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PubMed2000

The microbial association of Greek taverna sausage stored at 4 and 10 degrees C in air, vacuum or 100% carbon dioxide, and its spoilage potential.

Strains of the Lactobacillus sakei/curvatus group, mainly non-slime-producing Lact. sakei, dominated the microbial flora of industrially manufactured taverna sausage, a traditional Greek cooked meat, stored at 4 degrees C and 10 degrees C in air, vacuum and 100% CO2. Atypical, arginine-positive and melibiose-negative strains of this group were isolated. The isolation frequency of Lact. sakei/curvatus from sausages stored anaerobically was as high as 92-96%, while other meat spoilage organisms were practically absent. Conversely, in air-stored sausages, leuconostocs, mainly Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. mesenteroides, had a considerable presence (14-21%), whereas Brochothrix thermosphacta, pseudomonads and Micrococcaceae grew, but failed to increase above 10(5) cfu g(-1) in all samples during storage. Only yeasts were able to compete against LAB and reached almost 10(7) cfu g(-1) after 30 d of aerobic storage at 10 degrees C. The great dominance (> 10(8) cfu g(-1)) of LAB caused a progressive decrease of pH and an increase of the concentration of L-lactate, D-lactate and acetate in all sausage packs. The growth of LAB and its associated chemical changes were more pronounced at 10 degrees C than 4 degrees C. At both storage temperatures, L-lactate and acetate increased more rapidly and to a higher concentration aerobically, unlike D-lactate, which formed in higher amounts anaerobically. Storage in air was the worst packaging method, resulting in greening and unpleasant off-odours associated with the high acetate content of the sausages. Carbon dioxide had no significant effect on extending shelf-life. The factors affecting the natural selection of Lact. sakei/curvatus in taverna sausage are discussed. Moreover, it was attempted to correlate the metabolic activity of this group with the physicochemical changes and the spoilage phenomena occurring in taverna sausage under the different storage conditions.

Air↗
PubMed2000

Characterization of a Rothia-like organism from a mouse: description of Rothia nasimurium sp. nov. and reclassification of Stomatococcus mucilaginosus as Rothia mucilaginosa comb. nov.

An unknown, Gram-positive, ovoid-shaped bacterium isolated from the nose of a mouse was subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic analysis. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing demonstrated that the unknown organism was a member of the family Micrococcaceae and possessed a specific phylogenetic association with Rothia dentocariosa and Stomatococcus mucilaginosus. Phenotypically, the bacterium closely resembled R. dentocariosa and S. mucilaginosus but could be distinguished from these species by biochemical tests and electrophoretic analysis of whole-cell proteins. Based on both phylogenetic and phenotypic evidence, it is proposed that the unknown bacterium be classified in the genus Rothia, as Rothia nasimurium sp. nov. In addition, it is proposed that S. mucilaginosus be reclassified in the genus Rothia, as Rothia mucilaginosa comb. nov.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Construction of matrices for computer-assisted identification of aerobic Gram-positive cocci.

Two identification matrices for use with computerized probabilistic identification were constructed, based on 327 reference strains and 212 field isolates of Gram-positive, aerobic coccoid bacteria. The first, MICR1, was constructed for catalase-positive strains (Micrococcaceae); the second, STPC1, for catalase-negative strains (streptococci). The quality of the resultant data was assessed using statistical analysis, and the value of the identification statistic used was considered in the light of possible alternatives.

Computers↗
PubMed2004

Yania halotolerans gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the suborder Micrococcineae from saline soil in China.

