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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Pachyonychia congenita: surgical management of the nail changes.

The fingernails of a woman with pachyonychia congenita were ablated by several different methods. The most effective, most rapidly performed, and most acceptable method was vigorous curettage and electrofulguration of the matrices and beds of the nails. The responses to treatment suggest that the matrix, rather than the bed, is the site from which the abnormality of the nails develops in pachyonychia congenita. Removal of the nail beds is not necessary to prevent recurrence of deformed nails, but it may reduce hyperkeratosis in their sites.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Diagnosis of human papillomavirus infection by dry vaginal swabs in military women.

OBJECTIVE: Human papillomavirus (HPV) assays are likely to be used with increasing frequency in clinical management of women with abnormal Papanicolaou smears and in cervical cancer screening. Our objective was to simplify the method of collection of female genital tract specimens. The utility of vaginal dry swabs for HPV diagnosis was evaluated. METHODS: Specimens for cytology and for HPV identification were collected by a clinician from 189 female soldiers attending a military clinic. Three methods of specimen collection for HPV identification were compared: a vaginal dry swab (v-DRY), and vaginal and cervical swabs placed into specimen transport medium (v-STM and c-STM). Swabs were shipped to a STD laboratory for processing. Specific HPV types were identified by a consensus primer based PCR based method. Results from 165 women were evaluable. RESULTS: HPV prevalence by the three methods was similar and ranged from 44.8% to 50.9%. 53 (32.1%) women were HPV positive and 60 (36.4%) women were HPV negative by all three collection methods. With respect to the risk categories of specific HPV types, there was greater agreement between the results from the two vaginal (v-DRY and v-STM) samples (kappa values of 0.69-0.81) than between the cervical (c-STM) and either of the vaginal samples (kappa values of 0.37-0.55). The HPV yield from c-STM was somewhat greater than that from the vaginal specimens but the correlation between cytological abnormalities and HPV was high for all three methods. CONCLUSION: A dry vaginal swab may be an acceptable method of specimen collection for HPV diagnosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Evaluation of an iodophor teat spray in the control of infections and cellular reactions in the udder.

A strictly controlled field trial was designed to assess the value of an iodophorpost-milking teat disinfectant in the prevention of new mastitis infections in a 132 cow herd. The disinfectant was applied by a hand spray, a method acceptable, effective, and less costly than conventional teat dipping methods. Only the left side of the udder was treated, the right quarters acting as controls. Dry-cow therapy and other methods of mastitis control were already practised, and no change in routine was introduced apart from half-udder teat spraying. Fifty-eight new cases of mastitis were found to occur on the teat-sprayed side, compared with 91 in the untreated quarters; 35 and 23, respectively, were clinical. No Group B streptococci existed in the herd, and the principal reductions were in Group C streptococci and coagulase-negative staphylococci, the percentages of which were halved. The percentage of coliform infections on the teat-sprayed side was, in contrast, doubled. The incidence of new clinical and subclinical disease without infection was in reverse ratio to that of infections, being 29-9 per cent higher in the quarters which were teat-sprayed. Analysis of cumulative CMT reactions from regular monthly surveys indicated that exponential cell-count values on each side of the udder were identical. Thus, while new infections were significantly reduced, overall cell counts were not, and there is clearly a need for further research into factors other than bacteria which may initiate teat damage and inflammatory changes in the udder.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1995

An articulated ankle external fixation system that can be aligned with the ankle axis.

Aligning an articulated ankle external fixator with the ankle axis located using a mechanical axis finder has been shown to preserve normal ankle joint kinematics while the fixed hinge device is attached. However, several problems exist preventing the clinical application of this finding for fractures of the tibial plafond. We initiated a series of studies to resolve these issues. First, the accuracy of the mechanical axis finder in biological systems was quantified by comparing it to that of a computationally derived helical axis. Second, a prototype fixator design was developed in the biomechanics lab to increase the versatility of intraoperative fixator placement. Finally, a radiographic method of locating the ankle axis was developed which is based on talar morphology independent of the fractured tibia. The prototype fixator has been accurately aligned along the ankle axis in cadaveric specimens using this method. Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) is the accepted method of treatment for tibial plafond fractures. It holds the advantage of sufficient fracture fixation to permit early joint motion. Good results have been reported using this method, but some authors have reported complication rates up to 50%. The wide surgical approaches required, in conjunction with preexisting soft tissue injury, are thought to significantly increase the risk of soft tissue complications. In response to these problems, many investigators are beginning to utilize external fixation as an alternate treatment modality. One external fixation system which has shown particularly good results is a monolateral cross-ankle articulated fixator (Orthofix SRL., Verona, Italy) which allows motion at the ankle joint as the plafond fracture is healing (Figure 1).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Ankle Joint↗
PubMed2005

[An open wedge tibial head osteotomy using continuous callus distraction. An alternative method for the treatment of of varus arthrosis].

