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PubMed1999

Optimization of magnesium therapy after severe diffuse axonal brain injury in rats.

A number of studies have demonstrated that magnesium salts given after traumatic brain injury improve subsequent neurologic outcome. However, given that these earlier studies have used a number of different salts, dosages, and routes of administration, follow-up studies of the neuroprotective properties of magnesium are complicated, with comparisons to the earlier literature virtually impossible. The present study has therefore characterized the dose-response characteristics of the most commonly used sulfate and chloride salts of magnesium in a severe model of diffuse traumatic axonal injury in rats. Both magnesium salts improved neurologic outcome in rats when administered as a bolus at 30 min after injury. The i.v. and i.m. optima of each salt was 250 micromol/kg and 750 micromol/kg, respectively. The identical concentrations required for improved neurologic outcome suggest that improvement in outcome was dependent on the magnesium cation and not the associated anion. Subsequent magnetic resonance studies demonstrated that the administered magnesium penetrated the blood-brain barrier after injury and resulted in an increased brain intracellular free magnesium concentration and associated bioenergetic state as reflected in the cytosolic phosphorylation potential. Both of these metabolic parameters positively correlated with resultant neurologic outcome measured daily in the same animals immediately before the magnetic resonance determinations.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Evaluation of biocompatibility of apatite-wollastonite ceramics in fibroblast cultures.

The aim of this work has been to test the biocompatibility of four bioactive, gel derived glass-ceramic materials of CaO-PO2-SiO2 system, modified by addition of boron, aluminum and magnesium compounds. We have examined the growth, collagen synthesis, adhesion and morphology of NRK rat fibroblasts cultured in direct and indirect contact with biomaterials. The growth of cells cultures has been quantified by two methods: [3H]thymidine incorporation and direct counting of cells. The level of collagen synthesis has been used as a parameter describing metabolic activity of cells. Cellular morphology has been assessed following 24 h and 4 days of culturing cells on biomaterials by using SEM and confocal microscopy, respectively. Additionally, in order to obtain information about the attachment of cells to substratum the presence of focal contacts has been examined. The results of all the experiments have demonstrated that none of the materials under study significantly altered cellular functions that were tested. This indicates that additions of MgO, Al2O3 and B2O3 have not induced cytotoxicity of the materials under study. This qualifies them for further in vivo experiments.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Bioavailability of US commercial magnesium preparations.

Magnesium deficiency is seen with some frequency in the outpatient setting and requires oral repletion or maintenance therapy. The purpose of this study was to measure the bioavailability of four commercially-available preparations of magnesium, and to test the claim that organic salts are more easily absorbed. Bioavailability was measured as the increment of urinary maginesium excretion in normal volunteers given approximately 21 mEq/day of the test preparations. Results indicated relatively poor bioavailability of magnesium oxide (fractional absorption 4 per cent) but significantly higher and equivalent bioavailability of magnesium chloride, magnesium lactate and magnesium aspartate. We conclude that there is relatively poor bioavailability of magnesium oxide, but greater and equivalent bioavailability of magnesium chloride, lactate, and aspartate. Inorganic magnesium salts, depending on the preparation, may have bioavailability equivalent to organic magnesium salts.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

A proposed sustainable BNR plant with the emphasis on recovery of COD and phosphate.

Water problems have to be solved in an integrated way, and sustainability has become a major issue. For this reason, developing more sustainable wastewater treatment processes is needed. New discoveries and good understanding on microbial conversions of nitrogen and phosphorus make more sustainable processes possible. New options for decentralized sustainable sanitation are generally compared to conventional sewage systems, we think that for a proper comparison also innovative centralized treatment schemes should be evaluated. In this article, a more sustainable WWTP is proposed for municipal wastewater treatment, mainly based on the principles of denitrifying dephosphatation and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX). The proposed system consists of a first stage of the A/B process in which maximal sludge production is achieved. In this way, COD is regained as sludge for methanation. The following BCFS and CANON processes can remove N and P with minimal or no COD need. As a potential fertiliser, struvite can easily be removed from the sludge water by adding magnesium compounds. A case study is done on the basis of the mass balance over the proposed plant. The effluent from the system has a good quality to be recycled. This could also make a contribution to meeting the world's water needs and lessening the impact on the world's water environment. Since all the separate units are already applied or tested on pilot-scale, no problems for technical implementation are foreseen.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
PubMed2002

[Polarization characteristic of LiF polarizer at UV-VUV spectral range].

