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PubMed1997

Amount and type of dietary lipid modulate rat hepatic cytochrome P-450 activity.

The influence of the amount and type of dietary lipid on rat hepatic cytochrome P-450 activities in the presence and absence of inducer administration was investigated. Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed fat-free or 20% beef tallow, olive oil, corn oil, linseed oil, or menhaden oil diets in combination with one of the following three treatments: no inducer, intraperitoneal injection of phenobarbital (75 mg/kg body wt) for three consecutive days before they were killed, or intragastric administration of acetone (5 ml/kg) one day before they were killed. Twenty percent linseed oil and menhaden oil diets induced the highest level of activity among the different fat types in the presence of phenobarbital and acetone. Cytochrome P-450IIB1 activity was induced to a significantly greater extent by acetone administration in conjunction with the 20% menhaden oil diet than in conjunction with the other dietary oils (p < 0.05). In the presence of acetone, 20% beef tallow, 20% linseed oil, and 20% menhaden oil diets significantly induced cytochrome P-450IIE1 activity compared with the fat-free diet (p < 0.05). In conclusion, cytochrome P-450IIB1 and P-450IIE1 activities in rats were significantly increased by specific inducers, and dietary lipid was necessary for this effect. Diets supplemented with linseed and menhaden oils were most effective in inducing this activity.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1988

Dietary influence on the insulin function in the epididymal fat cell of the Wistar rat. I. Effect of type of fat.

For at least 3-4 weeks, young male Wistar rats were fed semisynthetic diets containing sunflowerseed oil, palm oil, olive oil, linseed oil, cocoa butter and coconut oil as dietary fat. The type of dietary fat had little effect on body weight, epididymal fat pad weight and on the diameter of fat cells isolated from the epididymal fat pads, but the rats fed the linseed oil-containing diet had a lower epididymal fat pad weight. The fatty acid composition of the triacylglycerol fractions of the fat pads correlated well with those of the dietary fats. The correlations with the fatty acid composition of the phospholipids of the fat pads were less pronounced. High responses to insulin in the epididymal fat cells were obtained with sunflowerseed oil, linseed oil and olive oil, whereas low responses were found for cocoa butter, palm oil or coconut oil. Rather than the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids or the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids, the amount of saturated fatty acids with 12, 14 or 16 carbon atoms appeared to be the most important parameter in determining the maximal insulin response. A negative correlation was found between the amount of saturated fatty acids in the diet and the extent of insulin response. The modulating effects of the dietary type of fat on the response to insulin cannot be fully explained by changes in the number of insulin receptors on the fat cell surface as determined by insulin binding but must, at least partially, be ascribed to postreceptor effects.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1984

An inhibitory effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids on renin secretion in the isolated perfused rat kidney.

The influence of dietary modification of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on renin secretion, renal vascular tone and prostanoid excretion was studied in isolated perfused rat kidneys under basal conditions and in response to angiotensin II. After a four-week regimen of diets enriched with safflower oil, linseed oil or saturated fat, providing 20% of total energy intake (20 energy %), the animals which were fed linseed oil showed a significant fall in the proportion of arachidonic acid in renal phospholipids and a reduction in urinary prostaglandin excretion. In comparison with the other dietary groups, linseed oil feeding also resulted in a consistently lower renal vascular tone with increasing doses of angiotensin II. Under basal conditions both the PUFA-fed groups had significantly lower renal venous renin secretion rates relative to the saturated fat-fed control group. Infusion of angiotensin II (10 ng/min) suppressed renin secretion and abolished significant differences between the groups. As both the control group and the safflower oil group excreted similar levels of urinary prostaglandins, these results suggest that dietary enrichment with 20 energy % PUFA alters renin secretion by a prostaglandin-independent mechanism and that this may contribute to the lower blood pressures observed in these animals compared with the saturated fat-fed control group.

6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha↗
PubMed1986

Influence of dietary lipids on the effect of chlorpromazine on membrane properties of rabbit red cells.

