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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Land spreading of olive mill wastewater: effects on soil microbial activity and potential phytotoxicity.

Extremely high organic load and the toxic nature of olive mill wastewater (OMW) prevent their direct discharge into domestic wastewater treatment systems. In addition to the various treatment schemes designed for such wastewater, controlled land spreading of untreated OMW has been suggested as an alternative mean of disposal. A field study was conducted between October 2004 and September 2005 to assess possible effects of OMW on soil microbial activity and potential phytotoxicity. The experiment was carried out in an organic orchard located on a Vertisol-type soil (Jezre'el Valley, Israel) and included two application levels of OMW (36 and 72m(3)ha(-1)). Total microbial counts, and to less extent the hydrolytic activity and soil respiration were increased following the high OMW application level. A bench-scale lab experiment showed that the rate of OMW mineralization was mainly dependent on the general status of soil activity and was not related to previous acclimatization of the soil microflora to OMW. Soil phytotoxicity (% germination and root elongation) was assessed in soil extracts of samples collected before and after each OMW application, using germinating cress (Lepidium sativum L.) seeds. We found direct short-term effect of OMW application on soil phytotoxicity. However, the soil was partly or completely recovered between successive applications. No further phytotoxicity was observed in treated soils as compared with control soil, 3 months after OMW application. Such short-term phytotoxicity was not in correlation with measured EC and total polyphenols in the soil extracts. Overall, the results of this study further support a safe controlled OMW spreading on lands that are not associated with sensitive aquifers.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2006

Reusing ethyl acetate and aqueous exhausted fractions of dry olive mill residue by saprobe fungi.

Some saprobe fungi (Phlebia radiata, Trametes versicolor, Coriolopsis rigida, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, Fomes sclerodermus or Pleurotus pulmonarius) were able to bioconvert the ethyl acetate fraction (DEAF) and the corresponding aqueous exhausted fraction (EAF) of dry olive mill residue (DOR), reducing their phytotoxicity on Lepidium sativum seeds. Large amount of hydroxytyrosol together with other eight monomeric phenols were found in the native DEAF fraction, which represents a good source of antioxidants. P. radiata, T. versicolor and F. sclerodermus caused an effective phytotoxicity reduction of EAF in the concentration range of 25-3 gl(-1). In particular, in the range between 12.5 and 3 gl(-1), the EAF samples inoculated with P. radiata and F. sclerodermus surprisingly stimulated the germinability of L. sativum, suggesting their use as a potential biofertilizer. This is the first report which showed the bioconversion of the above fractions in shorter time with respect to the previous findings concerning DOR. The possible implications of laccase in the decrease of DEAF and EAF phytotoxicity was also discussed.

Acetates↗
PubMed2006

Ecotoxicity, phytotoxicity and extractability of heavy metals from different stabilised sewage sludges.

The presence of heavy metals in the sludges produced in wastewater treatment plants restricts their use for agricultural purposes. This study compares different types of sludges (aerobic, anaerobic, unstabilised and sludge from a waste stabilisation pond) in order to assess the extractability of heavy metals using simple extraction, water and DTPA. The stabilisation treatment undergone by the sludges influenced the heavy metals extractability. The least mineralised sludges (unstabilised and aerobic) showed higher metal extractability. The sewage sludges were subjected to chemical characterisation and toxicity testing (ecotoxicity and phytotoxicity assays) in absence of substrate, to provide a preliminary assessment of their suitability for land application. The ecotoxicity assays confirmed that no sludge constituted a hazardous waste. The sludge extracts had significant adverse effect on the germination index (GI) of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and cress (Lepidium sativum L.), a fact which indicates that some characteristics affected root growth.

Chemical Fractionation↗
PubMed2004

Phytotoxicity and heavy metals speciation of stabilised sewage sludges.

The presence of heavy metals in the sludges produced in wastewater treatment restricts plants growth and hence their use for agricultural purposes. This study looks at different types of sludges (aerobic, anaerobic, unstabilised and sludge from a waste stabilisation pond) and compares the distribution of the heavy metals that they contain according to the treatment that they have undergone. The sewage sludges were subjected to chemical characterisation and phytotoxicity testing (in absence of substrate) to provide a preliminary assessment of their suitability for land application. In addition, the total quantity of metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ca, K, Fe, Mg, Ni, Na, Pb and Zn) was determined. The Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) method for heavy metal speciation was followed. It was confirmed that the total concentration of heavy metals did not exceed the limits set out by European legislation and that the stabilisation treatment undergone by the sludges strongly influenced the heavy metal distribution and the phases to which they were associated. The sludge extracts did not exert any significant adverse effect on the relative seed germination (RSG) of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) or cress (Lepidium sativum L.), although the reduction in germination index (GI) indicates that some characteristics existed did have an adverse effect on root growth.