A method of determinating the degree of polarization of grating, polarizer and analyzer at some wavelength is introduced. The degrees of polarization of LiF polarizers were determined with 1 m Seya-Namioka monochromator by this way. The source is hollow cathode source. The degrees of polarization of two, four and eight LiF plates were measured at 120, 149.2, 174.2, 214.2, 235.0, 300 and 340 nm. The theoretical and experimental reults were consistent within the error. The angular extinction dependence of the LiF polarizer and analyzer was measured at VUV wavelengths. The results showed the expected cosine square dependence, so a high degree of polarization was indeed produced. Also, the LiF polarizer was used to measure the polarization characters of the Al + MgF2 reflectance and the absolute grating efficiency at both parallel and perpendicular to their incident plane.

Aluminum↗
PubMed2001

Familial hypomagnesemia--hypercalciuria and pseudotumor cerebri.

Approximately 30 patients with familial hypomagnesemia-hypercalciuria have been reported. We describe an 8-year-old girl with cardinal findings of familial hypomagnesemia-hypercalciuria (hypomagnesemia, hypermagnesiuria, hypercalciuria, renal insufficiency, hyperuricemia, elevated serum parathormone, hyposthenuria and nephrocalcinosis), who received combination therapy consisting of magnesium salts, thiazide diuretic and potassium supplementation. At the 4-year follow-up investigation under this treatment, the patient was found to have cerebral pseudotumor (increased intracranial pressure with normal or small ventricles on neuroimaging, no evidence of an intracranial mass and normal cerebrospinal fluid composition) with papilledema and visual field defects. Thiazide therapy was terminated and the cerebral pseudotumor disappeared. The authors hypothesize that cerebral pseudotumor in this patient was related to severe hypocalcemia, as a consequence of profound hypomagnesemia induced by protracted thiazide treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a child with familial hypomagnesemia-hypercalciuria who developed pseudotumor cerebri after thiazide therapy.

Calcium↗
PubMed2005

Study of magnesium bioavailability from ten organic and inorganic Mg salts in Mg-depleted rats using a stable isotope approach.

Literature data on the bioavailability of various Mg forms provide scarce information on the best Mg salt to be used in animal and human supplementation. This study aimed to investigate the bioavailability of different forms of Mg in rats using Mg stable isotopes. Eighty male Wistar rats aged 6 weeks were fed a semi-purified Mg-depleted diet for three weeks. The rats were then randomised into ten groups and received, for two more weeks, the same diet repleted with Mg (550 mg Mg/kg) as: oxide, chloride, sulphate, carbonate, acetate, pidolate, citrate, gluconate, lactate or aspartate. After 10 days of Mg-repleted diet, the rats received orally 1.8 mg of an enriched 26Mg. Faeces and urine were then collected for 4 consecutive days. Isotope ratios in faeces and urine were determined. The Mg absorption values obtained varied from 50% to 67%. Organic Mg salts were slightly more available than inorganic Mg salts. Mg gluconate exhibited the highest Mg bioavailability of the ten Mg salts studied. Urinary 26Mg excretion varied from 0.20 mg to 0.33 mg, and feeding with the organic pidolate, citrate, gluconate and aspartate salts resulted in higher urinary 26Mg excretion than with inorganic salts. Ultimately, 26Mg retention was higher in the rats receiving the organic salts such as gluconate, lactate and aspartate than in those receiving the inorganic salts. Taken together, these results indicate that 26Mg is sufficiently bioavailable from the ten different Mg salts studied in the present experiment, although Mg gluconate exhibited the highest bioavailability under these experimental conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[The role of macro-elements in the human body].

The authors summarize the role of essential macro metal elements (Na, K, Ca, Mg) in human body: their homeostasis, absorption, transport, storage and excretion. Metabolism of macro-elements, daily requirements, cause of metal deficiencies and diseases caused by deficiencies are also discussed. Messenger and prooxidant effect of Ca2+-ions, indirect antioxidant effect of Mg2+-ions and the adjuvant application of magnesium are also reviewed.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed1990

Effect of diet on struvite activity product in feline urine.