A novel coccoid, halotolerant actinobacterium, designated strain YIM 70085(T), was isolated from a soil sample that was collected in Xinjiang Province, China, and characterized by using a polyphasic approach. Optimum growth temperature was 28 degrees C and growth occurred optimally in culture media that contained 10 % KCl. The peptidoglycan type was A4alpha, L-lys-gly-L-Glu. Whole-cell sugars consisted of xylose, mannose and galactose. Phospholipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, one unknown phospholipid, one unknown glycolipid and traces of phosphatidylinositol. Menaquinones were MK-8 (83 %), MK-7 (12 %) and MK-9 (15 %). Predominant fatty acids were i-C(15 : 0) (44.29 %), ai-C(15 : 0) (35.60 %) and ai-C(17 : 0) (9.74 %). The DNA G+C content was 53.5 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain YIM 70085(T) occupies a branch that is distinct from, although very close to, the family Micrococcaceae in the suborder Micrococcineae. Based on its phenotypic characteristics, phylogenetic position (as determined by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis) and 16S rDNA signature nucleotide data, it is concluded that the isolate represents a novel member of the suborder Micrococcineae, for which the name Yania halotolerans gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM 70085(T) (=CCTCC AA001023(T)=DSM 15476(T)).

Base Composition↗
PubMed1975

Effect of experimental dermatophyte infection on cutaneous flora.

The cutaneous aerobic bacterial flora was monitored during the course of experimental dermatiphyte (ringworm) infections on the forearms of 9 volunteers. Micrococcaceae were identified by the new Baird-Parker classification with the aid of a replica-plating technique. There were significant differences in total populations but not in kinds of flora compared with control (opposite) forearms. The proportion of penicillin-resistant microorganisms, however increased the infection, to a degree which varied as to individual. All coccal groups were affected; resistant flora diminished when the fungus was no longer DETECTED. Staphylococci were more frequently isolated than micrococci on the infected areas, but Staphylococcus aureus was not found. Trends toward hierarchies in persistance and quantities IV were observed among the flora, with Staphylococcus subgroups II and dominating the infected sites. On both areas almost all diphtheroids were nonfluorescent, lipophilic, and lipolytic. One subject consistently carried Bacillus firmus; another's normal microbiota contained Alcaligenes faecalis.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed1976

Skin flora maps: a tool in the study of cutaneous ecology.

We sampled 162 and 175 skin sites, respectively, of a patient with severe atopic dermatitis and of a healthy subject, and constructed maps of the two individuals depicting the density and distribution of aerobic cutaneous flora over the entire body. All isolates of Micrococcaceae were biotyped. Neither the density nor the kinds of microorganisms were homogeneously arrayed. Instead, the separate types of flora were skewed in distribution, tended to segregate on large anatomical regions, and inhabited overlapping territories. No two sites were exactly alike in their carriage of microorganisms. Many of the apparently normal skin sites of the eczema patient carried high numbers of Staphylococcus aureus, which often was the dominant organism. Skin flora maps are seen as a potentially useful tool, especially in studying the dynamics of cutaneous microbial populations.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Acne vulgaris: is the bacterial population size significant?

The levels of Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) and members of the Micrococcaceae were enumerated in two separate studies. The first investigation on the foreheads of thirty-five mild and thirty-five moderate acne patients showed no significant difference in the bacterial populations of the two groups. The second investigation of twelve patients on 250 mg tetracycline twice daily for 3 months showed no significant difference compared to pre-treatment data in the bacterial population during the successful treatment period. The data indicate that greater numbers of bacteria are not associated with increasing severity of acne and that the effectivenss of oral tetracycline in treating the disease can not be explained by a reduction in the number of viable bacteria.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1987

The cutaneous microbiology of normal human feet.

A survey has been made of the bacterial and fungal populations carried at three different sites on the feet of 60 individuals. The bacteria found at the three sites were quantitatively similar and Micrococcaceae and aerobic coryneform bacteria predominated. The carriage of other bacterial groups was generally low. There was a quantitative variation between sites--mean total counts were 1.04 X 10(7) cfu/cm2 skin in the fourth toe cleft, 4.08 X 10(5) cfu/cm2 skin on the sole and 1.21 X 10(3) cfu/cm2 skin on the dorsal surface. Staphylococci were most often dominant on the sole and dorsal surface whereas aerobic coryneforms predominated in the majority of fourth toe clefts. The higher the total count at a given site the more likely it was that aerobic coryneform bacteria predominated. The skin surface pH was significantly higher on the sole (mean value 6.25) than on the dorsal surface (mean value 5.23). Factors controlling the microbial ecology of the foot are discussed.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed1981

Cross-reactions between Staphylococcus epidermidis and 23 other bacterial species.

