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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Evaluation of modified bacterial mutagenicity assays for the genotoxicity testing of mineral oils.

A modified bacterial mutagenicity assay based on the Ames Salmonella/mammalian microsome test has been developed for application in the genotoxicity testing of mineral oils. The assay uses washed microsomes from rat liver in place of S9 fraction in order to increase the sensitivity of detection of genotoxicity. The modified assay was used to test a series of oils for which skin carcinogenicity bioassay data in mice were available. Oils were tested as emulsions in water using Tween 80 as a dispersant. A mutagenicity index for each oil was obtained using non-linear regression analysis of data from the dose-response curve. The results showed an empirical correlation between increasing mutagenicity index, carcinogenicity and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content of the oils. The washed-microsome assay was also compared with modified Ames assays developed by Blackburn et al. (Cell Biol. Toxicol., 1, 40, 1984; Cell Biol. Toxicol., 2, 63, 1986) which employed increased levels of S9 (rat and hamster liver) to test dimethyl sulphoxide extracts of oils. The washed-microsome assay can be used for the testing of whole oils rather than extracts which are necessary for the modified Ames assay. It is recognised that the determinants of carcinogenic activity in vivo include promoting activity which such assays are unable to detect. Nevertheless, such modified bacterial assays may be a useful prescreen since genotoxicity is recognised as a key initial step in carcinogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Effects of salinity and clay type on oil-mineral aggregation.

Effects of salinity and clay type on the aggregation process of crude oil and clay particles (oil-mineral aggregates--OMA) were studied in the laboratory. OMA were generated by shaking various oil/clay mixtures in water at 20 degrees C and at a pre-determined energy level. Shape, median and maximum sizes, size distribution and concentration of oil droplets forming OMA were measured using epi-fluorescence microscopy. Results showed that the median and maximum sizes and the concentration of mineral-stabilized droplets increase rapidly when salinity increases from zero to a critical aggregation salinity in the range of 1.2-3.5 ppt. The magnitude of the increase of droplet size is controlled by clay type, while the increase of droplet concentration is influenced by oil type. Size distributions of oil droplets are self-similar, but their magnitudes depend on salinity and oil type. The effect of salinity on droplet size distribution is strongly influenced by clay type. Empirical relationships are derived to calculate concentration and size distribution of mineral-stabilized droplets.

Aluminum Silicates↗
PubMed2001

Assessment of the morphology and significance of the lymph nodal and hepatic lesions produced in rats by the feeding of certain mineral oils and waxes. Proceedings of a pathology workshop held at the Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Aerosol Research Hannover, Germany, May 7-9, 2001.

A Panel of medical and veterinary pathologists reviewed published and unpublished reports dealing with studies of various white mineral oils and waxes in F344 and Sprague-Dawley rats. They also had available and studied histologic slides from both subchronic and chronic studies of certain mineral hydrocarbons (90-day oral study of low melting point wax (LMPW) in female Fischer 344 and Sprague-Dawley rats; 90-day studies of P15H* and P70H white oil and high melting point wax (HMPW) in male and female F344 rats and 24 month study of P70H white oil in male and female F344 rats. The Panel also reviewed mineral oil-induced alterations in tissues of human patients (liver, hepatic lymph node and spleen). The Panel agreed that certain of the mineral hydrocarbons produced lesions in the mesenteric lymph nodes and liver of the F344 rat and these lesions were best described as microgranulomas/granulomas. The lesions were fundamentally similar in both organs, although varying in severity with dose and type of mineral hydrocarbons. The Panel agreed that hepatic lesions with inflammatory cell infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis were produced only by feeding of LMPW and the lesions were confined to F344 rats and not found in Sprague-Dawley rats. The most severe granulomatous lesions in the mesenteric lymph nodes were found in high dose LMPW-fed F344 rats. The microgranulomas were similar in subchronic and chronic studies. Also, little difference existed between controls and treated F344 rats in the incidence and severity of the lesions after 2 years of feeding P70H white oil. The Panel agreed that some slight reversibility existed for these lesions, but also agreed that complete resolution was unlikely as regression of the lesions in the rat would likely be slow. The Panel agreed that a minimal severity infiltrate of mononuclear inflammatory cells occurred in the base of the mitral valve in a slightly increased incidence in F344 rats fed LMPW. The Panel concluded that these mitral valve alterations had little if any toxicologic significance as the focal infiltrate was minimal in severity, occurred in controls, occurred in association with murine cardiomyopathy, and were unlike the responses in the liver and mesenteric lymph nodes. The Panel agreed that the lesions observed in the liver and mesenteric lymph nodes of F344 rats exposed to MHCs, especially the LMPW, were different morphologically from changes observed in lymph node, liver, and spleen of humans that were mineral oil-users. These changes in humans are usually found incidentally in tissues taken at biopsy or autopsy. The MHC-induced lesions can be considered incidental and inconsequential in humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[The identification of mineral oil pollutions by the combination of IR-and fluorescence spectroscopy (author's transl)].