Groups of male specific-pathogen-free cats were fed a basal, purified diet (A), with or without 0.45% added magnesium (MgCl2, diet B; MgO, diet C) or 1 of 2 commercial diets (D,E). Urine samples collected for 48 hours after 2 weeks of feeding were analyzed for calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, ammonium, sulfate, phosphate, oxalate, and citrate content. Concentrations were used to calculate the negative logarithm of the struvite activity product (pSAP), using a microcomputer-based program for calculation of supersaturation of the urine with crystal solutes. The pSAP value for all samples also was hand-calculated by use of an equation. Consumption of diet B caused a significant (P less than 0.05) increase in urine calcium concentration. Total urine phosphate concentration was lower in urine from cats fed diets A, B, or C than in urine from cats fed diets D or E. For the various diets, urine PO4(-3) was: 5.3 microM for diet A; 6.3 microM for diet C; 0.9 microM for diet E; 36 nM for diet D, and 0.5 nM for diet B. Consumption of diets B and C caused significant increases in urine magnesium concentration (53.1 nM and 49.1 mM, respectively). Ammonium ion concentration was highest in urine from cats fed diets B and D, 116.2 mM and 100.3 mM, respectively. When the pSAP, hand-calculated assuming ionic strength u = 0.2, was regressed on that calculated by use of the microcomputer program, the coefficient of determination was 0.96 (P less than or equal to 0.01).

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Clinical aspects of zinc].

In the literature an increasingly large body of evidence has revealed disturbances of zinc metabolism and a consecutive zinc deficit in a broad spectrum of chronic diseases. The authors call attention to the therapeutic benefit of zinc substitution mainly in chronic hepatic diseases, pancreatitis and colitis, as well as in diabetes and in several cases of immunodeficiency with various complications. Since suitable preparations are not available on the market 'possibilities concerning zinc substitution are rather limited. There is a real need for completing our therapeutic arsenal with an up-to-date zinc preparate, possibly in combination with a magnesium compound.

Humans↗
PubMed1988

[Dissolution therapy of struvite calculi with solution G].

In 6 patients (9 kidneys) irrigation with Solution G in the renal pelvis was performed for the dissolution of their infectious stones. Staghorn calculi larger than 30 mm in diameter were observed in all patients. In two kidneys all stones were dissolved and the rest were dissolved into small fragments that constituted no problem in those kidneys. Irrigation was done with no major side effects or complications. The dissolution of infectious stones with Solution G is another possible treatment that could be first chosen among percutaneous nephrolithotripsy, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and other treatments.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Characterization of magnesium-induced urinary disease in the cat and comparison with feline urologic syndrome.

Aggregates of struvite crystals caused urethral obstruction in a high percentage of cats fed moist and dry diets supplemented with Mg oxide. Some of the diets were associated with cystolith formation as well. The percentage of Mg in the experimental diets was a misleading indicator of Mg intake because of differences between moist and dry diets in their caloric density. Magnesium homeostasis was maintained in cats ingesting large quantities of Mg. Tissue (kidney, muscle, and rib) concentrations of Mg were the same in cats fed high Mg and control diets. Plasma Mg concentration was increased only in cats ingesting the largest amount of Mg. Magnesium homeostasis was maintained by a marked increase in urine Mg excretion. However, urine Mg concentration was not directly related to Mg intake, apparently because of differences between diets in intestinal absorption of Mg. Urethral obstruction of experimental cats was not associated with a transient increase in Mg intake, nor did obstructing cats have higher urine Mg concentrations than did nonobstructing cats fed the same diet. This observation indicates that factor(s) other than urine Mg concentration are important in urethral obstruction. Cats with urethral obstruction due to naturally occurring disease, feline urological syndrome (FUS), had markedly lower urine Mg concentrations than cats fed high Mg diets. This finding refutes the theory that cats develop FUS because of primary Mg hyperabsorptive phenomena or because of a primary urinary leak of Mg. It also indicates that factors other than urine Mg concentration are involved in the genesis of naturally occurring urethral obstruction. Another difference between the natural and the induced disease was related to the character of the urinary precipitates. Experimental diets higher in Mg concentration caused urolith formation, which is uncommon with FUS. Lower Mg diets caused obstruction with aggregates of crystals, but mucus was not observed. However, in the experimental disease induced in the present study, urinary precipitates were predominantly or exclusively struvite, as has been reported in the natural disease. Many similarities were seen between the diet-induced disease and FUS, but factors in addition to Mg intake are involved in the natural disease. The importance of Mg, compared with the undefined factors, remains to be established.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[Thermal behavior of phosphate-bonded investment. Part 2. Reactions in the systems of MgO-MgNH4PO4.6H2O and MgO-NH4H2PO4 (author's transl)].