Biological Assay↗
PubMed2004

Growth inhibitory alkaloids from mesquite (Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC.) leaves.

Plant growth inhibitory alkaloids were isolated from the extract of mesquite [Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC.] leaves. Their chemical structures were established by ESI-MS, 1H and 13C NMR spectra analysis. The I50 value (concentration required for 50% inhibition of control) for root growth of cress (Lepidium sativum L.) seedlings was 400 microM for 3''''-oxo-juliprosopine, 500 microM for secojuliprosopinal, and 100 microM for a (1:1) mixture of 3-oxo-juliprosine and 3'-oxo-juliprosine, respectively. On the other hand, the minimum concentration exhibiting inhibitory effect on shoot growth of cress seedlings was 10 microM for 3''''-oxo-juliprosopine, 100 microM for secojuliprosopinal, and 1 microM for a (1:1) mixture of 3-oxo-juliprosine and 3'-oxo-juliprosine, respectively. Among these compounds, a (1:1) mixture of 3-oxo-juliprosine and 3'-oxo-juliprosine exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect on the growth of cress seedlings.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed2006

Isoflavonoids are present in Arabidopsis thaliana despite the absence of any homologue to known isoflavonoid synthases.

Extracts from Arabidopsis thaliana leaves and inflorescence stalks and from Lepidium sativa (Brassicaceae) seedlings were analysed by HPLC-MS-SIM and by five isoflavonoid-specific ELISA methods after the HPLC fractionation of samples, in order to determine presence of isoflavonoids. Individual ELISAs were specific for daidzein, genistein, biochanin A and for their derivatives substituted either at the 4'- or at the 7- positions. Both analytical approaches revealed homologous spectra of isoflavonoids in both plant species. As the ononin specific immunoassay was not available this compound was only detected by HPLC-MS. Formononetin and prunetin represented the main aglycones followed by biochanin A, daidzein and genistein; sissotrin was the most abundant isoflavonoid glycoside followed by ononin, daidzin and genistin. The content of individual compounds ranged from a few micrograms up to 2.2 mg kg(-1) (dry weight). Expression profiles of A. thaliana genes homologous to enzymes involved in isoflavonoid synthesis and metabolism were extracted from publicly available transcriptomic datasets for various tissues. Genes likely to be involved in important steps of the isoflavonoid metabolism in A. thaliana were identified. However, in accord with the previously published data, no homologue to isoflavone synthases known from the Fabaceae plants was found. These aryl migrating enzymes belong to the CYP93C family that is absent in A. thaliana. We conclude that another gene must be responsible for biosynthesis of the isoflavone skeleton in Brassicaceae.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed2004

Assessment of the aquatic and terrestrial toxicity of five biodegradable polymers.

Radiofrequency countermeasures (i.e., chaff) may be released by fighter jets during tactical countermeasures training. Chaff cartridges, pistons, and endcaps (i.e., chaff dispenser materials), all currently made of styrene, are also released into the environment. Accumulation of chaff dispenser materials in the environment is a concern of the Department of Defense. The US Navy is exploring the possibility of constructing degradable chaff dispenser components made of biodegradable polymers. Five polymers are being considered. Degradability and toxicity tests are two of several criteria being used to evaluate various available biodegradable options. Dissolution products from four of five polymers being considered were toxic to aquatic organisms with LC50s/LOELs ranging between 1.24 and 731.30 mg total organic concentration/L. Supernatant from dissolving a 90:10 polyester amide/polyvinyl alcohol copolymer in water for 24h inhibited shoot growth of Brassica rappa and Lepidium sativum. Since our results were obtained using fractions of saturated degradable polymer solutions (1 or 10 g/L), we conclude that the tested degradable polymers were of low toxicity to the seven aquatic organisms and two terrestrial plant species used in our assays. However, our characterization of the toxicity of these degradable polymers may not be applicable to all species or environmental situations. Information gained from these studies will be used for making decisions on which polymers should be used in the engineering of environmentally friendly chaff dispenser cartridges, pistons, and endcaps.