By evaluation of the quotient Q = intensity of fluorescence: intensity of C-H-vibration a relative number has been obtained, which, independend of concentration and largely substance specific, enables to make more exact statements on identifying oil spills than those derived only from IR-spectroscopic measurement. The Q-values of 33 different mineral oil products have been calculated and are compared with the intensity ratio V of the asymetric CH2- and CH2-stretching bands and the absorbtivity of these bands, which commonly are used. Q, exhibiting values from 0,0015 to greater than 5000 has proved to be a very sensitive number while the maximum ratio of the V resp. absorptivity values was only 1:13. The scope of Q is discussed on the basic of three examples.

Infrared Rays↗
PubMed1989

Effect of mineral oil and linoleic-acid-containing emulsions on the skin vapour loss of sodium-lauryl-sulphate-induced irritant skin reactions.

This study evaluates the influence of mineral oil and linoleic-acid-containing emulsions on the skin vapour loss (SVL) of detergent-induced irritant skin reactions. During a period of 2 weeks, 2 x 45 min applications of a sodium lauryl sulphate solution of low molarity were performed on the forearm of 9 volunteers. In the same period, a standard amount of each emulsion was applied on the induced irritant skin reactions, 3 times each day. The effect of the emulsions on the barrier function of the skin was evaluated by means of SVL measurements. The emulsion based on mineral greases significantly reduced SVL values during both weeks, possibly because of an occlusive effect. The emulsion with 15% of linoleic acid significantly reduced SVL values during the 1st week but not during the 2nd week. The emulsion with 38% of linoleic acid did not reduce SVL values at all.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Follicular (mineral oil) lipidosis: I. Epidemiologic studies of involvement of the spleen.

A histologic study of spleens from autopsies performed in 74 centers in 41 countries showed the incidence of follicular (mineral oil) lipidosis to vary from 50 per cent (North America, Australia, New Zealand) to nil (Africa, Central and South America) in 1970 and 1971. Analysis of the factors responsible for the condition leads to the conclusion that the lipid is ingested from sources related to the packaging and display of foodstuffs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Effects of seasonal mineral oil applications on the pest and natural enemy complexes of apple.

This 3-yr study examined the use of two different apple, Malus domestica Borkhausen, pest management programs based on horticultural mineral oil. Whereas oil provided some additional control of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), when targeting eggs of both generations (Oil/Direct Pest program, typically six applications per season), the additional benefit was difficult to detect when densities were high. With moderate densities, oil reduced the number of fruit infestations, but not stings (unsuccessful entries). There also were some measurable benefits to leafroller, Pandemis pyrusana Kearfott control. Oil was most useful, however, in suppression of secondary pests. White apple leafhopper, Typhlocyba pomaria McAtee, was the primary target of oil applications in the Oil/Indirect Pest program (typically three applications per season). However, leafhopper suppression in the Oil/Direct Pest program was generally greater because of the higher number of applications. Phytophagous tetranychid and eriophyid mites also were suppressed by more oil applications. Predatory mite populations were lower in both oil programs than in the check, but it is difficult to determine whether direct toxicity or reduction of prey was responsible for lower predator populations. There also was some evidence that oil suppressed woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum Hausman. The six-spray oil program largely prevented a woolly apple aphid outbreak that occurred in July and August 1998 in the check, although the three-spray program seemed to provide some suppression despite the nonspecific spray timing.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Mineral oil lipoid pneumonia in a child with anoxic encephalopathy: treatment by whole lung lavage.