High tibial osteotomy is an accepted method for treatment of medial osteoarthritis. An alternative technique is an open-wedge osteotomy and consecutive callotasis (CO) using an external fixator. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiological results and the efficiency of this technique for precise correction. This prospective study included 41 patients (44 knees) evaluated by the HSS score, radiological stage of osteoarthritis, bone healing, and complications after a follow-up period of 49 (36-61) months. The HSS score increased from median 67 preoperatively to 82 points at the time of follow-up (p<0.001). Of 44 knees, excellent/good results were found in 70.5% and fair/poor in 29.5%. The median preoperative femorotibial anatomical angle was 3.6 degrees varus and 9.4 degrees valgus at the latest follow-up examination. The total time in external fixation was median 80 (61-125) days. We observed one early collapse of the new bone wedge, one complete corticotomy, and pin tract infections in ten cases. Furthermore, two hematomas required revision surgery. Hemicallotasis with external fixators allows constant manipulation of alignment during the healing process to optimize alignment. The disadvantage of the external fixation is the risk of pin track infection. Therefore, CO may constitute an important contribution to our algorithm in the treatment of varus gonarthrosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Fine wire frame arthrodesis for the salvage of severe ankle pathology.

Ankle arthrodesis is an accepted method of treatment for severe ankle pathology, but no single method of treatment is universally successful. Compression is usually applied across the ankle joint and maintained with either internal or external fixation; both are associated with complications such as infection, non-union and pain. We present our experience of 13 difficult cases managed by fine wire external frames, and describe the surgical technique used.A sound arthrodesis was achieved in 12 out of 13 cases, though one case required a repeat procedure, giving a union rate of 92% of cases or 86% of procedures. The mean period of fixation was 24 weeks (range 12-82), followed by a mean period of cast immobilisation of 7 weeks (range 0-10). Using Mazur's functional ankle score there were seven good results, four fair, one poor and one failure, which resulted in a below knee amputation. We believe this method represents a significant improvement on previously published results, but accept that it requires considerable experience and should not be considered for primary ankle arthrodesis. We would recommend its usage for the salvage of failed arthrodesis or severe fracture non-union, particularly in the presence of infection.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Prediction of body fat in 12-y-old African American and white children: evaluation of methods.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of obesity is increasing in children. Validation of methods of predicting fatness in African American and white children could help to identify children at high risk. OBJECTIVE: We assessed published methods for determining body fat in 12-y-old male and female white and African American schoolchildren. DESIGN: The body fat of 114 children was measured with the use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, underwater weighing (densitometry), measurement of skinfold thicknesses, isotope dilution (H(2)(18)O), and bioelectrical impedance analysis. Formulas derived from these data and from published reports were compared by using the Bland-Altman approach. RESULTS: Calculation of percentage of body fat by using an equation predicting body fat in kg and dividing by the current weight was the criterion method against which the other methods were compared. Four-compartment models had the smallest variability across the range of body fat, and 2 of these models differed from the criterion method by 1-2%. Six methods (the Pennington 4-compartment model, the Wells et al 4-compartment model, the isotope dilution model, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, the Pennington skinfold thickness model, and the Pennington density model) provided specificity > 90%, an estimate of body fat that was within the 95% CI of the criterion method, and a difference from the criterion method that was < +/- 2%. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was the least acceptable method. CONCLUSIONS: A 4-compartment model in which body fat in kg is divided by current body weight and multiplied by 100 provides the best estimate of percentage of body fat. The isotope dilution and body density models provide estimates within 2% of the estimate provided by the 4-compartment model. Other models do less well.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Molecular pathology in the diagnosis and treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.

The non-Hodgkin's lymphomas encompass a wide spectrum of hematologic neoplasms that exhibit different clinical and biological features. Lymphomas classically have been initially assessed based on their cytologic and histologic features. Morphology alone is often inadequate as similar appearing neoplasms may be immunophenotypically and molecularly heterogeneous. Molecular diagnostic methods can provide an additional level of testing that not only helps refine diagnoses but can provide prognostic information. New methods are being refined that may provide information to establish precise diagnostic profiles, provide targets for therapy and provide more sensitive methods for monitoring the success of treatment. Molecular methods will be increasingly utilized and eventually required as the accepted method of diagnosis and for monitoring the disease. Understanding of the molecular abnormality and the pathogenesis of the neoplasm hopefully will lead to therapeutic intervention aimed at the specific molecular defect or its product. The molecular pathology of the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas is discussed.

Gene Expression Regulation↗
PubMed2002

Diagnosing and optimizing water treatment processes by using particle counter: a case study in Korea.