By quantitative immunoelectrophoretic methods, 43 antigens were found in a mixture of sonicated preparations of four Staphylococcus epidermidis strains, using corresponding rabbit antiserum. Two of the antigens were identified as cell wall teichoic acid and a peptidoglycan antigen, respectively. Using this antigen/antibody reference system, cross-reactions between S. epidermidis antigens and antigens from other bacterial species were investigated. Fourteen of the S. epidermidis antigens cross-reacted with antigens from all S. aureus strains investigated. Only few cross-reactions were found between S. epidermidis and bacteria not belonging to the Micrococcaceae. The antigenic relatedness, expressed as a matching coefficient, seems promising for taxonomic work.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1983

Abbreviated scheme for presumptive identification of Staphylococcus saprophyticus from urine cultures.

A simplified scheme for the presumptive identification of Staphylococcus saprophyticus was investigated. Clinical isolates of Micrococcaceae were tested in microtiter plates containing phenol red-novobiocin-turanose broth and phenol red-arabinose broth. Standard saline suspensions of test organisms served as inoculum. Identifying features were growth within 18 to 24 h in novobiocin-turanose broth, indicating resistance to 1.6 micrograms of novobiocin per ml and fermentation of turanose. With this method, all clinical isolates of S. saprophyticus tested were correctly identified.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1987

Porphyrin test as an alternative to benzidine test for detecting cytochromes in catalase-negative gram-positive cocci.

A total of 66 strains of gram-positive cocci, including 21 catalase-negative members of the family Streptococcaceae and strains of Stomatococcus mucilaginosus, were investigated for the ability to produce porphobilinogen and porphyrin from delta-aminolevulinic acid as an alternative to the benzidine test for detecting the presence of cytochromes. Production of porphobilinogen correlated 100% with membership in the family Micrococcaceae.

Aminolevulinic Acid↗
PubMed1995

Four-year prospective study of STAPH-IDENT system and conventional method for reference identification of Staphylococcus, Stomatococcus, and Micrococcus spp..

A 4-year prospective study compared the accuracy of the STAPH-IDENT system (bioMérieux Vitek, Inc., Hazelwood, Mo.) with that of the reference procedure of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for the identification of Staphylococcus species, Stomatococcus mucilaginosus, and Micrococcus species. The study compared the results from 1,106 cultures (500 eye cultures, 217 strains submitted for reference identification, and 389 known stock strains) representing 21 species of the family Micrococcaceae. The overall agreement of genus and species identifications was 81.1%. The percent agreement for the five most common clinical isolates was as follows: Staphylococcus epidermidis, 97.1% (517 isolates); Staphylococcus hominis, 82.5% (57 isolates); Staphylococcus aureus, 77.2% (162 isolates); Staphylococcus haemolyticus, 75.8% (61 isolates); and Staphylococcus warneri, 64.1% (39 isolates). The lowest percent agreement was with Staphylococcus cohnii (11.1%; (9 isolates). Of the 217 isolates sent to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for identification, 60.4% (131) were correctly identified by the STAPH-IDENT system. Of these, S. epidermidis accounted for 23.9%, S. aureus accounted for 15.6%, S. warneri accounted for 6.9%, Staphylococcus lugdunensis accounted for 6.5%, S. haemolyticus accounted for 5.5%, and S. hominis accounted for 4.1%. The STAPH-IDENT system did not perform adequately when dealing with commonly encountered organisms and is unsuitable for identifying uncommon isolates.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed2005

Performance of the new VITEK 2 GP card for identification of medically relevant gram-positive cocci in a routine clinical laboratory.

