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PubMed1991

[Comparative study of menstruation in 240 healthy women at various altitudes].

To assess the relation of menstrual physiologic functions and altitudes, the authors made a comparative study of 240 healthy women with four diagnostic methods on traditional Chinese medicine and obtained their menstrual changes, picture of tongue and type of pulse in Xining (2260m) and Yushu Zhaduo (4300m). The results suggested that the menarche which occurred before 15 years old (P less than 0.005), the menstruation cycle of 16-25 days (P less than 0.05), and moderate quantity menstruation (P less than 0.005) are found more in the Xining group than in the Zhaduo group; the menstrual phase in the Xining group lasted 4-7 days and 1-3 in the Zhaduo group. The incidence of abdominal pain, cold, and lumbago increased significantly in the Zhaduo group and the symptoms were serious. The age of menostasia after 46 was 100% in the Xining group, whereas 27.3% of the Zhaduo group had menostasia at the age of 36-45. The colour of tongue varied from darker red to pink with increasing altitudes (P less than 0.005). Meanwhile, cases of rapid pulse increased (P less than 0.005). It is concluded that the physiology of menstruation for healthy women has obviously changed under high altitude hypoxic environment. The mechanism of pathology could be explained by dysfunction of Zang and Fu, deficiency of Qi, stagnation of blood and Qi stasis due to cold. Treatment and prevention of menstrual disorders of women at high altitudes could be carried out by invigorating Qi, regulating blood, promoting the flow of Qi, by warming the channel and regulating Zang and Fu, etc.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

The resumption of ovulation and menstruation in a well-nourished population of women breastfeeding for an extended period of time.

We have studied a large group of Australian women breastfeeding for an extended period of time to determine the duration of lactational anovulation (n = 89) and amenorrhea (n = 101). Salivary progesterone assays were used to determine ovulation. These women had a mean of 322 days of anovulation and 289 days amenorrhea. Less than 20% had ovulated and less than 25% had menstruated by 6 months postpartum. The latest ovulation was at 750 days and the latest menstruation at 698 days. There was no significant correlation between any measure of maternal nutritional status and the duration of anovulation or amenorrhea. Neither the time of first supplement introduction to the baby nor the amount of supplement given was an accurate predictor of the return of ovulation or menstruation. However, our results clearly show that lactational amenorrhea can provide good protection against pregnancy in the 1st 6 months postpartum, even in well-nourished women who are giving their babies supplemental feeds.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Can naproxen impair menstruation?].

Two patients are described experiencing interruption of menstrual blood flow soon after taking a tablet of naproxen (250 or 275 mg). The patients were young women (19 and 34 years) with a diagnosis of primary dysmenorrhoea: menstruation had otherwise been regular and of normal duration. Normal menstruation is influenced by prostaglandins in a complex way. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are known to reduce the amount of blood loss in menorrhagia. It is suggested that the effects of cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors on the metabolism of prostaglandins may occasionally interfere with the normal course of menstruation.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Analysis of the time of day of onset of menstruation.

The exact time of day of onset of menstruation was studied in 86 women over 4-6 cycles. Detailed information on the time of retiring the previous night, time of rising in the morning, time of onset of premenstrual spotting and time of onset of any menstrual cramps was obtained from 48 of these women. A significantly greater number of cycles (70.4%) commenced during the night or in the first 4 h after rising, compared with later in the day. In a large proportion of these (29 out of 76), blood was noted to be present on waking, menstruation thus having begun at some time during the hours of sleep. Premenstrual spotting of greater than 3 h duration was more common than expected and was noted by 67% of women. Onset of menstrual cramps was fairly evenly distributed closely either side of commencement of menstruation proper in the 50% of women who experienced them. In only 13% of women studied did bleeding commence within the same 3-hour time interval in each of four cycles, and almost 50% demonstrated a very wide variation with onset at almost any time of day.

Female↗
PubMed1978

New observations on the physiology of menstruation.

Endometrium was studies histologically, histochemically, and ultrastructurally in a series of biopsies taken from 3 normal, ovulating patients on Days 1-9 of the cycle. The occurrence of ovulation and the adequacy of progesterone were determined by radioimmunoassay. The most striking feature of menstruating endometrium was its vigorous attempt to survive. This was manifested by lysosomal activity, lipid accumulation, expulsion of glycoproteins, and the uptake of stromal debris by epithelial cells for passage to the uterine cavity. Regression, rather than cell death, was the chief event of menstruation. While some cells of the spongiosa underwent necrosis, the vast majority remained viable and underwent remodeling to participate in the new cycle. These studies may lead to further understanding of the process of menstruation and the pathophysiology of anovulatory bleeding and irregular shedding of the endometrium.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1980

[Studies on the mechanism of the onset of menstruation (author's transl)].