The effect of diets containing different types of common natural oils on physical properties of red cells was investigated by using rabbits. The rabbits were fed for 18 months on a standard diet in which 8% of its energy content was provided by safflower oil and 32% energy by either more safflower oil or fish oil, linseed oil, olive oil or palm oil. Erythrocyte deformability was significantly decreased by the fish oil diet compared with each of the other diets. Osmotic fragility was significantly less (66 mM) for red cells from rabbits fed on the linseed oil diet, and significantly greater (71 mM) for red cells from rabbits on the fish oil diet, than for red cells from rabbits on the other three diets which did not differ significantly from each other (68 mM). With rabbits on the standard diet, the resistance of their erythrocytes to osmotic haemolysis was increased by chlorpromazine at concentrations below and decreased by concentrations above 30 microM. The dietary oils caused significant changes in the effects of chlorpromazine on osmotic fragility. The concentration at which the effect of chlorpromazine reversed from antihaemolytic to prohaemolytic was decreased by the safflower and linseed oil diets and increased by the fish oil diet, compared with the olive and palm oil diets. Analysis of the fatty acid compositions of the dietary oils on the one hand and of the red cell phospholipids on the other established, specifically, that in the presence of 30 microM chlorpromazine the percentage haemolysis was directly proportional to the linoleate content of the red cell phospholipids.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Dietary modification of fatty acid and prostaglandin synthesis in the rat. Effect of variations in the level of dietary fat.

Dietary supplements with safflower oil, linseed oil, cod liver oil and hydrogenated coconut oil were given to rats at levels of 5, 20 and 40 energy % to simultaneously assess the effects of both type and level of dietary fat on tissue fatty acid composition and prostanoid synthesis. There was no significant change in weight gain or blood pressure between the dietary groups after the 4-week dietary regimen. The liver oil and linseed oil diets depressed the arachidonic acid content of kidney phospholipids at all levels of supplementation. The arachidonic acid content of plasma lipids was significantly elevated in animals on the safflower oil diet at 20 and 40 energy % while those on the same level of liver oil diet showed a marked reduction in arachidonic acid. Whole blood synthesis of thromboxane B2 varied significantly at all levels of fat supplementation, with the 20 energy % safflower oil fed group showing maximally enhanced thromboxane B2 production compared to the coconut oil group (P less than 0.001). Conversely, the liver oil groups showed depressed thromboxane B2 synthesis at 20 and 40 energy % (P less than 0.01) compared to the coconut oil group and at 5 energy % compared to the safflower oil group (P less than 0.05). Production of 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha and prostaglandin E2 by incubated kidney homogenates only differed significantly between the dietary groups at 40 energy %. Urinary excretion of 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha was increased by 45% and 55% in rats fed the safflower oil diet at 20 and 40 energy %, respectively compared to the saturated fat diet, while in the liver oil groups excretion was reduced by 20% and 32%. Dietary suppression of prostanoid synthesis is explained in part by changes in available arachidonic acid and competitive inhibition of cyclooxygenase by (n - 3) fatty acids. Thus, minor changes in dietary fat can readily alter tissue fatty acid composition, but both the extent and nature of changes in phospholipid and prostanoid metabolism vary markedly according to the tissue site.

6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha↗
PubMed2004

A thermally oxidized dietary oil does not lower the activities of lipogenic enzymes in mammary glands of lactating rats but reduces the milk triglyceride concentration.

It was shown that dietary thermoxidized oils suppress gene expression of lipogenic enzymes in the liver. This study was performed to investigate whether oxidized oils also influence the activities of lipogenic enzymes in the mammary gland of lactating rats. Female rats (n = 24) were divided into two groups at 4 wk of age. They were fed for 14 wk diets with either fresh oil (a mixture of sunflower oil, linseed oil, and palm oil, 73:15:12) or oxidized oil (a mixture of sunflower oil and linseed oil, 80:20) prepared by heating at a temperature of 50 degrees C for 16 d. At the age of 12 wk, the rats were mated. At birth, litters were adjusted to 7 pups/dam. Milk was sampled at d 14 of lactation; mammary glands were taken at d 19 of lactation. Rats fed the oxidized oil had a lower activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) in their mammary glands than those fed the fresh oil (P < 0.05); the activities of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and acetyl-CoA-carboxylase in mammary glands did not differ. Relative mRNA concentrations of G6PDH, FAS, and sterol-regulatory element binding protein-1, a regulator of lipogenesis, in the mammary gland did not differ between groups. The concentrations in the milk of medium-chain fatty acids (C8-C14), the major products of fatty acid synthesis in mammary glands, also did not differ. The concentrations of triglycerides and long-chain fatty acids (C18-C22), however, were lower in the milk of rats fed the oxidized oil than in the milk of rats fed the fresh oil (P < 0.05). In conclusion, this study shows that feeding oxidized oils to lactating rats does not affect lipogenic enzymes in mammary glands but reduces the triglyceride concentrations in their milk.

