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PubMed1998

Antimould activity of sourdough lactic acid bacteria: identification of a mixture of organic acids produced by Lactobacillus sanfrancisco CB1.

Sourdough lactic acid bacteria, cultivated in wheat flour hydrolysate, produced antimould compounds. The antimould activity varied greatly among the strains and was mainly detected within obligately heterofermentative Lactobacillus spp. Among these, Lb. sanfrancisco CB1 had the largest spectrum. It inhibited moulds related to bread spoilage such as Fusarium, Penicillium, Aspergillus and Monilia. A mixture of acetic, caproic, formic, propionic, butyric and n-valeric acids, acting in a synergistic way, was responsible for the antimould activity. Caproic acid played a key role in inhibiting mould growth.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1975

The effect of aging and acute illness on delayed hypersensitivity.

A group of standard antigens (monilia, mosquito, mumps, purified protein derivative [PPD], staphylococcus toxoid, streptokinase-streptodornase [sk-sd] and trichophyton) were applied to 321 normal volunteers, 60 patients admitted to a medical ward, and 41 patients in an intensive care unit (ICU) to evaluate their delayed hypersensitivity skin test response. Eighty-eight per cent of the normal subjects reacted with at least 5 mm. induration to one or more skin tests without any decrease in reactivity occurring with increasing age. In the hospitalized group, only 62 per cent of the ward and 63 per cent of the ICU patients reacted to the same skin tests. All (8/8) anergic ICU patients tested after discharge regained normal reactivity. Acute illness but not increasing age will impair the delayed hypersensitivity skin test response.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1976

Clinical and physiological assessment of asthmatic children treated with beclomethasone dipropionate.

Forty-two perennial asthmatic children were selected for a 12-wk study using beclomethasone dipropionate. The groups included 21 steroid-dependent children (Group I) and 21 patients (Group II) whose disease was of sufficient severity that corticosteroid therapy was contemplated. All children received the drug in a dose of 100 mug 4 times daily. During the study, oral prednisone was withdrawn from the steroid-dependent children while other therapy was essentially unchanged. Group II children underwent a double-blind trial, receiving beclomethasone for 6 wk and placebo for 6 wk. Objective assessment of adrenal and pulmonary function was obtained at regular intervals. For the latter, total lung capacity and its subdivisions, airways resistance, maximum expiratory flow volume, and oxygen tension, were measured in both groups. In Group II static elastic recoil was measured also. For most tests the results were statistically significant. In both groups, 18 of 21 patients demonstrated an excellent clinical response, no evidence of adrenal suppression, and improvement in pulmonary function. Forty of 42 patients were followed for another 12 wk, and 19 of each group did well. After 20-24 wk of therapy, 16% of patients harbored monilia in their oropharynx, and 1 patient had clinical monilial stomatitis. Within the limits of the time of the study, beclomethasone dipropionate appeared to provide adequate clinical control in many chronic, severe, steroid-dependent and nonsteroid-dependent asthmatic children.

17-Ketosteroids↗
PubMed2006

Metal tolerance and biosorption potential of filamentous fungi isolated from metal contaminated agricultural soil.

Heavy metal analysis of agricultural field soil receiving long-term (>20 years) application of municipal and industrial wastewater showed two- to five-fold accumulation of certain heavy metals as compared to untreated soil. Metal-resistant fungi isolated from wastewater-treated soil belonged to genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria, Geotrichum, Fusarium, Rhizopus, Monilia and Trichoderma. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for Cd, Ni, Cr, Cu, and Co were determined. The MIC ranged from 0.2 to 5 mg ml(-1) for Cd, followed by Ni (0.1-4 mg ml(-1)), Cr (0.3-7 mg ml(-1)), Cu (0.6-9 mg ml(-1)) and for Co (0.1-5 mg ml(-1)) depending on the isolate. Aspergillus and Rhizopus isolates were tested for their metal biosorption potential for Cr and Cd in vitro. Biosorption experiments were conducted with initial metal concentrations of 2, 4, 6 and 8 mM with a contact time of 4 h and wet fungal biomass (1-5 g) at 25 degrees C. Maximum biosorption of Cr and Cd ions was found at 6 mM initial metal concentration. Aspergillus sp.1 accumulated 1.20 mg of Cr and 2.72 mg of Cd per gram of biomass. Accumulation of these two metals by very tolerant Aspergillus sp.2 isolate was at par with relatively less tolerant Aspergillus sp.1 isolate. Rhizopus sp. accumulated 4.33 mg of Cr and 2.72 mg of Cd per g of biomass. The findings indicated promising biosorption of cadmium and chromium by the Rhizopus and Aspergillus spp. from aqueous solution. There is little, if any, correlation between metal tolerance and biosorption properties of the test fungi.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2000