The VITEK 2 gram-positive (GP) identification card (bioMerieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France) has been redesigned to achieve greater accuracy in the identification of gram-positive cocci. A total of 43 biochemical tests, including 17 enzymatic tests, are present in the card and interpreted in a kinetic mode, for up to 8 h. The VITEK 2 database, used in conjunction with the GP identification card, allows the identification of 115 different taxa. A total of 364 strains of GP cocci (217 Streptococcaceae strains and 147 Micrococcaceae strains) belonging to 31 taxa were tested with the new VITEK 2 GP identification card. Of the 364 strains, 105 were taken from routine primary plating media. A total of 344 strains (94.5%) were correctly identified to the species level and 17 strains (4.7%) were identified with low discrimination, requiring additional tests, whereas 1 strain (0.3%) was incorrectly identified and 2 strains (0.5%) remained unidentified. Within 7 h of the start of incubation, more than 90% of all strains were identified. Of the 105 primary cultures, 97% were correctly identified to the species level, 2% were identified with low discrimination, and 1% remained unidentified. Identification performance data were independent of each of the three plating media used. It is concluded that the new VITEK 2 GP identification card provides reliable results for the identification of GP cocci under routine laboratory conditions.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed1977

Comparison of rabbit and pig plasma in the tube coagulase test.

A total of 627 clinical isolates of Micrococcaceae were characterized accoridng to their ability to coagulate rabbit and pig plasma, produce thermostable nuclease, and anaerobically ferment glucose and mannitol. By using these characteristics, 416 of the isolates were classified as Staphylococcus aureus and 211 as non-S. aureus. All 416 strains produced a 3 to 4+ clot formation in heparinized pig plasma, whereas 415 isolates produced a similar reaction in citrated rabbit plasma. All of the S. aureus strains possessed a thermostable nuclease, whereas only four of the non-S. aureus isolates exhibited this characteristic. The results obtained using heparinized pig plasma were almost identical to those obtained with commercial rabbit plasma.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1978

Evaluation of three test procedures for identification of Staphylococcus aureus from clinical sources.

A total of 520 clinical and environmental isolates of the family Micrococcaceae that fermented glucose anaerobically were tested for their ability to produce coagulase, thermostable nuclease, and deoxyribonuclease. Of these, 450 isolates coagulated rabbit plasma, produced thermostable nuclease, and were identified as Staphylococcus aureus, 447 of which produced a 3+ to 4+ clot. The remaining three isolates produced a 2+ clot, deoxyribonuclease, and thermostable nuclease. It was found that three of the S. aureus isolates failed to produce deoxyribonuclease. A total of 70 isolates which did not coagulate rabbit plasma and which were thermostable nuclease negative were identified as S. epidermidis. Three of them produced deoxyribonuclease. It is suggested that the thermostable nuclease test be performed on all isolates producing a 2+ (or 1+) clot in the coagulase test before identifying them as S. aureus.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed2004

Catheter-related bacteremia due to Kocuria rosea in a patient undergoing peripheral blood stem cell transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Micrococcus species may cause intracranial abscesses, meningitis, pneumonia, and septic arthritis in immunosuppressed or immunocompetent hosts. In addition, strains identified as Micrococcus spp. have been reported recently in infections associated with indwelling intravenous lines, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis fluids, ventricular shunts and prosthetic valves. CASE PRESENTATION: We report on the first case of a catheter-related bacteremia caused by Kocuria rosea, a gram-positive microorganism belonging to the family Micrococcaceae, in a 39-year-old man undergoing peripheral blood stem cell transplantation due to relapsed Hodgkin disease. This uncommon pathogen may cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients. CONCLUSIONS: This report presents a case of Kocuria rosea catheter related bacteremia after stem cell transplantation successfully treated with vancomycin and by catheter removal.

Actinomycetales Infections↗
PubMed1975

[A bacteriological investigation of Norwegian cod liver oil (author's transl)].

Samples of medicinal cod liver oil collected from four of the main producers in Norway have been investigated for content of microorganism. Viable counts for bacteria and fungi were found to be low. No coliform bacteria, coagulase positive Staphylococcus or Pseudomonas could be detected. The findings suggest that the main part of the flora found in cod liver oil belongs to the family Micrococcaceae. Several of the isolated colonies showed lipolytic activity.

Cod Liver Oil↗