Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “LIP READING”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

An audiovisual test of kinematic primitives for visual speech perception.

Isolated kinematic properties of visible speech can provide information for lip reading. Kinematic facial information is isolated by darkening an actor's face and attaching dots to various articulators so that only moving dots can be seen with no facial features present. To test the salience of these images, the authors conducted experiments to determine whether the images could visually influence the perception of discrepant auditory syllables. Results showed that these images can influence auditory speech independently of the participant's knowledge of the stimuli. In other experiments, single frozen frames of visible syllables were presented with discrepant auditory syllables to test the salience of static facial features. Although the influence of the kinematic stimuli was perceptual, any influence of the static featural stimuli was likely based on participant's misunderstanding or postperceptual response bias.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

The phonological systems of deaf children.

Samples of a group of deaf children's spontaneous speech were used to derive phonological rules. The predictive value of some of the rules was assessed by asking another group of deaf children to lip-read and read nonsense words. The results indicated that the phonological systems of profoundly deaf children are partially rule-governed. There was also some evidence which suggested that lipreading was a major input to the deaf children's phonological systems.

Child↗
PubMed1976

Acquisition of lipreading in a deaf multihandicapped child.

Operant techniques were used to develop lipreading in a nine-year-old deaf boy who had failed to respond appropriately to previous speechreading training. Remediation was initiated with two experiments: the first entailed a reversal and the second a multiple baseline. A component analysis revealed that both tokens and social reinforcers presented simultaneously or separately were effective in shaping lipreading. In addition, the child learned to lip-read either voiced or nonvoiced names of objects.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1994

Effects of phonetic context on audio-visual intelligibility of French.

Bimodal perception leads to better speech understanding than auditory perception alone. We evaluated the overall benefit of lip-reading on natural utterances of French produced by a single speaker. Eighteen French subjects with good audition and vision were administered a closed set identification test of VCVCV nonsense words consisting of three vowels [i, a, y] and six consonants [b, v, z, 3, R, l]. Stimuli were presented under both auditory and audio-visual conditions with white noise added at various signal-to-noise ratios. Identification scores were higher in the bimodal condition than in the auditory-alone condition, especially in situations where acoustic information was reduced. The auditory and audio-visual intelligibility of the three vowels [i, a, y] averaged over the six consonantal contexts was evaluated as well. Two different hierarchies of intelligibility were found. Auditorily, [a] was most intelligible, followed by [i] and then by [y]; whereas visually [y] was most intelligible, followed by [a] and [i]. We also quantified the contextual effects of the three vowels on the auditory and audio-visual intelligibility of the consonants. Both the auditory and the audio-visual intelligibility of surrounding consonants was highest in the [a] context, followed by the [i] context and lastly the [y] context.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

A prospective, randomized study of cochlear implants. The Department of Veterans Affairs Cochlear Implant Study Group.

BACKGROUND: Cochlear implants restore some degree of hearing in patients with severe hearing impairment, but the efficacy of different implants has not been compared. We conducted a prospective trial to compare several cochlear implants. METHODS: We studied 82 patients who were randomly assigned to receive one of three cochlear implants: the Ineraid multichannel implant (implant 1), the Nucleus multichannel implant (implant 2), and the 3M/Vienna single-channel implant (implant 3). All the patients had profound deafness, and none had derived benefit from hearing aids. The assigned device was successfully implanted in 80 patients. Twenty-four hearing tests were used to assess the patients' performance before implantation and 12 and 24 months after implantation. The tests were grouped into five categories according to their content, and a weighted composite index was developed to provide a single numerical indicator of the overall auditory response. RESULTS: All the patients were able to hear with their implants. Nineteen of the 30 patients (63 percent) who received implant 2, 18 of the 30 patients (60 percent) who received implant 1, and 1 of the 20 patients (5 percent) who received implant 3 were able to distinguish some words and sentences. The scores for the composite index were similar in the patients who received implant 1 and those who received implant 2, and were higher in both these groups than in the patients who received implant 3 (P = 0.02). When 24 patients with implant 2 were given an improved speech processor, their composite index increased significantly within 3 months (P < 0.001); their score at that time was also significantly higher (P = 0.04) than the score of the patients with implant 1 at 24 months. Age at implantation, lip-reading ability, and IQ were prognostic indicators of the patients' performance with a cochlear implant. CONCLUSIONS: Multichannel cochlear implants are superior to single-channel implants, especially for understanding speech. Changes in speech processing can improve patients' performance.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Digit span in dyslexia: variations according to language comprehension and mathematics skills.