We describe a case of exogenous lipoid pneumonia in a child with anoxic encephalopathy who was taking mineral oil for constipation. Computed tomography produced images suggesting this condition, and the diagnosis was confirmed by demonstrating the presence of lipid-laden alveolar macrophages in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Despite discontinuing the offending agent, the pulmonary infiltrates did not improve; however, successful resolution was obtained by whole lung lavage.

Bronchoalveolar Lavage↗
PubMed1991

Elimination of PBBs in rats. Effect of mineral oil and/or feed restriction.

Rats were fed polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) at 0.1 to 100.0 ppm for 14 d and then treated to hasten the removal of PBBs with 0, 5, or 10% mineral oil (MO) and/or 0, 15, 30, or 45% feed restriction (FR) for 21 d. PBB body burdens were determined at d 14 and expressed on a log-log basis by Y = 0.91X + 2.179 (r2 = 0.974), where X = log of PBB concentration in diet (ppm) and Y = log of PBB body burden (micrograms). After 21 d withdrawal, body burdens were expressed by the equation Y = 0.787X + 2.218 (r2 = 0.95). The most effective withdrawal treatment was 10% MO + 45% FR producing a reduction of body burdens inversely related to prior body burdens (69% at 0.1 ppm to 23% at 100 ppm). Body weights and fat content were significantly (p less than or equal to .05) reduced by feed restriction, with fat content only 39% of controls at 21 d off. Mortality averaged 0, 13.6, and 35.8% for rats fed 0, 5, or 10% MO, and 25, 15, 8.6, and 3.7% for rats feed restricted at 0, 15, 30, and 45%, respectively. Histopathology of the dead and moribund rats indicated that the clinical signs were not characteristic of PBB toxicity. In a second experiment, safflower oil at 3.5% or excess vitamins prevented the mortality and clinical signs associated with MO during withdrawal from 100 ppm PBBs. Based on these data and those in the literature, PBBs interfere with vitamin utilization.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1996

Inoculation experimental animals with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis strains: an attempt to reestablish the dimorphic process and variation in pathogenicity as a function of time of preservation under mineral oil.

In an attempt to reestablish the dimorphic process in strains of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in the transition phase (Y reversible M) and to reisolate them, five strains in the transitional phase due to the long time of preservation under mineral oil and two strains in the yeast-like phase were inoculated into male albino rats. The animals were then studied for the presence of paracoccidioidomycotic granulomata. Of the seven strains inoculated, five caused granulomatous nodules in several organs of the animals and only two of these five strains, which had been preserved for the shortest period of time (9 years) were reisolated in culture. Two strains were unable to provoke infection, with no lesions detected in any organ. It is assumed that the long period of time during which the strains were left under oil favored the alteration of celt wall contents, leading to differences in pathogenicity.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The mutagenic activity and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content of mineral oils.

Naphthenic distillates (raw or acid-treated) and motor and emulsifiable aluminium rolling oils were tested for mutagenicity in the Salmonella/microsome assay using the TA98 and TA100 strains. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content of oil samples was also determined in parallel. In the presence of metabolic activation, both untreated and acid-treated naphthenic distillates were found to be mutagenic on a modified Ames test. One untreated sample showed the highest value of mutagenic potency (50 net revertants/mg oil for strain TA98). The PAH content of naphthenic distillates was about 10% (w/w) and was slightly reduced by sulfuric acid/earth treatment (1%). Non-mutagenic paraffin- and solvent-extracted crankcase oils became active, both with and without enzyme activation, after long use as gasoline engine lubricants, whereby their PAH content doubled (from 1.5% to 3%, w/w). A refined emulsifiable mineral oil also became directly mutagenic in both Salmonella strains after prolonged use in an aluminium hot-rolling mill. As the PAH levels found in used rolling oils was very low, we cannot explain their mutagenic activity. Mutagenicity was greatly reduced following careful cleaning of the oil bath and of the entire rolling machine. The present data reveal both the potential risk of occupational exposure to unrefined or mildly treated oils and the formation of mutagens in highly refined oils if the latter are used at high temperatures. The formation of mutagens in oils used in the metal-working industry can be prevented by careful industrial hygiene measures.

Humans↗