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PubMed1995

[Frontier migration and employment: facts and questions].

"Frontier labor migration in Argentina is closely linked with poverty and social exclusion.... The first part of this article concerns the impact of frontier migrants in the urban labor market on the basis of information collected by the Permanent Household Survey (EPH) in October 1993 and October 1994 in Greater Buenos Aires area, where, as per the last Population Census, over 50% of residents from frontier countries are settled. The second part focuses on the case study of Bolivian migrant workers who have found their own place in Argentine markets...in the field of vegetable-growing in the green belts surrounding bigger cities, sometimes including peddling of their product in urban areas by female family members." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Americas↗
PubMed1996

Economic interdependence and migration dynamics in Asia.

"This paper searches first for alternative explanations about migration dynamics and, in particular, the migration transition in Asian countries. It raises the question whether increasing economic interdependence will increase labor mobility and attempts to explain the association between them with a simple model. Countries in the region are divided [into] three groups with regard to international labor migration: transitional, non-transitional exporters, and non-transitional importers. Increasing economic integration will lead to migration transition for many Asian countries, but with uncertainties concerning in particular China and South Asia."

Asia↗
PubMed1983

Demographic and related determinants of recent Cuban emigration.

"This article highlights some of the principal demographic determinants of recent Cuban emigration, while also considering how these demographic variables interact with other social and economic determinants, utilizing a broad conceptualization of emigration. It also makes reference to Cuban military activities abroad. The conclusions that follow suggest that labor migration is more responsive to demographic factors than some theorists assume."

Americas↗
PubMed1988

Does international migration follow the oil market situation in the Gulf? The case of Kuwait.

The author examines the impact of oil-price fluctuations on labor migration flows for Kuwait. The emphasis is on the effects of the early-1980s price drop. "After reviewing these flows...this paper will attempt to answer two main questions: (a) Do immigrants tend to remain where they are and become part of the Kuwait of tomorrow, or is return migration likely to be massive? (b) If there is a tendency to remain in Kuwait, is this accompanied by a move towards the integration of foreigners into a new society, or, on the contrary, is the 'separate development' of two distinct societies taking place?"

Acculturation↗
PubMed1995

Family reunification: policies and issues.

"International standards provide for protection of the family as the fundamental unit of society. However, a consequent right to family reunification for migrants is not sanctioned and continues to be resisted. This article reviews the formulation of the possibility for family reunification as provided for in international and regional standards and by migration policies. It argues that family separation, if inherent in some forms of migration, should not be institutionalized by migration policies and that state sovereignty is limited when dealing with human rights. More specifically it argues that labor migration, as currently developing in Asia, will require appropriate family reunification policies, because it will evolve into some form of settlement."

Asia↗
PubMed1986

Agricultural development and emigration: rhetoric and reality.

"The untested premise of trade liberalizing U.S. development programs such as the Caribbean Basin Initiative is that commodity trade can substitute for international labor migration. Analysis of U.S. tomato producing regions in Sinaloa, Mexico and Florida suggests that the effect of trade liberalization on international labor migration is uncertain." The emphasis is on how such development projects might affect the flow of illegal migrants to the United States.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1999

Guestworker migration, remittances and the extended family: evidence from Pakistan.

"The paper places migration in the context of the extended family. It models informal loans between migrant and extended family for financing the costs of international labor migration. To show repayments to extended family is important; we trace the effects of such loans on migrant savings and remittance to the immediate family. We employ a standard life-cycle approach, which predicts that the demand for extended family financing rises with migration costs and falls with pre-migration wealth. Remittance to the immediate family and savings retained abroad both fall with the pre-migration loan." These hypotheses are tested using data from a survey of return migrants to Pakistan carried out in 1986.

Asia↗
PubMed1997

Refugee remittances: conceptual issues and the Cuban and Nicaraguan experiences.

"This article assesses the notion that the determinants of remittances generated by refugee flows, particularly from Communist-inspired systems, are different from those associated with labor migrations....These differences have a major bearing on how labor migrants and refugees perceive their relationship with countries of origin. The propensity of labor migrants to dissociate themselves from the home country is considerably less than among refugees whose perceptions are mediated by opposition to the ruling regime and other factors, such as political relations between refugee-sending and refugee-receiving countries and whether or not there has been a regime change or one is expected to occur. The conceptual issues elaborated here are based on the Cuban-American experience, but also reflect an assessment of Nicaraguan emigration during the 1980s."

Americas↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Migration, population growth, and development.

In the 30 years between 1950 and 1980, the population of the developing world almost doubled--from 1.7 to 3.3 billion. Among the most conspicuous signs of this increase are the growth of cities and, in some areas, international labor migration. Since 1950 the cities in Africa, Asia, and Latin America have been growing more than twice as fast as those in North America and Europe. Some of the biggest cities are growing fastest--by as much as 8 percent each year. At this rate they will double in less than a decade. About 40 percent of this growth is due to migration and 60 percent to the children born in the cities to natives and the newly arrived migrants. Altogether, about one billion people (1,000 million) now live in developing-country cities, where fewer than 300 million lived in 1950. About 15 to 20 million workers, mostly from developing countries, are now international migrants. About half travel to Europe and the US, the rest to other developing countries. Many of the migrants, especially to the US, Europe, or the Middle East, want to bring their families eventually and settle permanently. Migration to African destinations is more likely to be temporary or seasonal, while Latin American and Asian patterns are mixed. Policy makers in developing countries are voicing concern about the highly visible social, economic, and political problems created by rapid urbanization and by large-scale international labor migration. While governments have tried a variety of policies to influence population distribution, most have been limited in scope and had little success. As long as birth rates remain high in some areas and large differences in wages exist between jobs in different places, most of these policies have little hope of stopping or reversing long-term trends. Family planning programs, although they do not create immediate jobs or higher wages in rural areas, can help to reduce the high birth rates that produce an ever-increasing supply of potential migrants. They also directly address the source of 60 percent of urban growth: natural increase. The main reasons for both rural-to-urban and international migration are economic. Except in the case of refugees (not covered in this report), most migrants move because they expect to find better jobs and higher wages in the new location. Often the decision to migrate may be made by the family because the money that migrants send home adds to and diversifies family income.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Restructuring of the labour market and the role of third world migrations in Europe.