A new vaginal antimicrobial contraceptive formulation: phase I clinical pilot studies.

Pilot clinical trials were performed with a new vaginal suppository called "Long Acting, Sustained Release of Spermicide" ("LASRS"). No visual or colposcopic lesions or patient complaints occurred as a result of using LASRS with increasing doses of nonoxynol-9 (up to 20%) for 5 days or of applying the highest dose of nonoxynol-9 (20%; total 400 mg) for 8 h. Colposcopic or visual lesions were also not induced when LASRS with 20% nonoxynol-9 was used for 7 consecutive days by the study participants except for those who developed symptomatic monilia vaginitis. Symptoms were reported although these were mostly minor. A long-lasting, bioadhesive, translucent layer (film) of formulation formed over the vaginal and cervical surfaces. Postcoital spermicidal studies showed LASRS to be highly effective for prolonged periods of time. Although intercourse was delayed for 5 to 8.5 h after insertion of the formulation, an average of only 0. 2 motile sperm/HPF could be found in cervical mucus. These studies suggest LASRS to possess advantages over presently marketed formulations by having long-term efficacy and by forming a bioadhesive, presumably protective layer over the genital tract epithelium. The results also suggest the formulation to decrease the vaginal irritation caused by nonoxynol-9 as noted by colposcopy. These pilot data support a more extensive study with the LASRS suppository.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Microbial diversity during maturation and natural processing of coffee cherries of Coffea arabica in Brazil.

The magnitude and diversity of the microbial population associated with dry (natural) processing of coffee (Coffea arabica) has been assessed during a 2-year period on 15 different farms in the Sul de Minas region of Brazil. Peptone water-washed samples were taken of maturing cherries on trees (cherries, raisins and dried cherries) and from ground fermentations. The microbial load varied from 3 x 10(4) to 2.2 x 10(9) cfu/cherry with a median value of 1.6 x 10(7) cfu/cherry. The microbial load increased after heavy rainfall on cherries that were drying on the ground. At all stages, bacteria were usually the most abundant group, followed by filamentous fungi and finally yeasts. Counts of bacteria, yeasts and fungi varied considerably between farms and at different stages of maturation and processing and no consistent pattern could be seen. Yeasts showed an increase during the fermentation process. Median counts were not significantly different for fungi, yeasts and bacteria between the 2 years although Gram-negative bacteria dominated in the wet year and Gram-positive bacteria dominated in the dry year. Of a total of 754 isolates, 626 were identified to at least genus level comprising 44 genera and 64 different species. The 164 isolates of Gram-negative bacteria included 17 genera and 26 species, the most common of which were members of the genera Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter and Serratia. Of 191 isolates of Gram-positive bacteria, 23 were spore-forming and included six Bacillus species, and 118 were non-spore-formers of which over half were Cellulomonas with lesser numbers of Arthrobacter, Microbacterium, Brochothrix, Dermabacter and Lactobacillus. Of the 107 yeast isolates, 90 were identified into 12 genera and 24 different species and almost all were fermentative. The most common genera, in decreasing frequency, were Pichia, Candida, Arxula and Saccharomycopsis. There were many rarely described yeasts including Pichia lynferdii and Arxula adeninivorans. Almost all 292 fungal isolates were identified to genus level and 52 were identified to species level. Cladosporium, Fusarium and Penicillium each comprised about one third of the isolates and were found on all farms. Only 3% of the isolates were Aspergillus. Beauvaria, Monilia, Rhizoctonia and Arthrobotrys species were also occasionally found. The microbial flora is much more varied and complex than found in wet fermentations. The genera and species identified include members known to have all types of pectinase and cellulase activities.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2004

Identification of pathogenic dematiaceous fungi and related taxa based on large subunit ribosomal DNA D1/D2 domain sequence analysis.