It has recently been demonstrated that prostaglandins (PGs) play roles in human reproduction, especially in ovulation and menstruation. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the mechanism of the action of PGs upon the onset of menstruation. By measuring the concentration of PGs in human endometrium from the women with normal menstrual cycles, PGF2 alpha was present in large amounts in late luteal phase. The activity of PG-synthetase and phospholipase A, which are key enzymes of PG-biosynthesis, also increased in late luteal phase. PG-receptor which is thought to be important to biological action of PGs showed no remarkable change throughout human menstrual cycle. These studies clarify the possibility that there is apparent correlation between the onset of menstruation and PGs.

Endometrium↗
PubMed1981

[Hypophyseal response to LH-RH test, following use of non-aromatisable androgen on women with normal menstruation cycle (author's transl)].

Women with normal menstruation cycle were followed up for the hypophyseal response to LH-RH tests, following application of a non-aromatisable androgen. The purpose was to check up a hypothesis according to which hyperandrogenism was in no causative relationship with anovulation. The LH-RH test was applied twice to ten women with transsexualism who had an ovulatory menstruation cycle, one of them being used for control and the other immediately following four-day application of non-aromatisable androgen Ultandren (fluoxymesterone), Ciba, in the early follicular maturation phase of the menstruation cycle. The dose was 40 mg per diem, with the route of administration being oral. Hypophyseal reaction was assessed through the difference between the original value and the maximum of FSH and LH rise (radio-immunological measurement), 45 minutes following intravenous injection of 100 micrograms of LH-RH. Assessment was based on the phase-t test. The average differences between gonadotrophin values in the control cycle, on the one hand, and in the cycle under the impact of fluoxymesterone, on the other, were verified by simple t-test and pairs test. -- Non-aromatisable androgen fluoxymesterone did not depress with significance the depletion of either gonadotrophin in the women treated. Hypophyseal reaction to the LH-RH test was not substantially influenced by increased levels of non-aromatisable androgen. These results are likely to reinforce the doubts of the authors in the presence of an unambiguous direct causative relationship between hyperandrogenism and anovulation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Menarche and menstruation problems among teenagers in Oslo 1993].

Information on menarcheal age, menstruation habits and complaints was collected by means of questionnaires from 193 girls 14-17 years of age. Estimated median menarcheal age was 13.2 years. No statistical significant association was found between menarcheal age and physical activity or body mass. At the time of the data collection, 171 (95%) of the girls reported monthly menstruation while 29 reported loss of menstruation in more than three months during the period after menarche. 96 (52%) reported use of drugs against dysmenorrhoea, mainly paracetamol or non-steroid antiinflammatory drugs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Treatment of recent myocardial infarction during menstruation--presentation of a case].

A young woman was admitted because of recent myocardial infarction (MI). Although she displayed menstruation bleeding, thrombolytic therapy with tpA was instituted. This resulted in full reperfusion and uneventful clinical course of MI. There was no prolongation of menstruation. Fibrinolytic treatment in women with MI and menstruation seems to be a safe procedure.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Menstruation-associated (catamenial) pneumothorax and catamenial hemoptysis].

We report on 2 patients with catamenial pneumothorax and one patient with catamenial hemoptysis. The pathogenesis of these diseases is not clear, and intrathoracic endometriosis is often assumed. Catamenial pneumothorax is rare and differs from primary spontaneous pneumothorax in its prevalence in the fourth decade and in mainly multiparous women, its recurrent and almost exclusively right-sided occurrence within 72 hours of the beginning of menstruation, and the generally small size of the pneumothorax. About 5% of women under 50 presenting with primary pneumothorax have catamenial pneumothorax. Prevention of recurrence is difficult, as the recurrence rate is high, treatment duration is potentially long, and residual thoracic pain during menstruation is sometimes seen. The combination of medication (Gn-RH analogues, danazol, possibly hormonal contraceptive drugs or progestagens) with efficient pleurodesis (e.g. thoracoscopic talc application preferentially performed during menstruation) seems so far to be the most efficient, although no controlled studies have yet been performed. Catamenial hemoptysis is very rare and hormonal treatment alone is frequently successful in the long term. In the event of relapse, resection of the implicated endometriotic or angiomatous lesion localized by computed tomography can be performed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A biological model for the regulation of peri-implantational hemostasis and menstruation.