"This paper is an analysis of the way in which the changes in the labour market and in the occupational structure in Europe affect the situation and the role of Third World migrants." Changes in European labor migration patterns since the 1960s are first analyzed. The author notes that "intra-European migrations were industrial migrations because manufacturing and building industries were the most important and growing economic activities....Present-day migrations are postindustrial migrations. Immigrants work mostly in service activities and not infrequently in the informal economy. In any case migrant workers are located in the secondary labour market. The picture is made more complex by the fact than many immigrants are alegal or illegal because of the restrictive immigration policies in European countries."

Demography↗
PubMed1997

Analysis of social factors and human behavior attributed to family distribution of schistosomiasis japonica cases.

An investigation of family distribution patterns of schistosomiasis japonica was carried out in four pilot villages in Yunnan Province. Family clustering of the disease was present in Bihuayuan Village before and after economic reform (site A); however, such clustering did not occur in Tuanshan and Liantie Villages (sites B and C) in the same periods. Being contrary to the stage prior to economic reform family clustering existed in Zhonghe Village (site D) after the reform. The results obtained from single- and multifactor analysis showed that the main human behavior related to family distribution of schistosomiasis in mountainous regions of Yunnan Province included the frequency of laborer migration, contact with cercariae-infested water in public places or family microenvironments with a high transmission potential, promiscuous defecation and status of cattle grazing. The frequency of laborer migration and human contact with cercariae-infested water in public places in sites B and C without family clustering was higher than that in sites A and D with family clustering. Place for promiscuous defecation and cattle grazing in site A converged compared with that in sites B and C.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Labour migration as a response to relative deprivation.

The relationship between labor migration and relative deprivation is examined. "We model migration from one reference group to another as a response to relative deprivation and satisfaction: We say that a strong incentive to migrate exists if relative deprivation decreases while satisfaction rises with migration and that a weak incentive exists if the individual increases or decreases his satisfaction and deprivation at the same time by migrating. We derive conditions under which different incentives, weak or strong, hold for different individuals.... Our analysis enables us to explain several perplexing migratory phenomena, identify income inequality as a distinct explanatory variable of migration and establish an incentive to migrate in situations where the utility-social welfare approach does not."

Behavior↗
PubMed1983

The dynamics of spatial labor mobility in the Netherlands.

"This paper discusses several factors that may explain [the] dynamic properties of internal labor migration. [The authors] focus especially on the influence of labor market and housing conditions on the mobility of people. A two-stage, generation-allocation model is proposed to investigate the role of different factors in the explanation of aggregate interregional migration flows. This model is applied to recent data on interprovincial labor migration in the Netherlands. The results indicate that housing supply seems to be an important determinant of temporal developments of spatial mobility, and that also the conditions on national and regional labor markets are associated with specific properties of recent migration patterns."

Demography↗
PubMed2006

Preschool stunting, adolescent migration, catch-up growth, and adult height in young senegalese men and women of rural origin.

Available data on the long-term consequences of preschool stunting are scarce and conflicting. The objective of this study was to assess the amount of catch-up growth from preschool stunting and the effect of migration (change in environment) during adolescence. A cohort study from preschool age (1-5 y) to adulthood (18-23 y) was conducted among 2874 subjects born in a rural area of Senegal. The subjects were divided into 3 groups of preschool stunting: none, mild, and marked, with height-for-age Z-scores of >-1, -2 to -1, and <-2, respectively. At follow-up, the history of migration was recalled. Mean height was 161.3 cm for girls and 174.0 cm for boys (>/=20 y). Stunted subjects remained smaller than the others: the age-adjusted height deficit between the 2 extreme categories was 6.6 and 9.0 cm in girls and boys, respectively. However, their height increment from early childhood to adulthood differed (69.3, 70.5, and 72.0 cm, P = 0.0001, and 78.9, 80.0, and 80.3 cm, P < 0.01, for nonstunted, mildly stunted, and markedly stunted girls and boys, respectively). The duration of labor migration to the city was associated with height increment in girls only in a nonlinear relation (adjusted means: 67.2, 69.3, 67.4, and 67.7 cm for 4 groups of increasing duration, P < 0.01). In conclusion, Senegalese children caught up in height prior to adulthood, with the adult means approximately 2 cm below the WHO/NCHS reference. However, this global catch up did not reduce height differences between formerly stunted and nonstunted children to any greater extent and it was not enhanced by labor migration.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1992

Illegal migrant laborers in Japan.

"The purpose of this article is to describe the problem of illegal labor migration into Japan. It begins with a view of the current situation of illegal laborers in Japan--their numbers, their legal status, and their working and living conditions. The principal issues affecting the development of Japanese policy toward illegal foreign laborers are then discussed, and finally some alternatives are considered." Data are from a variety of published sources and concern the period 1984-1989.

Asia↗