Aircraft↗
PubMed2003

Isolation and identification of an allelopathic substance in Pisum sativum.

The residue of peas (Pisum sativum L.) has allelopathic activity and the putative compound causing this inhibitory effect was isolated from a methanol extract of pea shoots. Chemical structure of this compound was determined by high-resolution MS, IR and 1H NMR spectral data as pisatin. Pisatin inhibited growth of cress (Lepidium sativum L.) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seedlings at concentrations greater than 10 and 30 microM, respectively. The doses required for 50% growth inhibition of roots and hypocotyls of cress were 61 and 91 microM, respectively, and those of lettuce were 78 and 115 microM, respectively. The concentration of pisatin in the pea shoots was 32.7 nmol x g(-1) fresh weight. The effectiveness of pisatin on growth inhibition in cress and lettuce, and its occurrence in pea shoots suggest that it may contribute to the growth inhibitory effect of pea residue, and may play an important role in pea allelopathy.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2003

Allelopathic substances in Pueraria thunbergiana.

Leaves of Pueraria thunbergiana possess allelopathic activity and the putative compounds causing this growth inhibitory effect were isolated from their aqueous methanol extract. The chemical structures of these growth inhibitors were determined by high-resolution MS and 1H NMR spectral data as cis,trans-xanthoxin and trans,trans-xanthoxin. cis,trans-Xanthoxin and trans,trans-xanthoxin inhibited the root growth of cress (Lepidium sativum L.) seedlings at concentrations greater than 0.3 and 3 microM, respectively. The doses required for 50% inhibition on the cress roots were 1.1 and 14 microM for cis,trans- and trans,trans-xanthoxin, respectively. The concentrations of cis,trans- and trans,trans-xanthoxin in P. thunbergiana leaves were 51.4 and 72.5 ng g(-1) fresh weight, respectively. The effectiveness of cis,trans- and trans,trans-xanthoxin on the growth inhibition and the occurrence of both xanthoxins in P. thunbergiana suggest that xanthoxins may contribute to the growth inhibitory effect of P. thunbergiana, and may play an important role in the allelopathy of P. thunbergiana after being released into the soil.

Carotenoids↗
PubMed2001

Autonomic straightening of gravitropically curved cress roots in microgravity.

The typical response of plant organs to gravistimulation is differential growth that leads to organ bending. If the gravitropic stimulus is withdrawn, endogenous compensation of the graviresponse and subsequent straightening occur in some plants. For instance, autonomic straightening of Lepidium roots occurs when gravitropically-curved rootsare rotated on a clinostat (Stankovi et al., 1998a). To determine whether endogenous compensation of the graviresponse also occurs in space, microgravity-grown cress roots were laterally centrifuged in-flight and then returned to microgravity using Biorack hardware on a shuttle mission (STS-81). The cress roots were centrifuged at 4 different g-doses (0.1 x g and 1 x g for 15 or 75 min). All four treatments yielded varying degrees of root curvature. Upon removal from the centrifuge, roots in all four treatments underwent subsequent straightening in microgravity. This straightening resulted from a loss of gravitropic curvature in older regions of the root and the coordinated alignment of new growth. These results show that both microgravity and clinostat rotation on Earth are equivalent in stimulus withdrawal with respect to the induction of endogenous compensation of the curvature. Cress roots are the only plant organ shown to undergo compensation of the curvature in both microgravity and on a clinostat. The compensation of graviresponse in space rules out the hypothesis that the endogenous root straightening ("autotropism") represents a commitment to a pre-stimulus orientation with respect to gravity and instead suggests that there is a default tendency towards axiality following a withdrawal of a g-stimulus.

Centrifugation↗
PubMed2003

Kinetics of amyloplast movement in cress root statocytes under different gravitational loads.