OBJECTIVE: To delineate the physiologic mechanisms whereby the human endometrium maintains hemostasis during endovascular trophoblast invasion but permits menstrual hemorrhage. METHODS: Experimental results are presented that are relevant to developing a comprehensive biological model for studying peri-implantational hemostasis and menstruation. RESULTS: A marked increase in the expression of tissue factor (TF) and type-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) and an inhibition of tissue-type and urokinase-type plasminogen activators (tPA and uPA, respectively), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), and endothelin-1 (ET-1) expression accompany progestin-induced decidualization of estrogen-primed endometrial stromal cells both in vivo and in vitro. The presence of these important regulators of hemostasis, fibrinolysis, extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover, and vascular tone in decidualized human stromal cells and decidual cells isolated from gestational endometrium suggests a mechanism to explain the absence of hemorrhage during invasion of the endometrial vasculature by trophoblasts. Conversely, progesterone withdrawal reduces TF and PAI-1 expression and increases tPA, uPA, MMP, and ET-1 expression accounting for the hemorrhage, enhanced fibrinolysis, ECM degradation, and ischemic spiral arterial vascular injury characterizing menstruation. CONCLUSION: Perivascular decidualized endometrial stromal cells are spatially and temporally positioned to promote endometrial hemostasis during implantation but, paradoxically, promote the hemorrhage of menstruation via their hormone-regulated expression of hemostatic, proteolytic, and vasoactive proteins.

Embryo Implantation↗
PubMed2003

[Psychological disorders in women in Bosnia and Herzegovina associated with menstruation].

Premenstrual syndrome consists of different somatic and/or psychological symptoms which occur in the second half of the menstrual cycle following ovulation. The symptoms usually occur around mid-circle and in majority of cases are most intense during the last seven days prior to menstruation. Given the fact that this topic has not been adequately addressed in our country the aims of this study have been defined as to determine the type and frequency of somatic and psychological symptoms related to menstruation. The study was done on the sample of 181 women in the age of 15-52 years, of different educational and marital status. Four groups were formed: married (78), single (103), and adult (138) and adolescent (43). In order to determine the type and frequency of symptoms we used a structural interview modified according to DSM-IV criteria. In accordance with DSM-IV criteria 52% of subjects have premenstrual dysphoric disorder, among which 23.4% adolescents, 76.6% adult women. The most frequent somatic symptoms related to menstruation are: swelling of the breasts, weight gain, myalgias, arm and leg swelling (81.8%), changes in appetite (63.5%), sleep problems (55%), headache (47%). The most frequent psychological problems were depressive mood (68%), fatigability and lack of energy (53.6%), anger and social withdrawal (49.7), anxiety (49%), difficulties of concentrating and difficulties with memory (40.7%). There is no statistically significant difference in frequency of symptoms between the groups except in the presence of pain which is significantly more frequent in adolescents. A defeating fact has been noted in that 64.9% of women inadequately define the duration of their menstrual cycle. It is concluded that premenstrual syndrome or premenstrual dysphoric disorder is a significant problem of women in Bosnia-Herzegovina (present in 52% of women) with a range of unpleasant psychological and somatic symptoms. Due to all this as well as the fact that a considerable number of women inadequately define the duration of their menstrual cycle, it is necessary to devote greater attention to this problem by public health professionals, family doctors, gynecologists and psychiatrists alike.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Painful menstruation.

Painful menstruation is a cyclic painful condition that adversely affects the woman's wellbeing for a large part of her life. Its pathogenesis is not always understood. Prostaglandins seem to be intimately involved in primary dysmenorrhoea although it is difficult to understand the underlying cause for their excessive secretion. Abnormalities in plasma steroid levels could account for the disturbance, especially significantly elevated plasma levels of estradiol in the luteal phase. Plasma levels of vasopressin appear to be higher in women with dysmenorrhea suggesting a possible aetiological role in the uterine prostaglandin synthesis. The main aim of diagnosis is to distinguish those cases with secondary dysmenorrhoea due to endometriosis and chronic pelvic inflammatory disease and treat them accordingly although the exact role of endometriosis remains unclear. The development of sonographic and magnetic resonance imaging techniques (MRI) allow pre-operative diagnosis of adenomyosis, a difficult to diagnose cause of dysmenorrhea and pelvic pain. Medication is usually required for all cases of moderate to severe painful menstruation. Apart from pharmacological agents, several techniques have been used including relaxation therapy, hypnosis, manipulation, psychotherapy, acupuncture, biofeedback techniques, surgery e.g. Despite the high prevalence of painful menstruation, its frequency and severity is very often underestimated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Serum prolactin, gonadotropins, and estradiol in menstruating and amenorrheic mothers during two years' lactation.