The nucleotide sequences of the D1/D2 domains of large subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA for 76 strains of 46 species of pathogenic dematiaceous fungi and related taxa were determined. Intra-species sequence diversity of medically important dematiaceous fungi including Phialophora verrucosa, Fonsecaea pedrosoi, Fonsecaea compacta, Cladophialophora carrionii, Cladophialophora bantiana, Exophiala dermatitidis, Exophiala jeanselmei, Exophiala spinifera, Exophiala moniliae, and Hortaea werneckii were extremely small; as few as 0 changes were detected in C. bantiana, Fonsecaea and Exophiala species, 1 bp in C. carrionii and H. werneckii, and 2 bp in P. verrucosa. Inter-species nucleotide diversity between most species was higher. These data suggested that the D1/D2 domain is sufficiently variable for identification of pathogenic dematiaceous fungi and relevant species. The phylogenetic trees constructed from the sequence data revealed that most human pathogenic species formed a single cluster and that Cladosporium and Phialophora species were distributed polyphyletically into several clusters.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed2006

Biodegradation of the fungicide iprodione by Zygosaccharomyces rouxii strain DBVPG 6399.

Iprodione is a contact fungicide used to control several pathogens such as Botrytis cinerea, Monilia, and Sclerotinia. This paper reports the ability of an iprodione-resistant strain of Zygosaccharomyces rouxii to degrade iprodione at a concentration of 1 mg L(-1). The yeast Z. rouxii was chosen also for its ability to grow at high osmolarity. Also of note is that in bioremediation situations and in the food industry such resistance could be important. The kinetic and metabolic behaviors of the fungicide in the media are described. The results show a new transformation pathway of iprodione by the yeast leading to the formation of N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2,4-dioxoimidazoline, 3-isopropylhydantoin, and 3,5-dichloroaniline. These compounds were identified by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and GC-MS analyses. This study provides a basis to employ yeast strains in biodegradation studies in relation to their ability in the disappearance and degradation of xenobiotics into simpler molecules.