The aim of this study was to investigate digit span performance in dyslexia. It was hypothesised that differences would be found in accordance with subgrouping by language comprehension and mathematic skills, and by analyses of how the digit span scores were attained. Two digit span tasks were given to a group of dyslexic children and controls (n = 57), mean age 12.62 (SD = 1.43). The tasks were "Digit Span" of the WISC-R, and "Digit Span 2," where the use of back-up strategies like finger counting and lip reading were restricted. As expected, the digit span scores were significantly lower in the dyslexia group than in the control group. Restrictions of back-up strategies did not alter the scores in the control group, while the scores were lowered in the dyslexia group. Further analyses of longest digit span, serial recall, and serial position indicated different retrieval patterns in the subgroups. The subgroup with good language comprehension and mathematic skills (n = 12), showed impaired serial recall especially in backward recall. The subgroup with good language comprehension skills, but with mathematics impairment (n = 9), showed impaired serial recall in both forward and backward recall. The subgroup with language impairments (n = 16), recalled fewer digits than the two other subgroups. The findings were discussed in relation to the "Phonological loop" of the Multi Component Model of Working Memory, and implications for intervention were discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Acquired profound hearing loss: mental health and other characteristics of a large sample.

The study investigated the mental health and other characteristics of people with acquired profound hearing loss (APHL) and contrasted this group with acquired hearing loss (AHL) in general. A survey was completed over the internet by 95 adults and by 27 people who had attended a one-week course of rehabilitation. The latter group completed questionnaires of anxiety and depression, post-traumatic stress, and hearing handicap. The survey covered a wide range of factors associated with the history of hearing loss and evaluated previous contacts with professional services. The data from the two samples were very similar and were combined. The results indicated the existence of sudden and progressive onset groups, reliance on lip-reading, a severe effect of tinnitus, and some support for the conclusion that the psychosocial impact was greater in APHL than in AHL. A subgroup of APHL was severely distressed and handicapped. Respondents valued medical and audiological services but there was little evidence that previous counselling and support had been helpful. Recommendations for rehabilitation are briefly discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Polysensory interactions along lateral temporal regions evoked by audiovisual speech.

Many socially significant biological stimuli are polymodal, and information processing is enhanced for polymodal over unimodal stimuli. The human superior temporal sulcus (STS) region has been implicated in processing socially relevant stimuli--particularly those derived from biological motion such as mouth movements. Single unit studies in monkeys have demonstrated that regions of STS are polysensory--responding to visual, auditory and somato-sensory stimuli, and human neuroimaging studies have shown that lip-reading activates auditory regions of the lateral temporal lobe. We evaluated whether concurrent speech sounds and mouth movements were more potent activators of STS than either speech sounds or mouth movements alone. In an event-related fMRI study, subjects observed an animated character that produced audiovisual speech and the audio and visual components of speech alone. Strong activation of the STS region was evoked in all three conditions, with greatest levels of activity elicited by audiovisual speech. Subsets of activated voxels within the STS region demonstrated overadditivity (audiovisual > audio + visual) and underadditivity (audiovisual < audio + visual). These results confirm the polysensory nature of STS region and demonstrate for the first time that polymodal interactions may both potentiate and inhibit activation.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

The perceptual characteristics of voice-hallucinations in deaf people: insights into the nature of subvocal thought and sensory feedback loops.

The study of voice-hallucinations in deaf individuals, who exploit the visuomotor rather than auditory modality for communication, provides rare insight into the relationship between sensory experience and how "voices" are perceived. Relatively little is known about the perceptual characteristics of voice-hallucinations in congenitally deaf people who use lip-reading or sign language as their preferred means of communication. The existing literature on hallucinations in deaf people is reviewed, alongside consideration of how such phenomena may fit into explanatory subvocal articulation hypotheses proposed for auditory verbal hallucinations in hearing people. It is suggested that a failure in subvocal articulation processes may account for voice-hallucinations in both hearing and deaf people but that the distinct way in which hallucinations are experienced may be due to differences in a sensory feedback component, which is influenced by both auditory deprivation and language modality. This article highlights how the study of deaf people may inform wider understanding of auditory verbal hallucinations and subvocal processes generally.

Articulation Disorders↗
PubMed2000

Silent speechreading in the absence of scanner noise: an event-related fMRI study.