Serum prolactin, LH, FSH, and estradiol were measured in single blood samples collected from 465 nursing mothers in Central Africa (Kivu, Zaïre) during the first 2 postpartum years. Lactating mothers were hyperprolactinemic during 15 to 18 postpartum months. Both serum prolactin and FSH were higher in amenorrheic than in menstruating nursing mothers; the difference was more apparent during the first than during the second year. Mean serum LH and estradiol were significantly higher in menstruating then in amenorrheic nursing mothers during the second postpartum year but not during the first. There was a significant association of hyperprolactinemia with amenorrhea. Furthermore, postpartum, the incidence of amenorrhea declined parallel to that of hyperprolactinemia.

Amenorrhea↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Menstruation across time: menarche, menstrual attitudes, experiences, and behaviors.

This study explored the relationship between early and current menstrual experiences. The primary hypothesis was that women who reported positive menarcheal experiences (including menstrual education and menarche) would tend to report positive current menstrual attitudes, experiences, and/or behaviors, and vice versa for women who reported negative menarcheal experiences. In this survey-based study, college-aged women (n = 327) were screened by completing a questionnaire concerning their menarcheal experiences. Women who had extremely negative ("negative group," n = 46) or extremely positive ("positive group," n = 38) early menstrual experiences returned to complete questionnaires concerning current menstrual attitudes, experiences, and behaviors. Early and current menstrual experiences were most strongly associated in the domain of menstrual attitudes. Women in the negative group reported more negative menstrual attitudes than did women in the positive group. There were additional associations between early menstrual experiences and measures of body image and health behaviors. Positive group participants reported more positive body image and better general health behaviors. Results suggest that early menstrual experiences may be related to menstrual experiences later in life. This study invites further investigation of the psychology of menstruation and suggests connecting menstruation with other women's health issues.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Menstruation: choosing whether...and when.

For many women in the United States, menstruation is a major health concern because menstrual disorders and other conditions that may be aggravated during menses (e.g., migraine headaches, epilepsy) carry substantial morbidity. Women today menstruate nearly 3 times as often as in primitive societies, and evidence suggests that frequent, repetitive menstrual cycles may increase health risks. Because the conventional 21/7 combination oral contraceptive (OC) regimen provides only limited relief for women with menstrual disorders, alternative OC regimens that reduce menstrual frequency have been proposed. A new OC formulation specifically designed to decrease menstrual bleeding to 4 times per year is currently under investigation. Most women welcome less frequent menses or even amenorrhea. Women who may derive particular benefit from reduced menstrual frequency include not only those with medical conditions directly caused or aggravated by menses, but also those serving in the military, female athletes, mentally-retarded women with menstrual hygiene problems, young teens, and perimenopausal women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

The effect of initiation of child supplementation on resumption of post-partum menstruation.

The effects of initiation of solid and liquid supplementation on resumption of post-partum menstruation are examined, using data from a 2-year prospective study of birth interval dynamics from central Java, Indonesia. The sample analysed consisted of 444 women who experienced resumption of menses while breast-feeding, women who were breast-feeding and amenorrhoeic at the end of the study, or women who resumed menstruation or were censored after infant mortality and weaning which preceded the resumption of menses. Multivariate hazard model analysis was used to assess the significance of supplementation, various breast-feeding covariates, and age and parity of the dependent variable. Because the timing of supplementation varies, the supplementation variables were introduced into the analysis as time-varying covariates. For the mothers in the sample, solid and liquid supplementation was initiated at medians of 2.1 and 8.0 months respectively. The former had a significant effect on resumption of menses, while the latter was only marginally significant. Earlier supplementation meant shorter durations of amenorrhoea for the majority of women. However, the effect was not consistent across all categories of women. For the small group of mothers who were low intensity breast-feeders (less than or equal to 6 minutes per nursing episode) or as low frequency day-time breast-feeders (less than or equal to 6 nursing episodes per day-time), earlier supplementation had no additional effect on their rate of resumption of menses post-partum.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Menstruation in the systemic context. New questions -- questionable connections].

Experiencing and the significance of menstruation could possibly be a decisive factor in your physiology or pathologic physiology, in accordance with blood flow disturbance or endometriosis. Menstruation is a systemic, characteristic experience. Evolution, family, culture, community, media, health service and even the economy have an influence on the "period system". Damage and use, sense and the nonsensical of regular bleeding stand to the test. The cycle comes under increasing "pressure" and is no longer in "rhythm". Counter regulation, through regulation of the period seems to prevent the personal, community and health-wise restrictions. The price for this is unknown. Clearly, there is no longer a path between a natural, relaxed acceptance of and an artificial abolition of blood flow. The question of direction is posed in the menarche. This question remains unanswered even in our time.

Attitude to Health↗