Aminoimidazole Carboxamide↗
PubMed1999

Sensitization to local dust-mite fauna in Singapore.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies showed the presence of a unique dust-mite fauna in the indoor environment of Singapore. Immediate hypersensitivity to these dust mites, along with other known indoor allergens, may play a role in the pathogenesis of allergic respiratory diseases. This study evaluated the sensitization rates of the local atopic population to these allergens. METHODS: The skin prick test was performed on a total of 391 individuals (289 patients with asthma and/or allergic rhinitis and 102 healthy controls) using extracts of six species of local dust mites (Austroglycyphagus malaysiensis, Blomia tropicalis, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, D. farinae, Sturnophagoides brasiliensis, and Tyrophagus putrescentiae) and 10 other common indoor allergens. Total serum IgE and specific IgE to these dust mites were also quantified with the fluorescence allergosorbent test (FAST). RESULTS: The sensitization rates among patients with asthma and/or allergic rhinitis to dust mites and other inhalant allergens tested (via skin prick tests) were as follow: B. tropicalis (96.2%), D. pteronyssinus (93.4%), D. farinae (92.3%), A. malaysiensis (78.2%), S. brasiliensis (71.6%), T. putrescentiae (71.3%), canary feathers (69.9%), Periplaneta americana (cockroach) (59.5%), Blattella germanica (cockroach) (56.4%), mosquito (Aedes sp.) (46.4%), dog epithelia (mixed breed) (34.3%), kapok seed (31.8%), cat hair (29.1%), Aspergillus fumigatus (20.8%), Penicillium notatum (18.0%), and Candida (Monilia) albicans (9.3%). All patients were observed to react to at least three of the six dust-mite extracts, with 254/289 (87.9%) reacting to at least five or to all six. Skin prick responses to the dust mites were found to correlate with the corresponding specific IgE levels quantified by FAST (P<0.001). In addition, specific IgE levels to D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae were highly correlated (Spearman's rank coefficient = 0.76, P<0.001), as were those to B. tropicalis and A. malaysiensis (r = 0.60, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Asthma and/or allergic rhinitis patients were highly sensitized to the local dust-mite fauna. Thus, these dust mites should be considered important allergenic sources of this region.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Perianal candidosis--a comparative study with mupirocin and nystatin.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and clinical outcome of 2% mupirocin in a polyethylene glycol base and nystatin cream as treatment regimens in diaper candidosis. DESIGN: A prospective randomized comparative study. METHODS: In vitro. The susceptibility of 20 clinical isolates of Candida albicans to 2% mupirocin, nystatin, and five additional antifungal agents was evaluated using the Nathan agar-well diffusion assay. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of mupirocin against the Candida species was determined using a tube dilution method. In vivo. Twenty patients (mean age, 12 months; range, 1 month to 4 years) with moderate to severe Monilia diaper dermatitis either had mupirocin ointment or nystatin cream applied to the infected area every 8 h or after every diaper change for a period of 7 days. Microscopic examination of skin scrapings and mycologic and microbiological cultures were performed before treatment and daily for 7 days, and progress was clinically assessed. RESULTS: In vitro. Topical mupirocin produced a greater zone of inhibition than nystatin cream, i.e. a mean of 27.2 mm (SD 1.55) compared with a mean of 17.3 mm (SD 1.08) for nystatin cream. MIC for mupirocin of 512 microg/mL in one case, 256 microg/mL in six cases, 200 microg/mL in 10 cases and 400 microg/mL in three cases were obtained for the 20 clinical isolates. C. albicans also displayed a universal sensitivity to mupirocin and nystatin. In vivo. Eradication of all Candida organisms was achieved within 2-6 days (mean, 2.6 days) in 10 patients receiving topical mupirocin therapy with rapid healing of the excoriated wounds (mean, 4.7 days). Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were eradicated from the infected area within the trial period. Ten patients received topical nystatin cream and, in each case, Candida was successfully cleared within 5 days (mean, 2.8 days). Only three wounds were clinically healed within the trial period, however. The remaining seven wounds showed evidence of improved, but ongoing excoriated dermatitis and a heavy growth of polymicrobial organisms. CONCLUSIONS: Both agents eradicated Candida, the major difference being the marked response of the diaper dermatitis to mupirocin. Mupirocin should be applied topically 3-4 times daily or with each diaper change and is an excellent antifungal agent.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fungi genus and concentration in the air of onion fields and their opportunistic action related to mycotic keratitis.

The authors determined fungi concentrations and genera from onion fields located in monsoon and nonmonsoon areas of Taiwan, as well as concentrations from a county housing location, which served as the comparison site. The authors explored the relationship(s) among onion harvesting, monsoon characteristics, airborne fungal levels, and mycotic eye infection. Airborne fungal levels in the onion field in the nonmonsoon area were the highest, followed by decreasing levels in the monsoon area and control sites, regardless of the sampling periods. The geometric mean of airborne fungal concentrations was the highest during onion harvesting. Cladosporium was the most dominant fungus during pre- and postharvest seasons, whereas Aspergillus, Fusraium, Acremonium, Alternaria, Penicillium, Monilia, Mycelia, and Rhizopus were increased significantly during harvesting. Although fungal concentrations in monsoon onion fields were lower than concentrations measured in the nonmonsoon area, the invasion of dangerous fungal pathogens following eye trauma by airborne sharp exotics (e.g., onion flakes) dispersed in high wind may account for the increase in corneal ulcer cases that occur in the monsoon area.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Phialophora verrucosa.