The goal of the flocculation process is to change the particle size distribution to best suit the subsequent processes. Although several methods exist to evaluate the flocculation process, no single universally accepted method has yet to be developed. The purpose of this paper is to present experiences whereby particle counting was used in the diagnosis and optimization of the flocculation process. A commercially available on-line continuous particle counter has been used in evaluating the design and the operation of this process at two conventional Water Treatment Plants. The evaluation is based on particle dynamics, i.e., the change of the number of small and large particles. Some design deficiencies in the distribution channel and flocculation process have been identified from this method, and thus some operational parameters are suggested for optimum performance. Because the optimum condition may be site-specific, the method presented in this paper will be beneficial in the evaluation of the flocculation process at other water treatment plants.

Facility Design and Construction↗
PubMed1987

Surgical management of patients with hyperhidrosis.

Eighteen patients with hyperhidrosis affecting different anatomical areas were treated with a variety of surgical methods. Bilateral axillary gland excision is an appropriate and cosmetically acceptable method of treating axillary hyperhidrosis (11 patients). Bilateral supraclavicular cervical sympathectomy was performed for excessive sweating of the hands (7 patients). Bilateral lumbar sympathectomy was necessary in only 3 patients with excessive sweating of the feet. When perineal hyperhidrosis is present, the first lumbar ganglia must be excised. Transaxillary, transpleural sympathectomy, removing the first to fourth thoracic ganglia, is successful in treating failures of sweat gland excision or troublesome sweating of hands and axillae.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Condom and other contraceptive use among a random sample of female adolescents: a snapshot in time.

This study examined the sexual practices of 235 females aged 15 to 19 years and their readiness to use specific contraceptive methods for birth control and sexually transmitted disease (STD) prevention. The investigation was based on the stages-of-change construct from the Transtheoretical Model (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1983, 1984). Results demonstrated that despite the availability of newer contraceptive methods (e.g., Depo-Provera), most sexually active adolescents were least resistant to using condoms and were further along in the stages of change for condom use as compared with other contraceptive methods. Moreover, the females perceived the male condom as an acceptable method for prevention of both pregnancy and STDs. These findings suggest that interventions designed to target consistent and correct condom use may result in better compliance, reducing the number of unintended pregnancies and STD cases among this populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Attitudes toward abortion as a means of sex selection.

A questionnaire was administered to 317 unmarried male and female college students in order to determine the acceptability of abortion as a means of achieving offspring of a desired sex. Respondents were given three hypothetical situations (first, second, and last child) to rate, comparing the present method of amniocentesis followed by abortion with proposed simpler methods. Acceptance ranged from 4.2% to 40.3%, being greatest among the less religious, male, and Protestant respondents. Proposed methods were only slightly more acceptable than the present one. Thus, simplifying the abortion procedure for the purpose of sex selection would not appear to increase its acceptability or utilization.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2004

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Acinetobacter spp. by NCCLS broth microdilution and disk diffusion methods.

Although both broth microdilution (BMD) and disk diffusion (DD) are listed by NCCLS as acceptable methods for testing Acinetobacter spp. for antimicrobial susceptibility, few studies have compared the results generated by the two methods. We tested 196 isolates of Acinetobacter spp. from nine U.S. hospitals and from the Centers for Disease Control culture collection by using BMD and DD and clinically appropriate antimicrobial agents. Categorical results for amikacin, ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, gentamicin, imipenem, levofloxacin, meropenem, tobramycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were comparable for the two methods: there was only one very major (VM) error, with tobramycin, and only one major (M) error, with meropenem, when DD results were compared with BMD results. However, VM errors were frequent with the beta-lactams and beta-lactam-beta-lactam inhibitor combinations, while M errors were often observed with tetracyclines. For BMD, tests frequently exhibited subtle growth patterns that were difficult to interpret, especially for beta-lactams. If subtle growth (i.e., granular, small button, or "starry" growth) was considered positive, error rates between BMD and DD were unacceptably high for ampicillin-sulbactam (VM error, 9.8%; minor [m] error, 16.1%), piperacillin (VM error, 5.7%; m error, 13.5%), piperacillin-tazobactam (VM error, 9.3%; m error, 12.9%), ceftazidime (VM error, 6.2%; m error, 11.4%), cefepime (VM error, 6.2%; m error, 13.0%), cefotaxime (m error, 21.2%), ceftriaxone (m error, 23.3%), tetracycline (M error, 11.4%; m error, 32.1%), and doxycycline (M error, 2.6%). When subtle growth patterns were ignored, the agreement still did not achieve acceptable levels. To determine if the problems with BMD testing occurred in other laboratories, we sent frozen BMD panels containing beta-lactam drugs and nine isolates to six labs with experience in performing BMD and DD. Among these laboratories, cefepime MICs ranged from < or =8 to > or =32 microg/ml for four of the nine strains, confirming the problem in interpreting BMD results. Discrepancies between the categorical interpretations of BMD and DD tests were noted primarily with cefepime and piperacillin, for which the BMD results were typically more resistant. Clinical laboratories should be aware of these discrepancies. At present, there are no data to indicate which method provides more clinically relevant information.