In a previous study we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to demonstrate activation in auditory cortex during silent speechreading. Since image acquisition during fMRI generates acoustic noise, this pattern of activation could have reflected an interaction between background scanner noise and the visual lip-read stimuli. In this study we employed an event-related fMRI design which allowed us to measure activation during speechreading in the absence of acoustic scanner noise. In the experimental condition, hearing subjects were required to speechread random numbers from a silent speaker. In the control condition subjects watched a static image of the same speaker with mouth closed and were required to subvocally count an intermittent visual cue. A single volume of images was collected to coincide with the estimated peak of the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) response to these stimuli across multiple baseline and experimental trials. Silent speechreading led to greater activation in lateral temporal cortex relative to the control condition. This indicates that activation of auditory areas during silent speechreading is not a function of acoustic scanner noise and confirms that silent speechreading engages similar regions of auditory cortex as listening to speech.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Initial evaluation of the Clarion CII cochlear implant: speech perception and neural response imaging.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the new Clarion CII cochlear implant with the perimodiolar HiFocus electrode array, including both speech perception outcomes and the device's capabilities of measuring the electrically evoked compound action potential (eCAP) of the auditory nerve (Neural Response Imaging, NRI). DESIGN: The speech perception scores on CVC words without lip reading were monitored prospectively for the 10 postlingually deaf patients implanted with the Clarion CII device in the period July 2000 until May 2001 in the Leiden University Medical Center. Preoperative and postoperative NRI recordings were made, applying various combinations of monopolar stimulating and recording electrodes with the alternating polarity paradigm available in the test bench software. RESULTS: Nine patients preferred the CIS, one the PPS strategy, none the SAS strategy. With their favorite strategy they acquired significant open set speech understanding within a few weeks, resulting in an average CVC phoneme score of 84% (word score 66%) at the end of the study (follow-up 3 to 11 mo). In speech-shaped noise, the average phoneme recognition threshold (PRT) was reached at a signal to noise ratio just below 0 dB. The NRI recordings had clear N1 and P1 peaks if there was at least one contact between the stimulating and recording electrodes, necessitating just 15 sweeps for a reliable recording. We observed considerable inter-patient and inter-electrode variability, but for a given situation NRI input/output curves were stable over time. More apical contacts generally elicited larger eCAPs. Response amplitudes tended to peak at recording sites around apical and basal stimulating electrodes, suggesting a limited spread of excitation. Preliminary recordings with the forward masking paradigm were consistent with the ones with the alternating polarity scheme. CONCLUSIONS: The Clarion CII is a promising cochlear implant with which our first 10 patients have obtained excellent speech perception results. The NRI system yields high quality signals with a limited number of sweeps at a high sampling rate.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2002

Auditory late cortical response and speech recognition in Digisonic cochlear implant users.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to test for differences in late electrically evoked auditory potentials between subjects exhibiting "good" versus "poor" speech recognition performances with their cochlear implants. METHODS: Late auditory evoked responses were measured in 30 subjects equipped with the Digisonic (MXM, Antibes, France) cochlear implant, 15 of whom had "good" speech recognition scores (i.e., more than 89% correct phoneme identification without lip reading). The 15 other subjects had poorer speech recognition scores (i.e., less than 85%). RESULTS: Differences in N1P2 amplitude, as well as P1, N1, and P2 latencies, and N1-P1 and N1-P2 latency intervals were tested. Wave P2 latency was found to be significantly different between the two groups (P =.016), being shorter in "good" than in "poor" performers. The strength of the statistical relationship between electrophysiological and speech recognition variables (r2 = 17%) was substantially smaller than that observed using electrically evoked auditory brainstem response (EABR) for the same implanted device (r2 = 49% for the EABR wave III-V latency interval). CONCLUSIONS: Some characteristics of late electrically evoked auditory potentials differ significantly among cochlear implant users depending on their speech recognition performance. However, the relationship between electrophysiological and speech recognition variables is more pronounced when early (brainstem) rather than late (cortical) evoked responses are considered.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Auditory brainstem implant in bilateral and completely ossified cochleae.