Actins↗
PubMed1988

Effect of n-6 and n-3 dietary fatty acids on phospholipid composition of plasma, platelets and aorta in the rat.

Female Wistar rats were fed with diets containing as dietary lipids 10% of hydrogenated coconut oil, grape-seed oil, olive oil, linseed oil and fish oil, respectively, for a period of 60 days. At the end of dietary treatment plasma, platelets and aorta phospholipids were extracted and fatty acid spectra determined. Plasma and platelet phospholipids showed the largest diet dependent changes. Anyway in aorta samples too, phospholipids showed marked increase in oleic (olive oil group) linoleic (grape-seed oil group) and alpha linoleic (linseed oil group) acids percentage. Conversely decreased amounts of arachidonic acid were detected in rats fed with diets containing linseed and fish oils. In these samples eicosapentenoic acid partly replaced arachidonic one.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Aroma profiles of vegetable oils varying in fatty acid composition vs. concentrations of primary and secondary lipid oxidation products.

The aroma compositions of oxidised sunflower oil, linseed oil and a blend thereof (85/15) were compared with frequently used indicators for primary and secondary lipid oxidation. Primary lipid oxidation was followed by the formation of conjugated dienes, secondary lipid oxidation by proponal and hexanal formation. Highest concentrations of conjugated dienes and propanal were measured in the linseed oil, followed by the blend and sunflower oil, respectively. Highest concentrations of hexanal were determined in the blend. At similar primary oxidation levels, volatile compounds of the oils were isolated in a model mouth system and subsequently analysed by gas chromatography/sniffing port analysis. Propanal, pentanal, 1-penten-3-one, hexanal, 1-pentanol, octanal, 1-octen-3-one, 1-octen-3-ol and (E,Z)-2,4-heptadienal possessed detectable odours. Comparing the three oils, most aroma compounds and greatest intensities were determined in the blend. Conjugated diene concentrations did not predict the formation of aroma compounds adequately. Although propanal and hexanal concentrations were reasonable indicators for aroma development in linseed and sunflower oil, respectively, neither of the indicators predicted aroma development in all three oils sufficiently.

Aldehydes↗
PubMed1982

The effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the n-3 and n-6 series on platelet aggregation and platelet and aortic fatty acid composition in rabbits.

Four groups of 6 New Zealand white rabbits were fed for 60 days on a commercial rabbit diet supplemented (60 g/kg) with 1 of 4 sources of fat: corn oil, linseed oil and fish oil, which respectively provided rich sources of linoleic acid (C18:2, n-6), alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3, n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5, n-3), and coconut oil, low in all polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Platelet-rich plasma was prepared and aggregation induced by ADP (final concentration 0.29-74.3 microM), collagen (2.5-20 micrograms/400 microliters, final concentration) and 2.5 U bovine thrombin, and recorded with a Peyton aggregometer. Platelet aggregation induced by both thrombin and collagen was significantly lower with either n-3 PUFA (fish or linseed oil) than with corn oil (n-6 PUFA) or the low PUFA coconut oil. ADP-induced platelet aggregation was significantly reduced only in animals fed fish-oil. Changes in platelet aggregation were accompanied by increased platelet lipid content of C20:5, n-3 and decreased content of C20:4, n-6, with little change in platelet total C20 fatty acids. Platelet levels of C20:5, n-3 were significantly increased with both the preformed C20:5, n-3 and its precursor C18:3, n-3 in the diet. However, aortic lipid accumulation of C20:5 only occurred with rabbits fed on fish oil. It was concluded that, for collagen and thrombin induced aggregation, C18:3, n-3 and C20:5, n-3 were equally antiaggregatory in rabbits. The implications of this in community nutrition programmes are discussed.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1994

n-3 versus n-6 fatty acid incorporation into the phospholipids of rat heart sarcolemma. A comparative study of four different oil diets.