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was examined in 32 isolates of Phialophora verrucosa (eight isolates from Japan, 10 from China, four from the USA, six from Venezuela and four from Colombia) and in three of Phialophora americana using five restriction enzymes. P. verrucosa isolates were divided into 10 mtDNA types based on RFLP patterns. Phylogeny constructed on sequence divergence of mtDNA indicated that P. verrucosa is a single species and isolates are clustered into three groups. Japan and the USA contained Group A and Group B isolates, China Group B isolates and South America Group B and Group C isolates. RFLP patterns of P. americana mtDNA were identical to those of Type 1 or Type 4 of P. verrucosa mtDNA, suggesting that both are identical. RFLP patterns of P. verrucosa were distinct from those of other dematiaceous fungi including Exophiala jeanselmei, E. moniliae, E. dermatitidis, E. spinifera, Cladophialophora (Cladosporium) carrionii, Fonsecaea pedrosoi, and Hortaea werneckii. These results indicate that RFLP analysis of mtDNA is a useful method for the identification, taxonomy, typing, epidemiology and phylogeny of P. verrucosa.

DNA, Fungal↗
PubMed1983

Occupational dermatoses in hospital cleaning women.

In an investigation of 541 members of a hospital cleaning department, a prevalence rate of occupational skin diseases of 15.3% was found. During their hospital employment, 39.1% had a skin disease. Higher prevalence in the younger age groups can be explained by the selection of those with skin diseases for work away from the cleaning department. A large number developed their disease shortly after employment began. This was an indication that the observed prevalent conditions were irritant diseases. The distribution by diagnosis confirms this conclusion in as much as 75% of the occupational skin diseases were irritant dermatitis, 21% allergic contact dermatitis, and 4% monilia of the finger webs. The causes of allergic contact dermatitis were found to be formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde and chloramine in addition to nickel and rubber. Among the causes of irritant dermatitis were detergents, alkaline substances, acids and sodium perborate as well as hypochlorite and hypobromite combinations. In order to reduce occupational skin diseases among cleaning personnel, it is necessary to extend both local and more general prophylactic measures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Purification and characterization of novel antifungal compounds from the sourdough Lactobacillus plantarum strain 21B.

Sourdough lactic acid bacteria were selected for antifungal activity by a conidial germination assay. The 10-fold-concentrated culture filtrate of Lactobacillus plantarum 21B grown in wheat flour hydrolysate almost completely inhibited Eurotium repens IBT18000, Eurotium rubrum FTDC3228, Penicillium corylophilum IBT6978, Penicillium roqueforti IBT18687, Penicillium expansum IDM/FS2, Endomyces fibuliger IBT605 and IDM3812, Aspergillus niger FTDC3227 and IDM1, Aspergillus flavus FTDC3226, Monilia sitophila IDM/FS5, and Fusarium graminearum IDM623. The nonconcentrated culture filtrate of L. plantarum 21B grown in whole wheat flour hydrolysate had similar inhibitory activity. The activity was fungicidal. Calcium propionate at 3 mg ml(-1) was not effective under the same assay conditions, while sodium benzoate caused inhibition similar to L. plantarum 21B. After extraction with ethyl acetate, preparative silica gel thin-layer chromatography, and chromatographic and spectroscopic analyses, novel antifungal compounds such as phenyllactic and 4-hydroxy-phenyllactic acids were identified in the culture filtrate of L. plantarum 21B. Phenyllactic acid was contained at the highest concentration in the bacterial culture filtrate and had the highest activity. It inhibited all the fungi tested at a concentration of 50 mg ml(-1) except for P. roqueforti IBT18687 and P. corylophilum IBT6978 (inhibitory concentration, 166 mg ml(-1)). L. plantarum 20B, which showed high antimold activity, was also selected. Preliminary studies showed that phenyllactic and 4-hydroxy-phenyllactic acids were also contained in the bacterial culture filtrate of strain 20B. Growth of A. niger FTDC3227 occurred after 2 days in breads started with Saccharomyces cerevisiae 141 alone or with S. cerevisiae and Lactobacillus brevis 1D, an unselected but acidifying lactic acid bacterium, while the onset of fungal growth was delayed for 7 days in bread started with S. cerevisiae and selected L. plantarum 21B.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1965

FERMENTATIVE PRODUCTION OF EXOCELLULAR GLUCANS BY FLESHY FUNGI.