OBJECTIVE: To report and evaluate the results of auditory brainstem implantation in a case of postmeningitis hearing loss with totally ossified cochleae on both sides. STUDY DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: Tertiary referral center. PATIENT: A 49-year-old man was referred to the authors' department for bilateral total hearing loss subsequent to bacterial meningitis 2 years earlier. Pure tone audiometry, auditory brainstem response tests, and promontory tests did not reveal any cochlear activity. Computed tomography showed bilateral and totally ossified cochleae. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the diagnosis by showing no cochlear signal on T2-weighed images and ruled out brainstem and cerebellopontine angle abnormalities. INTERVENTION: A left auditory brainstem implantation was performed through a translabyrinthine route, using a Nucleus 22-channel device. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Word and sentence recognition tests in sound-only and sound plus vision modes. RESULTS: No postoperative complication was observed. Twelve electrodes could be activated, and their tonotopy was defined. Nine other electrodes were inactivated because of an absence of auditory response (4 electrodes) or paresthesia (5 electrodes). At the last follow-up visit, 26 months after the implantation, 50% of disyllabic word scores and 60% of sentence scores were achieved using auditory brainstem implant sound only. These scores reached 80% and 93%, respectively, with lip-reading. CONCLUSION: Auditory brainstem implantation is an efficient means of auditory rehabilitation in cases of bilateral total hearing loss with totally ossified cochleae. It should be considered in cases of predictable failure in cochlear implantation.

Brain Stem↗
PubMed2005

Vestibular schwannoma in the only hearing ear: cochlear implant or auditory brainstem implant?

OBJECTIVE: To explore the dilemma faced by neurotologists confronted with the patient who develops a vestibular schwannoma in the only hearing ear, the other having been deaf from birth, and to consider the choice between auditory rehabilitation using a cochlear implant (CI) on the congenitally deaf side and an auditory brainstem implant (ABI) on the tumor side. STUDY DESIGN: A record review of two patients born deaf in one ear and who developed a vestibular schwannoma in the contra lateral ear, who then received a CI in the congenitally deaf ear. SETTING: Tertiary referral center with special experience in vestibular schwannoma surgery, neurofibromatosis type 2 management, and cochlear implantation. RESULTS: Neither patient was a good CI user. At 1 year postimplant, they both scored 0% on abbreviated words and 0% and 7%, respectively, on Bench Kowal Bamford sentences. They scored 54% and 57%, respectively, on City University of New York sentences with lip-reading, and both had fair access to environmental sound scoring at 45% each. CONCLUSIONS: The results from cochlear implantation in the congenitally deaf ear in these patients were poor and suggest that stimulus deprivation in the early stages of the maturation of the auditory pathways is important even for a unilateral hearing loss. Unfortunately, the factors that predict a good ABI result are not known. In these circumstances, the authors advocate the insertion of an ABI at the time of tumor removal, retaining the option of CI in the congenitally deaf ear in the event of a poor outcome with the ABI.

Audiometry, Pure-Tone↗
PubMed2005

Long-term functional outcomes and academic-occupational status in implanted children after 10 to 14 years of cochlear implant use.

OBJECTIVES: To assess a group of consecutively implanted children over 10 years after implantation with regard to implant device use and function, speech perception, and speech intelligibility outcomes; and to document current academic or occupational status. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective longitudinal study assessing device function, device use, speech perception, speech intelligibility, and academic/occupational status of implanted deaf children. SETTING: Pediatric tertiary referral center for cochlear implantation. METHODS: The auditory performance and speech intelligibility development of 30 profoundly deaf children were rated before cochlear implantation and at 5 and 10 years after implantation using the Categories of Auditory Performance and the Speech Intelligibility Rating. The academic and/or occupational status of the participants after 10 years of implant experience was documented. All children received a Nucleus multichannel cochlear implant between the ages of 2.5 and 11 years (mean age at implantation, 5.2 yr). Implant experience ranged from 10 to 14 years of use. RESULTS: After 10 years of implant experience, 26 subjects (87%) reported that they always wore their device; 2 subjects (7%), frequently; and 1 subject (3%), occasionally. Only one child had discontinued use of his device. After 10 years of implant use, 26 (87%) of the children understood a conversation without lip reading and 18 (60%) used the telephone with a familiar speaker. Ten years after implantation, 23 (77%) of the subjects used speech intelligible to an average listener or a listener with little experience of a deaf person's speech. One-third to one-half of the implanted children continued to demonstrate improvements at 5 to 10 years of implant use. Of the 30 implanted children, 8 (26.7%) experienced nine device failures. The length of time from identification of the first faulty electrode to reimplant surgery ranged from 2 weeks to 5.5 years, as several failures were gradual or intermittent. However, all children were successfully reimplanted. At the end of the study (10-14 yr after implantation), 19 subjects were in secondary school for children aged 11 to 16 years: 6 were in mainstream schools, 7 were in specialist hearing-impaired units attached to a mainstream secondary school, and 6 were in schools for the deaf. Of the remaining 11 subjects, 4 were in college studying vocational subjects, 2 were in a university studying for a bachelor's degree, 3 were working full-time, 1 was working and going to a university part-time, and 1 was a full-time mother of two young children. CONCLUSION: All but 1 of the 30 implanted children continue using their devices 10 to 14 years after implantation, showing significant progress in speech perception and production. Device failure was frequent, but successful reimplantation occurred in all cases. One-third to one-half of the implanted children in this study continued to demonstrate improvements at 5 to 10 years of implant use. All children are studying or working and are actively involved in their local communities. The results suggest that cochlear implantation provides long-term communication benefit to profoundly deaf children that does not plateau for some subjects even after reimplantation. This study further indicates that cochlear implant centers need the structure and funding to provide long-term support, counseling, audiologic follow-up, rehabilitation, and device monitoring to implanted children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

