximately 150 horn flies per cow. These data demonstrated the efficacy of using tactic combinations to manage insecticide-resistant horn fly populations.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Seasonal abundance of Musca vitripennis (Diptera: Muscidae) on Terceira, Azores.

Data from pyramid and electrocuting traps as well as records of Musca vitripennis Meigen interceptions on cargo aircraft indicate that M. vitripennis adults reach peak abundance on Lajes Field, Azores, from mid-August through mid-October. Disinsection of military cargo aircraft and other quarantine actions to prevent accidental movement of flies from the Azores to airports in the United States are required during this period.

Aircraft↗
PubMed1989

Flight behavior of Musca domestica and Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) in a Kansas dairy barn.

Aerial density, flight thresholds, and periodicity were estimated for the house fly, Musca domestica L., and the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), from data collected by suction traps located in a dairy barn in Kansas between 1 July and 31 October 1970. M. domestica catches increased from July to August, declining to near zero by the end of October. S. calcitrans catches peaked in July and September with a major decline in August. Both species exhibited a diel periodicity in flight with maximal activity during the early afternoon. Secondary peaks were detected in the late afternoon or early evening. M. domestica activity peaked about two hours after S. calcitrans. Male and female S. calcitrans flight activity patterns were slightly different, but peaked at the same time. Both species flew at temperatures between 20 and 38 degrees C. At temperatures over 33 degrees C, stable fly activity decreased rapidly. No upper threshold for flight by M. domestica was detected. The median temperature-flight thresholds of male and female S. calcitrans were significantly different, with females flying at lower temperatures than males. The threshold for M. domestica flight was lower than for S. calcitrans. The shape of the temperature-flight relationship indicated that the flight threshold was determined by heat accumulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Attempted transmission of Ehrlichia risticii (Rickettsiaceae) with Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae).

Experimental transmission of Ehrlichia risticii, the causal agent of Potomac horse fever, was attempted with adult stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans, (L.) using two feeding schedules. In schedule A, a set of 140 flies was allowed to feed once on an experimentally infected donor pony and once 24 h later on a recipient pony. A different set of flies was used each day for a 12-d period. In schedule B, 240 flies were allowed to feed once daily for 12 consecutive d on the donor pony followed by five consecutive daily feedings on the recipient pony. E. risticii was isolated from the blood of the experimentally infected pony during the entire fly-feeding schedule. The recipient pony did not develop clinical signs of Potomac horse fever and remained seronegative to E. risticii up to 60 d after the last stable fly feeding. Mice injected intraperitoneally with emulsions of schedule A and B stable flies were seronegative for E. risticii 30 d after inoculation, and ehrlichial organisms were not demonstrated in impression smears from the digestive tracts of the flies. The stable fly did not transmit E. risticii under these experimental conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Infectivity of Serratia marcescens (Eubacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae) in Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae).

Serratia marcescens Bizio, a facultative pathogen of insects, was isolated from stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), collected from Nebraska beef cattle feedlots and dairies. Infection rates in laboratory-reared stable flies infected by topical exposures to the bacterium were 57 and 64% in two experiments. Per os exposures to sucrose and water solutions, and bovine blood inoculated with S. marcescens, produced mortality rates of about 45 and 10%, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Dynamics of permethrin resistance in a colony of horn flies (Diptera: Muscidae).

A colony of horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), was established from field-collected, resistant flies. Changes in resistance levels were monitored under a regimen with and without insecticide pressure. The colony remained closed with no introduction of susceptible flies. In the absence of permethrin pressure, resistance levels dropped to 2.5 times from an initial level of 17 times at LC50 and remained at that level from generation 12 through 33. In the presence of various insecticide pressure regimens, resistance increased to 500 times at LC90 by generation 86. In a separate study, susceptible colony flies were subjected to permethrin pressure, with first resistance evident in generation 16 and increasing to greater than 100 times at LC90 in generation 88.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Landing pattern of stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) on the alsynite cylinder trap: effect of wind speed and direction.

The distribution of stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), caught on adhesive-coated Alsynite cylinder traps indicated that a significantly higher proportion of flies landed on the side most protected from the wind, and that flies were distributed equally on both sides of the traps bisected by the direction of the prevailing wind, and that the proportion of trapped flies decreased significantly with height on the trap. The landing pattern of house flies, Musca domestica L., appeared to differ from that of stable flies. As wind speed increased, the proportion of stable flies landing on the lower and downwind parts of the trap increased.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Origin of stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) on west Florida beaches: electrophoretic analysis of dispersal.