In order to investigate the movement of a statolith complex along the longitudinal axis of root cap statocytes under different mass accelerations, a series of experiments with Lepidium sativum L. in an automatically operating centrifuge during the Bion-11 satellite flight and on a centrifuge-clinostat have been performed. During spaceflight, roots were grown for 24 h under root-tip-directed centrifugal 1-g acceleration, then exposed to microgravity for 6, 12 and 24 min and chemically fixed. During the first 6 min of microgravity, the statoliths moved towards the cell center with a mean velocity of 0.31 +/- 0.04 micrometers/min, which decreased to 0.12 +/- 0.01 micrometers/min within subsequent 12-24 min period. The mean relative position of the statolith complex in respect to the distal cell wall (% of total cell length) increased from 24.0 +/- 0.5% in 1 g-grown roots to 38.8 +/- 0.8% in roots exposed for 24 min to microgravity, but remained smaller than in roots grown continuously in microgravity (48.0 +/- 0.7%). The properties of the statolith movement away from the distal pole of the statocyte were studied in roots grown for 24 h vertically under 1 g and then placed for 6 min on a fast rotating clinostat (50 rpm) or 180 degrees inverted. After 2 min of both treatments, the mean relative position of the statoliths increased by about 10% versus its initial position. Later on, the proximal displacement of amyloplasts slowed down under simulated weightlessness, while it proceeded at a constant velocity under 1 g inversion. In roots grown on the clinostat and then exposed to 1 g in the longitudinal direction, amyloplast sedimentation away from the central region of statocyte was similar at the beginning of distal and proximal 6-min 1-g stimulation. However, at the end of this period statolith displacement was more pronounced in proximal direction as compared to distal. It is proposed that statolith position in the statocyte of a vertical root is controlled by the force of gravity, however, the intracellular forces, first of all those generated by the network of the cytoskeleton, are manifested when an usual orientation of the organ is changed or the statocytes are exposed to microgravity and clinorotation.

Centrifugation↗
PubMed2002

The activity of p-methoxybenzylisothiocyanate against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Haemophilus ducreyi, and other microorganisms.

p-Methoxybenzylisothiocyanate was isolated from Lepidium bonariense and found to be responsible for the plants antimicrobial and STD activity. MIC determinations were conducted for p-methoxybenzylisothiocyanate on Haemophilus ducreyi, Neisseria gonorrheae, Candida albicans, Bacillus subtilus, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter sp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Psuedomanas aeruginosa. An in vitro cellular toxicity assay showed that at 100 microM (17,9 microg/mL) p-methoxybenzylisothiocyanate is not toxic to living cells.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2004

Kinetics of Zn release in soils and prediction of Zn concentration in plants using diffusive gradients in thin films.

Effective concentrations (CE) of Zn measured by the technique of DGT (diffusive gradients in thin films) were compared, along with total concentrations of Zn and the concentrations of Zn in soil solutions, to Zn concentrations in plants. Soils variously contaminated with Zn were collected in the vicinity of two galvanized electrical transmission towers (pylons) and two motorway crash barriers. Lepidium sativum was grown in each soil and in corresponding control soils amended with ZnCl2 to similar total Zn concentrations. CE, concentrations in soil solution, and total Zn were measured in all soils, and total Zn was measured in the plant shoots. The CE values, soil solution Zn, and shoot Zn concentrations were all larger in ZnCl2 amended soils than in field contaminated soils at corresponding total Zn. Correlations between the concentration of Zn in the plants and the measured soil parameter followed the order CE > soil solution > total Zn. The low scatter in the plot of log plant concentration versus log CE revealed a relationship with two distinct features. Plant Zn was between 100 and 300 mg/kg up to an effective Zn concentration of about 2 mg/L, above which plant Zn increased steadily with increasing CE. Use of a dynamic model to interpret the DGT measurement suggests that the intrinsic rate of release of Zn from solid phase to solution, expressed as a rate constant, is much higher for soils that receive fresh supplies of Zn. This finding provides a mechanistic basis for reconciling laboratory experiments, where metal is freshly amended, to data obtained in the field. The potential of DGT as a surrogate for metal availability to plants is further confirmed by this work.

Belgium↗
PubMed2003

Isolation of phytotoxic compounds from tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima swingle).

The aqueous root extract of Ailanthus altissima showed allelopathic activity against radish (Raphanus sativus L. cv. "Saxa"), garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.), and purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) seeds. A bioassay-oriented purification of active extracts, chromatographic fractions, and compounds demonstrated dose-dependent activity on germination and radicle growth of test seeds; radish seed was the most sensitive to allelochemicals. Active compounds have been isolated: ailanthone, ailanthinone, chaparrine, and ailanthinol B (quassinoid derivatives); the alkaloid 1-methoxycanthin-6-one is not active. The compound with greatest inhibitory activity is ailanthone. The data obtained suggest a possible use of tree-of-heaven root extracts or of its active constituents as natural herbicides.

Ailanthus↗
PubMed2005

Structure-Activity Relationships (SAR) studies of benzoxazinones, their degradation products and analogues. phytotoxicity on standard target species (STS).