Two specimens of higher fungi produced exocellular beta-1, 3-glucans when their mycelial forms were cultivated under submerged aerobic conditions. Plectania occidentalis NRRL 3137 consumed up to 6% glucose or xylose with about 30% conversion to polymer in a medium composed of hydrolyzed soy protein, salts, and thiamine. A 5% inoculum was used in a 10-day shaken fermentation. After dilution of the culture liquors and partial disruption of mycelia with a blender, solids were removed by centrifugation, and the polymer was precipitated by the admixture of 2 volumes of ethyl alcohol. A second polymer was formed in 40 to 65% yield by fermentation with Helotium sp. NRRL 3129, which in the imperfect stage would be identified as Monilia sp. It consumed up to 4% glucose, fructose, mannose, or sucrose in 60 to 72 hr. A 2% inoculum in a medium composed of commercial defatted soy flakes, phosphate, and thiamine in tap water gave a satisfactory fermentation. This polymer was precipitated by the addition of 0.5 volume of ethyl alcohol. Both organisms have a broad pH optimum on the slightly acidic side and did best at about 25 C.

Arabinose↗
PubMed1975

Lymphocyte transformation in syphilis: an in vitro correlate of immune suppression in vivo?

Suppression of cellular immunity during primary and secondary infection may explain, in part, the unusual clinical evolution of syphilis. We have previously shown that lymphocytes from normal subjects undergo blastic transformation when exposed in vitro to Treponema refringens. This response was suppressed in patients with syphilis. the suppression being unrelated to serum factors. In the present paper we studied lymphocyte response in vitro to T. refringens, T. reiter, and T. pallidum as well as to monilia and trychophytins. The response to these antigens was suppressed in patients with syphilis although the response to phytohemagglutinin. pokeweed mitogen, and streptolysin was normal. These data support the hypothesis that human infection with T. pallidum is followed by a complex interaction between cellular and humoral immunity, the former being suppressed in primary and secondary stages.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1975

Phagocytosis and killing ability of Candida albicans by blood leucocytes of healthy term and preterm babies.

The phagocytosis and killing ability of leucocytes of 24 term and 22 preterm babies against Candida albicans were studies during the first 20 days of life because of the increased incidence of monilia infection at this time. The leucocytes of 14 adults aged 20 to 30 years served as controls. The phagocytosis ability of the leucocytes in adults, term, and preterm babies was not significantly different, mean values being respectively 66-7%, 57%, and 56-9%. The killing ability of the leycocytes in term and preterm babies was lower when compared with that of adult leucocytes (P less than 0-001 for term and P less than 0-01 for preterm infants). The mean value in adults was 27-5%, in term infants 9-7%, and in preterm infants 9-5%. It is suggested that as the addition of adult serum did not improve the candidacidal ability of newborn leucocytes, the killing defect should be sought in the leucocyte itself and not in serum factors.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Delayed-type hypersensitivity skin reactions in congenital afibrinogenemia lack fibrin deposition and induration.

Induration is a characteristic feature of delayed-type hypersensitivity skin reactions and is the usual measure of their intensity. The precise basis of induration has not been established, although activation of the clotting system with consequent fibrin deposition has been clearly implicated. In this study, two subjects with congenital afibrinogenemia, a genetic defect in fibrinogen synthesis, were skin tested with standard microbial antigens: streptokinase-streptodornase, monilia, mumps, and tuberculin purified protein derivative. One positive delayed reaction from each subject was biopsied at 40-48 h and compared with 23 biopsies of similar skin tests in normal volunteers. The eight skin tests in the afibrinogenic subjects lacked induration, although the erythema was similar in size (10-34 mm in diameter), intensity, and time-course to those in normals. Biopsies from the two strongest reactions from the afibrinogenemic subjects showed a typical perivascular mononuclear infiltrate. No more than traces of fibrin/fibrinogen were detected by immunofluorescence, in striking contrast to the abundant fibrin/fibrinogen deposition in 23 positive, indurated reactions in normal subjects. These findings indicate that fibrinogen itself is essential for the development of induration in delayed-type skin reactions in man. As judged by 1-mum sections and fluorescence, this is probably a result of the formation of an extravascular fibrin gel.

Adult↗