The fatty acid (FA) composition of the phospholipids of rat heart sarcolemma was studied after a 10-week feeding period of diets containing 10% of each of coconut oil, corn oil, linseed oil, and fish oil in comparison to a low fat diet. The major modifications observed were the following: (1) a general increase of the n-6 FA family upon corn oil administration; (2) a dual effect of linseed oil in increasing 18:2 n-6 (more than did corn oil) and decreasing 20:4 n-6 and 22:4 n-6. At the same time n-3 FA increased significantly; and (3) a significant fall in the n-6 FA following fish oil, and a marked rise in the n-3 FA. The 10-fold increase in 22:6 n-3 supports the hypothesis of an inhibition of arachidonate synthesis, as well as that of the competition for the incorporation sites of phospholipids. In general, the n-3 FA diets produced the replacement of the n-6 FA by the n-3 FA in membrane phospholipids, and led to a significant increase of the double bond index (DBI).

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Dietary eritadenine modifies plasma phosphatidylcholine molecular species profile in rats fed different types of fat.

The effect of dietary eritadenine on plasma phosphatidylcholine (PC) molecular species composition was investigated in relation to its hypocholesterolemic action in rats fed different types of fats (olive oil, corn oil and linseed oil; 100 g/kg diet). Eritadenine supplementation (50 mg/kg diet) significantly decreased the plasma total cholesterol concentration, irrespective of dietary fat sources, and without change in the order of plasma cholesterol concentration among the fat groups (corn oil > olive oil > linseed oil). Eritadenine significantly decreased the ratio of phosphatidylcholine (PC) to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in liver microsomes of all the fat groups, while the PC:PE ratio was unaffected by dietary fat type. The fatty acid and molecular species composition of plasma PC was affected either directly or indirectly by the fatty acid composition of dietary fats. The proportion of linoleic acid and linoleic acid-containing molecular species (16:0-18:2 and 18:0-18:2) in plasma PC was the highest in rats fed linseed oil, despite the fact that linoleic acid concentration of linseed oil was only 1/3 that of corn oil. Eritadenine supplementation significantly increased the proportion of linoleic acid and linoleic acid-containing molecular species, especially 16:0-18:2, in plasma PC, irrespective of dietary fat source. Altered plasma PC molecular species composition, as represented by an increase in 16:0-18:2 PC, might contribute to the hypocholesterolemic action of eritadenine.

Adenine↗
PubMed2000

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of milk from cows offered diets rich in linoleic and linolenic acid.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of milk from cows offered diets rich in linoleic and linolenic acid. In experiment 1, 36 cows were assigned to a control and five treatment groups. Cows in the control group received a diet containing 51% forage and 49% grain on a dry matter basis. In the treatment group, grain was partly replaced by either 18% raw cracked soybeans, 18% roasted cracked soybeans, 3.6% soybean oil, 2.2% linseed oil, or 4.4% linseed oil. Experimental diets were fed for 5 wk. Average CLA contents in milk fat from wk 2 through 5 were 0.39% in control and 0.37, 0.77, 2.10, 1.58, and 1.63% of total fatty acids in the raw soybean, roasted soybeans, soybean oil, 2.2% linseed oil, and 4.4% linseed oil treatments, respectively. In experiment 2, 36 cows were assigned to a control and 5 treatment groups. Cows in the control group received a diet containing 55% forage and 45% grain. In the treatment groups, grain was partly replaced by soybean oil at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, or by linseed oil at 1.0% of the dietary dry matter. Experimental diets were fed for 5 wk. Average CLA contents in milk fat from wk 2 through 5 were 0.50% in control and 0.75, 0.76, 1.45, 2.08, and 0.73% of total fatty acids in 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 soybean oil and 1.0% linseed oil treatments, respectively. Diets rich in linoleic or linolenic acid can increase CLA content of milk when dietary oil is accessible to the rumen microorganisms.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Altered fatty acid compositions in atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets containing linseed and rapeseed oils can be partially restored by a subsequent fish oil finishing diet.