Acinetobacter↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Current concepts in contraception.

BACKGROUND: Worldwide, contraceptive use has increased substantially over the past two decades. The increased demand for wider choices of contraceptive methods has resulted in extensive research and rigorous clinical trials. This has led to improvements on existing contraceptive methods and also the development of several new, more effective and acceptable methods with fewer side effects. Thus, this article presents a review of existing literature on recent developments on existing contraceptive methods. It also reviews recently developed contraceptive methods currently in use worldwide. METHODS: Relevant literature was reviewed using manual library search, electronic sources such as CD-ROMS and internet articles. CONCLUSION: More effective methods of contraception which are generally safer and easier to administer are increasingly being developed. Hopefully, as they increasingly become available in our environment, they will lead to and increase in acceptance and use of contraception by our women.

Contraception↗
PubMed1998

13th meeting of the Scientific Group on Methodologies for the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals (SGOMSEC): alternative testing methodologies and conceptual issues.

Substantial world-wide resources are being committed to develop improved toxicological testing methods that will contribute to better protection of human health and the environment. The development of new methods is intrinsically driven by new knowledge emanating from fundamental research in toxicology, carcinogenesis, molecular biology, biochemistry, computer sciences, and a host of other disciplines. Critical evaluations and strong scientific consensus are essential to facilitate adoption of alternative methods for use in the safety assessment of drugs, chemicals, and other environmental factors. Recommendations to hasten the development of new alternative methods included increasing emphasis on the development of mechanism-based methods, increasing fundamental toxicological research, increasing training on the use of alternative methods, integrating accepted alternative methods into toxicity assessment, internationally harmonizating chemical toxicity classification schemes, and increasing international cooperation to develop, validate, and gain acceptance of alternative methods.

Animal Testing Alternatives↗
PubMed1993

Comparison of two methods of data presentation for the electrical brainstem response in cochlear implant patients.

Cochlear implants have become an acceptable method for management of the deaf patient, adult and child alike. Since the advent of implants there has been much research into objective methods for setting electrode values. The most common method is the electrical auditory brainstem response (EABR). The result of EABR threshold measurement is frequently reported as an arbitrary stimulus level set by the manufacturer. However, there has been recent discussion of whether an arbitrary stimulus level is acceptable or if the results should be reported in absolute units, either charge or current, particularly when combined data are used. This report compares two methods of data presentation for the EABR, arbitrary stimulus level and absolute units measured in nanoCoulombs (nC). Data collected from a previous study were used in this comparison. All patients were fitted with the Nucleus multi-channel device and Mini Speech Processor. The correlation between stimulus level and log charge (nC) was 0.990 with a slope of 0.987 which suggests the method of data reporting does not alter EABR results materially when using the Nucleus device.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Sudies in simpler tubocclusion methods.

This report reviews animal and human studies undertaken to develop simpler, safer, and more acceptable methods of female sterilization. Animal studies revealed inadequate prevention of pregnancy by tubocclusive methods from within the uterus, and the laparoscopic route was chosen. A series of clips were evaluated, and a clip was designed which would have a spring load, be wide enough to cause true tissue necrosis, have a firm grip on the tube to prevent dislodgement, and have a smooth external surface. Extensive human trials of the clip and applicator have resulted in over 1,000 patients with clips applied by 27 physicians in 10 centers throughout the world. Six pregnancies appear to have been due so far to application onto structures other than the isthmic portion of the tube. Complications due to the clip itself appear to be minimal, and the feasibility of performing this operation under local anesthesia in a hospital facility other than the operating room is currently under evaluation.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1975

A charcoal sampling method and a gas chromatographic analytical procedure for carbon disulfide.

Research is reported concerning an acceptable method for sampling and analyzing samples for carbon disulfide. Test atmospheres of carbon disulfide were generated dynamically using the syringe injection method, ant the theoretical concetnration verified by a liquid absorbent, colorimetric method. The CS2 was adsorbed on charcoal tubes, eluted with benzene, and quantitated with a gas chromatography equipped with a sulfer flame photometric detector. The results compared with the colorimetris analysis. The sensitivity of this method is 1 mug on a charcoal tube. The charcoal tubes were also tested for breakthrough volumes, holding power vs time, and the effect of air transport and temperature cycles.

Adsorption↗