Benzoxazinones 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (DIMBOA) and 2,4-dihydroxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (DIBOA) have been considered key compounds for understanding allelopathic phenomena in Gramineae crop plants such as corn (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and rye (Secale cereale L.). The degradation processes in the environment observed for these compounds, in which soil microbes are directly involved, could affect potential allelopathic activity of these plants. We present in this work a complete structure-activity relationships study based on the phytotoxic effects observed for DIMBOA, DIBOA, and their main degradation products, in addition to several synthetic analogues of them. Their effects were evaluated on standard target species (STS), which include Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) and Allium cepa L. (onion) as monocots and Lepidium sativum L. (cress), Lactuca sativa L. (lettuce), and Lycopersicon esculentum Will. (tomato) as dicots. This permitted us to elucidate their ecological role and to propose new herbicide models based on their structures. The best phytotoxicity results were shown by the degradation chemical 2-aminophenoxazin-3-one (APO) and several 2-deoxy derivatives of natural benzoxazinones, including 4-acetoxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (ABOA), 4-hydroxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (D-DIBOA), and 4-hydroxy-7-methoxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (D-DIMBOA). They showed high inhibitory activity over almost all species growth. The fact that APO is a degradation product from DIBOA with high phytotoxicity and stability makes it possible to assign an important ecological role regarding plant defense mechanisms. 2-Deoxy derivatives of natural benzoxazinones display a wide range of activities that allow proposing them as new leads for natural herbicide models with a 1,4-benzoxazine skeleton.

Benzoxazines↗
PubMed2005

Model study on the effect of 15 phenolic olive mill wastewater constituents on seed germination and Vibrio fischeri metabolism.

Olive mill wastewaters (OMW) can be a severe problem when disposed of as untreated because of their high organic load, elevated concentration of polyphenols, and moderately low biodegradability. In the present study, the acute toxicity of 15 compounds with low molecular weight (<350 Da), catechol, four benzoic acids, three phenylacetic acids, three phenylethanols, and four cinnamic acids, already isolated from the reverse osmosis in the fractionation of OMW, was assessed on the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri and on the seeds of two dicotyledonous species Cucumis sativus and Lepidium sativum, and on one monocotyledon Sorghum bicolor. Results of phytotoxicity showed that the most toxic compounds were catechol (EC50s ranging from 0.40 mmol/L for S. bicolor to 1.09 for C. sativus) and hydroxytyrosol, (EC50s ranging from 0.47 mmol/L for S. bicolor to 1.55 for C. sativus) while the toxic potential on bacteria was particularly elevated with EC50 values 1 or 2 orders less than phytotoxicity. These results suggested that the risk of OMW disposal may be more elevated for the water compartment than for the soil.

Aliivibrio fischeri↗
PubMed2005

Oxylipins arabidopsides C and D from Arabidopsis thaliana.

Two new oxylipins, arabidopsides C (1) and D (2), were isolated from the aerial parts of Arabidopsis thaliana, and the structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated using spectroscopic data, primarily NMR and MS, and chemical means. Arabidopsides C (1) and D (2) are rare digalactosyl diacylglycerides containing 12-oxophytodienoic acid and/or dinor-oxophytodienoic acid. Arabidopside D (2) and arabidopsides A (3) and B (4), which were also isolated from this plant, exhibited inhibitory effects on the growth of the root of cress (Lepidium sativum) seedlings at 5 x 10(-5) mol/L.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed2002

Hexanic Maca extract improves rat sexual performance more effectively than methanolic and chloroformic Maca extracts.

Lepidium meyenii (Maca) is traditionally employed in the Andean region for its supposed properties in improving fertility. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of subacute oral administration of hexanic, methanolic and chloroformic extracts of Maca root on sexual performance in inexperienced male rats. The following sexual performance parameters were evaluated: 1st mount, 1st intromission, ejaculation and post-ejaculatory latencies, intercopulatory interval and copulatory efficacy. All the tested fractions significantly decreased intromission latency and intercopulatory interval and increased intromission frequency and copulatory efficacy (P < 0.05) as compared to controls. Hexanic and methanolic extracts were able to increase mount frequency (MF), while only hexanic fraction significantly improved mount latency (ML) (P=0.038). Globally, only the hexanic fraction significantly improved the majority of the sexual parameters measured. Sub-acute oral administration of hexanic Maca extract improved sexual performance parameters in sexually inexperienced male rats most effectively.

Animals↗