Atlantic salmon postsmolts were fed a control diet or one of 9 experimental diets containing various blends of two vegetable oils, linseed (LO) and rapeseed oil (RO), and fish oil (FO) in a triangular trial design, for 50 wk. After sampling, fish previously fed 100% FO, LO and RO were switched to a diet containing 100% FO for a further 20 wk. Fatty acid compositions of flesh total lipid were linearly correlated with dietary fatty acid compositions (r = 0.99-1.00, P < 0.0001). Inclusion of vegetable oil at 33% of total oil significantly reduced the concentrations of the highly unsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoate [20:5(n-3)] and docosahexaenoate [22:6(n-3)], to approximately 70 and 75%, respectively, of the values in fish fed 100% FO. When vegetable oil was included at 100% of total dietary lipid, the concentrations of 20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3) were significantly reduced to approximately 30 and 36%, respectively, of the values in fish fed FO. Transfer of fish previously fed 100% vegetable oil to a 100% FO diet for 20 wk restored the concentrations of 20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3) to approximately 80% of the value in fish fed 100% FO for 70 wk, although the values were still significantly lower. However, in fish previously fed either 100% LO or RO, concentrations of 18:2(n-6) remained approximately 50% higher than in fish fed 100% FO. This study suggests that RO and LO can be used successfully to culture salmon through the seawater phase of their growth cycle; this will result in reductions in flesh 20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3) concentrations that can be partially restored by feeding a diet containing only marine FO for a period before harvest.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Incorporation of n-3 fatty acids into plasma and liver lipids of rats: importance of background dietary fat.

The health benefits of long-chain n-3 PUFA (20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3) depend on the extent of incorporation of these FA into plasma and tissue lipids. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the background dietary fat (saturated, monounsaturated, or n-6 polyunsaturated) on the quantitative incorporation of dietary 18:3n-3 and its elongated and desaturated products into the plasma and the liver lipids of rats. Female weanling Wistar rats (n = 54) were randomly assigned to six diet groups (n = 9). The fat added to the semipurified diets was tallow (SFA), tallow plus linseed oil (SFA-LNA), sunola oil (MUFA), sunola oil plus linseed oil (MUFA-LNA), sunflower oil (PUFA), or sunflower oil plus linseed oil (PUFA-LNA). At the completion of the 4-wk feeding period, quantitative FA analysis of the liver and plasma was undertaken by GC. The inclusion of linseed oil in the rat diets increased the level of 18:3n-3, 20:5n-3, and, to a smaller degree, 22:6n-3 in plasma and liver lipids regardless of the background dietary fat. The extent of incorporation of 18:3n-3, 20:5n-3, and 22:5n-3 followed the order SFA-LNA > MUFA-LNA > PUFA-LNA. Levels of 22:6n-3 were increased to a similar extent regardless of the type of major fat in the rat diets. This indicates that the background diet affects the incorporation in liver and plasma FA pools of the n-3 PUFA with the exception of 22:6n-3 and therefore the background diet has the potential to influence the already established health benefits of long-chain n-3 fatty acids.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Influence of dietary fats on butyrylcholinesterase and esterase-1 (ES-1) activity in plasma of rats.

We studied the effects of dietary fats, especially fish oil, on the activities of esterase-1 (ES-1) and butyrylcholinesterase in the plasma of rats. The identification of nutritional determinants of these enzymes could provide clues as to their physiological function. Fish oil, when compared with corn oil, consistently caused increased activities of both enzymes. Plasma ES-1 activity, but not butyrylcholinesterase activity, was increased after isocaloric replacement of carbohydrates by coconut fat. Dietary medium-chain triglycerides, when compared with corn oil, produced decreased and increased activities of butyrylcholinesterase and ES-1, respectively. Various plant fats, such as corn oil, linseed oil, coconut fat, palm oil, palm kernel oil, soybean oil and rapeseed oil, did not differentially influence butyrylcholinesterase activities. Plasma triglyceride concentrations were lowered by fish oil and increased by coconut fat and palm kernel oil. For individual rats in 5 out of 6 experiments, weak, negative correlation coefficients of the order of 0.3 were found between the changes in plasma butyrylcholinesterase activities and in plasma triglyceride concentrations.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Enzyme activities of intestinal triacylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.).