Reaction process in the equimolar mixtures of MgO-MgNH4PO4.6H2O and MgO-NH4H2PO4 were investigated by TG-DTA and X-ray diffraction. In the MgO-MgNH4PO4.6H2O system, MgNH4PO4.6H2O was changed by heating in the following way. The formation of MgNH4PO4.H2O by dehydration about 100 degrees C and of amorphous Mg2P2O7 by dehydration and removal of NH3 above 200 degrees C and the crystallization of Mg2P2O7 above 600 degrees C. A part of the amorphous Mg2P2O7 reacted with MgO to form Mg3(PO4)2 above 600 degrees C. The crystallized Mg2P2O7 also reacted with MgO to form Mg3(PO4)2 at higher temperature. In the MgO-NH4H2PO4 system, MgNH4PO4.H2O was formed by the reaction between them, which was corresponded to an exothermic peak about 140 degrees C in the DTA curve. MgNH4PO4.H2O, an unknown phase Y and an amorphous phase were formed at 200 degrees C. The crystalline phases almost disappeared and another unknown phase X appeared at 300 degrees C. The phase X also disappeared and Mg(PO3)2 appeared at 400 degrees C. In the TG-DTA curve for this system, an exothermic peak, which was corresponded to crystallization of Mg(PO3)2, was observed about 550 degrees C and the decomposition of NH4H2PO4 ceased after the crystallization. Mg(PO3)2 reacted with MgO to form Mg2P2O7 at higher temperature.

Dental Casting Investment↗
PubMed1982

Dry ashing, hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometric determination of arsenic and selenium in foods.

A dry ashing, flameless atomic absorption spectrometric method was evaluated to determine arsenic and selenium in foods. Samples were dry-ashed with Mg(NO3)2-MgO and dissolved in HCl. Selenate was reduced to selenite by boiling in 4N HCl. Selenate was reduced to selenite by boiling in 4N HCl, and arsenate to arsenite by treatment with KI. Hydrides of arsenic and selenium were generated by the addition of NaBH4 and were swept by nitrogen and hydrogen into a thermally heated silicate tube furnace. The detection limit was about 5 ppb for each element based on a 10 g sample. Analytical results obtained for several samples of NBS reference materials agreed with the certified values. The procedure was evaluated by another laboratory and results were satisfactory.

Arsenic↗
PubMed1996

Biological implications of magnesium salts at the molecular level.

The interaction of Mg2+ cations in biological systems is studied by using nucleic acid bases as the biological system. Magnesium salts, such as, MgCl2 6H2O, MgSO4. 7H2O and Mg(ClO4). XH2O have been employed in order to compare their complexation with cytosine and 1-methyl cytosine crystallize in water solutions. The reaction of the above magnesium salts with the two bases has been followed by attempting to crystallization the complexes formed at constant temperature and variable times of crystallization. The water solutions with the above reagents have also been followed by Fourier Transform infrared.

Biological Factors↗
PubMed1997

[Comparative study of the short-term acceptability and tolerance of a new oral formulation of magnesium (TX 1341) and a reference magnesium].

This open, randomized study on 2 parallel groups compared the acceptability, digestive tolerance and observance of TX 1341, a new chewable magnesium tablet (OROMAG, Laboratoire Théramex) to that of a reference magnesium (MAG2, Laboratoire Théraplix). 179 patients warranting a magnesotherapy were treated for 10 weeks either by 3 chewable lactate and citrate of magnesium tablets (TX 1341) each containing 120 mg of magnesium-element, or by 3 drinkable ampoules of pidolate of magnesium (each of 122 mg of magnesium-element). Acceptability was assessed at the end of the study by a semi-quantitative scale at four levels and digestive tolerance by closed questionnaire submitted before and after treatment. 72.7% of patients treated by TX 1341 find the treatment agreeable against 46.1% with the reference magnesium (p < 0.01). The number of drops out linked to treatment is not significantly different in the two groups and they are virtually all linked to digestive problems. The two medications significantly lower the number of cases of constipation without noticeably increasing the number of cases of diarrhea. The comparison of the number of digestive symptoms which appeared under treatment only underline one significant difference between the 2 groups (p < 0.05): the appearance of 5 times less the number of abdominal pains with TX 1341 (2 cases). Cases of irregular intake are significantly higher with the reference drug than with TX 1341 (respectively 23.7% and 8.5%; p < 0.01).

Administration, Oral↗