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PubMed1995

Discipline and passion: meaning, masochism and mythology in popular medical romances.

This paper is an interpretive analysis of the discourses within popular romance literature, with a particular focus on the genre that includes constructions of the images of nurses and nursing. An historical contrast is made along with examinations of the uses and meanings encompassed within this body of literature, and its messages for women as nurses as it reflects/creates societal change. Deviations from the formulaic nature of these works are explored. Discipline and passion are the recurring themes evident throughout in juxtapositions of romance and power differentials in the hospital/medical scene. The soft-core, sado-masochistic images evident in many titles are explored in a way that raises questions about sexuality, romance, nursing mythology, and the future of this sub-genre of the popular romance.

Erotica↗
PubMed1997

Precursors to masochistic and dependent character development.

Due to the extreme states of masochism, dependency, and narcissistic rage that these patients experience, the treatment must be attuned to the inevitable periods of regression and primitive defense. The patient feels compelled to be a servant to the object, yet is furious at this less than equal status. The alternating states of idealizing the object in a masochistic fashion, the anger at the lack of self importance, and the desperate hope for soothing from that object create an externally focused character structure, which generally leads to a pattern of acting out, the lack of internal linking processes, and a scarcity of interpersonal skills that foster mutuality. A fundamental lack of self soothing leads to a perpetual search and craving for the soothing talents of the object. It is often unconsciously believed that compliance and servitude will bring about this gift of soothing from the object. Hans Loewald (1962) had described internalization as a process whereby the child reaches out to take back from the environment what has been removed from him in an ever-increasing manner since his birth. For the forgotten hero, this theory is definitely true. Not only is the treatment of this type of patient one of gradual internalization of new internal object relationships and the working through of the older more pathological ones, but it is a true understanding between patient and analyst of the original nontolerable removal of the uniqueness of the self via reality and/or fantasy states. When this situation is focused upon and worked with, the taking back from the environment can occur in a spirit devoid of former states of envy, hate, resentment, and wild craving that were formally protected and disguised in a facade of dependent masochism. The patient has essentially experienced or perceived his parents, usually the mother, as not providing a soothing function or a proper fit for his developing ego. The patient has then gone about constructing various methods to compensate for this lack. The analyst is often experienced as not providing an adequate soothing function, but this emptiness is warded off from conscious expression with a compromise formation of dependent, masochistic, or narcissistic methods of relating. This style of compromise hides any envy, hunger, or rage and keeps alive the hopes of being rewarded with soothing. The patients expects to be used as a waste disposal unit and believes that this dumping by the object into him is the longed-for love. Ideally, interpretations focus upon the hunger for the soothing function of the object and the drive to obtain it at any cost. The patient will fiercely resist because he believes that in giving up his masochism and dependency, he would expose his envy and narcissistic injury. This patient believes he would then lose any hope of ever receiving the soothing function due to the fantasized destruction of the source of that soothing, his beloved object.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Sexual sadism.

Definitions of sexual sadism in ICD-10 and DSM-IV will be presented as well as the historical routes of the concept. Today studies on differently selected clinical samples reveal a different distribution of sexual sadism versus masochism with masochism prevailing in general especially outpatient psychiatric facilities, and sadism prevailing in forensic settings, thus corroborating the concept of two separated diagnoses sadism versus masochism. In forensic settings the diagnosis of a sadistic character disorder (sadistic personality disorder [SPD] according DSM-III-R) is found to a much higher degree than in other clinical samples (50-fold). Our own follow-up study on a forensic sample implies that sadism as a paraphilia is of relevance for relapse-rates of sex-offenders. Symptoms of SPD can be combined with sexual sadism, or occur independently. This may corroborate arguments in favor of a dimensional concept of sexual sadism. Symptoms of SPD may then be a sign of generalization of sadistic traits at least in some cases. A concept of two factors contributing to sadistic pleasure is suggested, one taking the aspect of bodily gratification by sexual-aggressive stimuli as decisive, and the other taking inner representation of hostile objects into consideration (stressing the antisocial-anger-rage aspect).

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disord↗
PubMed1991

The depressed masochistic patient: diagnostic and management considerations--a contemporary psychoanalytic perspective.

This article considers the relationship between depression and characterological masochism from a contemporary psychoanalytic perspective. Nosology is discussed historically from Krafft-Ebing to the DSM-III-R category, self-defeating personality disorder. Masochistic character traits are conceptualized as attempts to cope with depressed helpless and hostile feelings that have become part of the core self-concept. Psychotherapeutic strategy for treatment of masochistic patients at different levels of characterological integration is discussed. Many questions about self-defeating personality disorder remain open at present. The need for psychoanalytically informed clinical research on characterological masochism and particularly the relationship between masochism and depression is stressed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Depth psychological and cultural-ethological aspects in connection with alcoholism.