The substitution of fish oil with plant-derived oil in diets for carnivorous fish, such as Atlantic salmon, has previously revealed the potentially deleterious supranuclear accumulation of lipid droplets in intestinal cells (enterocytes) which may compromise gut integrity, and consequently, fish health. This suggests that unfamiliar dietary lipid sources may have a significant impact on intestinal lipid metabolism, however, the mode of lipid resynthesis is largely unknown in teleost fish intestine. The present study aimed at characterising three key lipogenic enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of triacylglycerol (TAG) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) in Atlantic salmon enterocytes: monoacylglycerol acyltransferase (MGAT), diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT), and diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase (CPT). Furthermore, to investigate the dietary effect of plant oils on these enzymes, two experimental groups of fish were fed a diet with either capelin (fish oil) or vegetable oil (rapeseed oil:palm oil:linseed oil, 55:30:15 w/w) as the lipid source. The monoacylglycerol (MAG) pathway was highly active in the intestinal mucosa of Atlantic salmon as demonstrated by MGAT activity (7 nmol [1-(14)C]palmitoyl-CoA incorporated min(-1) mg protein(-1)) and DGAT activity (4 nmol [1-(14)C]palmitoyl-CoA incorporated min(-1) mg protein(-1)), with MGAT appearing to also provide adequate production of sn-1,2-diacylglycerol for potential utilisation in PC synthesis via CPT activity (0.4 nmol CDP-[(14)C]choline incorporated min(-1) mg protein(-1)). Both DGAT and CPT specific activity values were comparable to reported mammalian equivalents, although MGAT activity was lower. Nevertheless, MGAT appeared not to be the rate-limiting step in salmon intestinal TAG synthesis. The homology between piscine and mammalian enzymes was established by similar stimulation and inhibition profiles by a variety of tested cofactors and isomeric substrates. The low dietary n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio presented in the vegetable oil diet did not significantly affect the activities of MGAT, DGAT, or CPT under optimised assay conditions, or in vivo intestinal mucosa lipid class composition, when compared to a standard fish oil diet.

Acyltransferases↗
PubMed2001

Effects of lamination and coating with drying oils on tensile and barrier properties of zein films.

Zein films plasticized with oleic acid have been considered potentially useful for biodegradable packaging applications. However, moisture was found to affect their tensile and gas barrier properties. We investigated the effects of two converting processes, fusion lamination and coating with drying oils, on tensile properties and gas permeability of zein films. Zein films were laminated to 4-ply sheets in a Carver press and coated with tung oil, linseed oil, or a mixture of tung and soybean oils. Tensile properties and permeability to water vapor, oxygen, and carbon dioxide were measured according to ASTM methods. Laminated films were clearer, tougher, and more flexible, and had a smoother finish than nontreated sheets. Lamination decreased O(2) and CO(2) permeability by filling in voids and pinholes in the film structure. Coating increased tensile strength and elongation and decreased water vapor permeability. Coatings acted as a composite layer preventing crack propagation and increasing film strength. They also formed a highly hydrophobic surface that prevented film wetting.

Biofilms↗
PubMed2003

Fat modification in the diabetes diet.

The modification of dietary fat in the diet of diabetic patients is of interest with respect to metabolic and other consequences of this modification. To begin with the data are reviewed for the use of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in the diabetes diet. Compared to a carbohydrate-rich diet, glucose concentrations are lower. Blood pressure was also found to be lower. There were no major differences with respect to lipid concentrations. HDL-cholesterol levels tended to be higher after a MUFA-rich diet. In type-1 diabetic patients, the number of circulating big VLDL particles was greater after a MUFA diet than after a carbohydrate-rich diet. Comparisons were also made between diets enriched with MUFA and with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). With respect to lipid concentrations, different groups observed different effects. While one group saw no differences in fasting lipids, they measured a higher remnant-like particle cholesterol after a diet enriched with MUFA. Another group found higher total and LDL-cholesterol levels after a PUFA-rich diet than after a MUFA-diet. In their study, fasting glucose, insulin and fasting chylomicrons and postprandial chylomicrons and VLDL were higher following the PUFA diet. A MUFA-rich diet increased endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilatation in the superficial femoral artery. Alpha-linolenic acid appears to be a precursor of eicospentaenoic and docosahexaenoic fatty acids. As a diet rich in n-6 PUFA reduces this conversion, a n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio not exceeding 4 - 6 should be observed. No prospective data are available for alpha-linolenic acid in diabetic patients. The review summarizes the results of the Lyon Diet Heart Study and the Nurses' Health Study. Both studies saw a reduced cardiovascular risk associated with a higher intake of alpha-linolenic acid. Finally, data on the effects of fish oil are given. The latter has a clearly expressed triglyceride-lowering effect. Data with respect to glucose control are heterogeneous. Major studies did not find any influence in glucose concentrations. Hepatic glucose production and peripheral insulin sensitivity remained constant. Evidently, nerve function can be improved by fish oil. Data have been compiled comparing the effects of fish oil with those of olive oil, linseed oil and sunflower oil.

Diet, Diabetic↗