Stable fly adults were collected from 16 locations within the state of Florida and from locations in six other states in an attempt to determine the source of stable fly populations along Florida beaches on the Gulf of Mexico. Electrophoretic analyses were made of a minimum of 10 enzymes in each of 37 separate populations. Extremely low heterozygosity resulted in an inability to use standard genetic identity and distance procedures for determining the divergence of allopatric populations to establish the source of flies captured from beach areas where reproduction was unlikely. Comparisons of rare alleles in populations grouped geographically, computations of number of possible migrants, and analysis of conditional average frequency of alleles led to the conclusion that flies captured on Florida beaches come from a variety of sites, with locations northwest of the beaches contributing the majority of flies in outbreaks.

Alleles↗
PubMed1991

Battery-powered, electrocuting trap for stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae).

A solar-charged, battery-powered, electrocuting grid was combined with a white plywood base to make a portable, pulsed-current, pest-electrocuting device that attracted and killed stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), outdoors. The grid was powered once every 1-2 s by a 0.016-s pulse of 60-Hz alternating current of 4 mA and 9,500 V. Power was turned off at night by a photoresistor. The trap functioned continuously for 14 d with an unrecharged 12-V, 18A/h lawn-tractor battery and killed as many as 4,000 flies per day. Solar cells were used to charge a single 12-V battery continuously that operated 12 grids for a period of 90 d. The grid did not short circuit for any length of time even during heavy rainstorms or when large insects were killed. The incorporation of moiré patterns and the utilization of the correct size, orientation, and placement of wires made the electrocuting grid itself attractive to stable flies. The traps were spaced at distances of up to 120 m from the battery and pulse circuit. The electrocuting traps were more effective than sticky traps and avoided the problems associated with chemicals. They are well suited for use around calf pens, dog kennels, or large animal shelters.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Ability of Musca autumnalis (Diptera: Muscidae) to acquire and transmit bovine herpesvirus-1.

Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) was detected in Musca autumnalis De Geer after feeding on virus suspensions in bovine albumin or sucrose. Virus was detected for 48 h in flies fed an albumin suspension, with the highest titers recovered in crops (1.0 x 10(4) TCID50/ml) and whole-body (5 x 10(4) TCID50/ml/fly) specimens immediately after feeding; the level of virus declined rapidly thereafter. Virus titers in flies fed sucrose suspensions were 5 x 10(4) TCID50/ml in excised crops and 5 x 10(5) TCID50/ml in whole-body specimens; virus was not detected in flies 72 h after feeding. Four Hereford calves exposed for 4 h to BHV-1 fed flies did not develop any clinical symptoms related to BHV-1 transmission (i.e., elevated temperatures, ocular/nasal discharges, and labored breathing). Serum neutralization and plaque reduction tests did not show antibody production in calves exposed to BHV-1 infected flies. While we demonstrated that face flies retained BHV-1 for a short period of time, it does not appear that M. autumnalis is involved in either the mechanical or biological transmission of BHV-1.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Age structure of horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae) populations estimated by pterin concentrations.

Pterins accumulate in the head capsules of horn flies, Haematobia irritans irritans (L.), as a linear function of time and temperature. Pterin concentrations were used to estimate chronological ages and to establish correlations between chronological age and ovarian development and reproductive success in 12 horn fly populations in 1988 and 1989. Male ages were estimated spectrofluorometrically. There were statistically significant differences between years in population age structure measured by pterins. Survival rates estimated from pterin concentration distributions were consistent with a one-parameter exponential model with constant survival rate. Mean daily survival rates were 0.81 for females and 0.84 for males in 1988 and 0.66 and 0.75 in 1989. Mean lifetime egg production was approximately 26 eggs per female in 1988 and 8 in 1989. Female reproductive success was close to the maximum possible, i.e., there were no net delays in oviposition. Analysis of gonotrophic age distributions provided survival estimates that suggested an increasing risk of mortality with age or age-related biases in sampling.

Aging↗
PubMed1993

Individual variation within breeds of beef cattle in resistance to horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae).

Weekly estimates of populations of horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), were made on individual purebred Charolais, Chianina, Hereford, Polled Hereford, and Red Poll cows in 1988, 1989, and 1990 with Angus included in 1989 and 1990. During the study period, 94 of approximately 200 individual cows were classified as either fly resistant or fly susceptible. In general, individuals retained the same classification over the 3-yr study period. The mean number of flies on individual susceptible cows in all breeds was at least twice the number of flies on resistant cows. Susceptible Chianina cows averaged > 4.5 times as many flies as resistant cows of the same breed. Individual cows within all breeds classified as fly resistant ranged in age from 2 to 12 yr, whereas fly-susceptible cows ranged in age from 2 to 14 yr; therefore, cow age did not influence the abundance of horn flies on individual cows within breeds. Two-year-old fly-resistant cows were identified accurately according to their horn fly-population density, showing the potential of host resistance in horn fly-population management.

Animals↗