Intracochlear hemorrhage after gamma knife radiosurgery.

PURPOSE: To describe an acute complication after gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery (GKRS) for vestibular schwannoma (VS) in a neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) patient. STUDY DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: Tertiary care center. PATIENT: A 20-year-old man, who had bilateral VS and was having right-sided profound deafness, underwent GKRS for a 2-cm left-sided VS in an attempt to preserve his only hearing ear. He received a margin dose of 13 Gy to the 50% isodose line. Twenty-four hours after treatment, he presented with spinning vertigo, left-sided dead ear, and ipsilateral mild facial paralysis (House-Brackmann grade 3). RESULTS: Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated an intracochlear hemorrhage at the level of the basal turn of the left cochlea. Hearing did not recover, and the patient had to resort to lip reading. The facial paralysis regressed completely after 3 months. CONCLUSION: Many cases of hemorrhage caused by GKRS have previously been reported, but all were related to meningiomas or brain metastases. Because the patient had no coagulation defect, sign of trauma, or any history of infection, the hemorrhage might have been caused by a direct thermal effect on the endothelial cells or to an immediate tumoral swelling, inducing an increase in intravascular outflow resistance and leading to venous obliteration. To our knowledge, this is the first report of acute intracochlear hemorrhage after GKRS for VS.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

On recency and echoic memory.

In short-term memory, the tendency for the last few (recency) items from a verbal sequence to be increasingly well recalled is more pronounced if the items are spoken rather than written. This auditory recency advantage has been quite generally attributed to echoic memory, on the grounds that in the auditory, but not the visual, mode, sensory memory persists just long enough to supplement recall of the most recent items. This view no longer seems tenable. There are now several studies showing that an auditory recency advantage occurs not only in long-term memory, but under conditions in which it cannot possibly be attributed to echoic memory. Also, similar recency phenomena have been discovered in short-term memory when the items are lip-read, or presented in sign-language, rather than heard. This article provides a partial review of these studies, taking a broad theoretical position from which these particular recency phenomena are approached as possible exceptions, to a general theory according to which recency is due to temporal distinctiveness. Much of the fresh evidence reviewed is of a somewhat preliminary nature and it is as yet unexplained by any theory of memory. The need for additional, converging experimental tests is obvious; so too is the need for further theoretical development. Several alternative theoretical resolutions are mentioned, including the possibility that enhanced recency may reflect movement, from sequentially occurring stimulus features, and the suggestion that it may be associated with the primary linguistic mode of the individuals concerned. But special weight is attached to the conjecture that all these recency phenomena might be accounted for in terms of distinctiveness or discriminability. On this view, the enhanced recency effects observed with certain modes, including the auditory mode, are attributed to items possessing greater temporal discriminability in those modes.

Auditory Perception↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Introduction to cochlear implants.

Cochlear implants have been very successful in restoring partial hearing to profoundly deaf people. Many individuals with implants are now able to communicate and understand speech without lip-reading, and some are able to talk over the phone. Children with implants can develop spoken-language skills and attend normal schools (i.e., schools with normal-hearing children). The greatest benefits with cochlear implantation have occurred in patients who (1) acquired speech and language before their hearing loss, and (2) have shorter duration of deafness. Gradual, but steady, improvements in speech production and speech perception have also occurred in prelingually deafened adults or children.

Adult↗