Various hypotheses as to the definition, cause and consequence of alcoholism have been put forward over the years, but they have only resulted in general confusion. The files of approximately 200 patients from private and State hospitals and mental institutions were therefore examined in an attempt to view the problem without bias. Alcoholics were defined as belonging to one of the following groups : those for whom drink is a primary pleasure, those for whom it is an escape from problems, and a smaller third group with some organic biochemical factor, in which alcohol acts as a release mechanism. In the majority of cases it was considered that moral sado-masochism in our social pattern and education could represent both cause and typology. Many of the subjects as children were unable to establish satisfying relationships with "hammer and anvil" type of relationship with or between their parents, which in turn will lead to the development of sado-masochism in the child, often expressed in alcoholism. The first elements of sado-masochism occur during toilet training, and it is no coincidence that the oral consumption of alcohol is an illusion of the oral stage prior to this sado-masochistic conditioning. When treating alcoholism, therefore, is it possible to react against this conditioning pattern?

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1992

Pathological infatuation or the Blue Angel syndrome.

The term masochism has undergone an evaluation since first being introduced solely in relation to sexual perversion by Kraft Ebing in 1906. Masochism can be defined as any behavior that is repetitively self destructive. Relationships in which partners sacrifice themselves and their own best interests can be considered masochistic. There is a difference between a normal pattern of falling in love and a masochistic pattern. The concept of pathological infatuation or what this author has termed the Blue Angel syndrome is presented. A case history with clinical examples is examined to further illustrate these concepts.

Humans↗
PubMed1991

Identification with the victim.

Identification with the victim is a sadomasochistic compromise formation which defends against feared or forbidden destructive-libidinal wishes as it simultaneously gratifies and punishes one for having such wishes. The process involves doing to oneself what one would do to others (or, alternately, inviting or letting others do to oneself what one would do to them). People with certain symptomatic and characterologic traits seem especially prone to this. It is hypothesized, however, that identification with the victim is an essential component of all masochism, including the normal masochism of normal superegos, and is therefore ubiquitous.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

The concept of the superego: a reformulation.

1. The superego is a group of compromise formations, all having to do with morality, which originate, in large part, in the oedipal phase of development. 2. Once formed as a consequence of conflict, the superego functions as a major component of (subsequent) conflicts. 3. Its role in conflict is diverse. It functions now as defense, now as the equivalent of a drive derivative arousing unpleasure, and now as a calamitous unpleasure to be avoided or mitigated. 4. For a young child "moral" equals approved by parents, while "immoral" equals the reverse. The crucial moral questions at the time of life when the superego is largely formed are, "What will win or forfeit parental approval?" and "What will rouse or dissipate parental wrath?" 5. From the side of ego functioning, superego formation involves much more than identification with parental superego demands and prohibitions. Any aspect of ego functioning which furthers parental approval and/or avoids disapproval and punishment can and does participate in superego formation. 6. From the side of the drives, both libido and aggression are involved in superego formation. Hence masochism plays a role in normal superego formation and functioning as well as in those pathological cases which Freud called moral masochism. 7. Superego pathology is not to be understood, as it has been generally understood by analysts until now, in terms of defective or incomplete development. Everyone has a fully formed superego. Superego pathology must be understood on the same basis as is the pathology of any compromise formation.

Aggression↗
PubMed1977

[Status of vampirism and autovampirism].

Any interpretation of the perversion called vampirism ought to take into consideration the myths in which the relations between living and dead people (vampires, incubi, succubi, etc...) are represented, myths through which the persons alive project onto the dead ones to ambivalent, sexual and agressive, wishes they had toward the dead when they were still alive. Clinically the word vampirism should be used to name all sexual or agressive acts, whether blood-sucking happens or not, committed on a dead or dying person. In one third of the cases the act has both a sexual and an agressive components (mutilation of the dead body); in the other two thirds the act seems to have only a sexual component (sexual pleasure in the presence of or in contact with the dead body). The origin and the meaning of this exceptional perversion are discussed. Auto-vampirism, even more exceptional than vampirism, differs from the latter by the fact that blood succion is the essential symptom and by the fact that it is not on the side of sadism but on the side of masochism. In the light of two case-histories, one of which never published before, and on the basis of the Freudian theory of masochism, an interpretation of the data is propounded.

Adult↗