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PubMedDate not supplied

Present status of sclerotherapy and surgical treatment for esophageal varices in Japan. Japanese Research Society for Portal Hypertension and Japanese Research Society for Sclerotherapy of Esophageal Varices.

A nationwide survey on the treatment for esophageal varices was performed in 1990 jointly by the Japanese Research Society for Portal Hypertension and the Japanese Research Society for Sclerotherapy of Esophageal Varices to clarify the present status and strategy of this treatment in Japan. A total of 12,675 cases, including 4,159 cases of nonshunting procedures and 7,612 cases of sclerotherapy, were collected from 101 institutions. The number of patients had greatly increased in the first half of the 1980s. With regard to the therapeutic strategy, surgical procedures were not recommended in either emergency or prophylactic cases in terms of the timing of the operation, or in Child C cases in terms of the degree of hepatic insufficiency. Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy became the leading method of treatment and in 1988 only 16% of 1,528 cases were treated by surgical procedures. The strategy for the same group of patients differed between medical and surgical institutions. With regard to sclerotherapy, repeated intravariceal injection and combined intra- and paravariceal injection were the two main techniques and 10-year cumulative survival rates were 62.8% in Child A cases, 47.7% in Child B cases, and 13.2% in Child C cases. With regard to surgical procedures, 10-year survival rates were 50.6% in esophageal transection, 42.5% in gastric transection, 53.1% in cardiectomy, and 43.0% in selective shunt procedures. We are quite convinced that this report will prove useful in determining the future strategy for treating esophageal varices.

Esophageal and Gastric Varices↗
PubMed1990

The clinical features and prognosis of rhabdomyosarcoma: follow-up studies on pediatric tumors from the Japanese Pediatric Tumor Registry 1971-1980. Part II. Committee of Malignant Tumors, Japanese Society of Pediatric Surgeons.

A retrospective study was conducted on 126 patients with rhabdomyosarcoma enrolled in the Japanese Pediatric Tumor Registry between 1971 and 1980. The age of the patients ranged from less than 1 year to 15 years, and the male to female ratio was 1.3:1.0. Primary sites included the pelvis (37.3 per cent), abdomen (23.8 per cent), head and neck (21.4 per cent), thorax (9.5 per cent), extremities (6.4 per cent) and unknown (1.6 per cent). According to the staging system of the Japanese Society of Pediatric Surgeons, the extent of disease was classified into stages Ia (26.2 per cent of the total); Ib (14.6 per cent); II (12.6 per cent), III (29.1 per cent) and IV (17.5 per cent). The clinical stage was significantly correlated with survival outcome in this series (p less than 0.05). Age, sex, histology and primary site per se had no independent prognostic influence on tumor-free survival. With regard to treatment modalities, surgery was performed in 94.0 per cent of the patients, and radiotherapy at a mean dose of 37 Gy, and/or multi-agent chemotherapy in 41.7 per cent and 80.0 per cent, respectively. The patients who underwent total excision had a better survival outcome than those who did not (p less than 0.05). Combination chemotherapy such as VAC was more commonly administered in the latter study period. The overall 2-year tumor-free survival rate (2YTFSR) significantly improved from 24.0 per cent in the former period between 1971 and 1975 to 48.7 per cent in the latter period between 1976 and 1980 (p less than 0.05).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Ultrasound bone densitometry of the calcaneus, determined with Sahara, in healthy Japanese adolescents: Japanese Population-based Osteoporosis (JPOS) Study.

To establish the reference values for quantitative ultrasound (QUS) indices (speed of sound [SOS]), and broadband ultrasonic attenuation [BUA]) in healthy Japanese adolescents, and to evaluate the effects of age and body size on QUS in comparison with their effects on bone mineral density (BMD), 632 healthy adolescents aged 12 through 17 years recruited from a larger cohort study (Japanese Population-based Osteoporosis [JPOS] Study), were examined in terms of bone mass measurements by QUS at the calcaneus (Sahara; Hologic) and by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at the distal one-third radius and ultradistal forearm. We present sex- and age-specific mean values of the QUS and BMD indices. BMD increased significantly up to 17 years of age in males and up to 16 years in females. However, the age-related change in the QUS indices in males was not as clear as that seen for BMD and no age-related change in the QUS indices was observed in females. Significant positive correlation coefficients between BMD and body size were observed in both sexes even after adjusting for the effect of age. SOS showed no correlation with body size and BUA showed a positive but weak correlation with body size in both sexes. Thus, the relationships of age and body size to BMD and QUS were different from each other, even though the QUS indices had significant positive correlations with BMD, allowing for the effect of age.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1996

Three different point mutations in the butyrylcholinesterase gene of three Japanese subjects with a silent phenotype: possible Japanese type alleles.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate genetic mutations in three Japanese subjects homozygous for silent butyrylcholinesterase mutations. METHODS AND RESULTS: One of them was compound heterozygous for two mutations; GGA(Gly) to CGA(Arg) at codon 365 (G365R) and CAA(Gln) to TAA(Ter) at codon 119 (Q119X). The other two subjects were homozygous for different missense mutations: CGT(Arg) to TGT(Cys) at codon 515 (R515C) and G365R, respectively. Simple identification methods for all of the mutations were developed and applied for family analysis and to control individuals. Two mutations, G365R and R515C, have been reported in the Japanese population, while the nonsense mutation Q119X was discovered in the present study. Genetic heterogeneity between human populations with regard to the butyrylcholinesterase gene was suggested. CONCLUSIONS: Among the three mutations found in this investigation, one was novel, and none of these mutations have been reported outside Japan.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Plasma insulin levels in Japanese and Japanese-American men with type 2 diabetes may be related to the occurrence of cardiovascular disease.

Sixty-eight second-generation Japanese-American (Nisei) men 45-74 years old and 26 Tokyo Japanese men 40-72 years old with type 2 diabetes were given 75 g glucose by mouth, and their venous blood levels of glucose and insulin were measured at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 min. Blood glucose levels were similar for the two groups but the Nisei had higher levels of insulin at all time points (P less than 0.006). The Nisei men had a higher mean body mass index (P less than 0.001) and the Tokyo men had had diabetes for a longer duration (P less than 0.001). Data were also compared following selection of a subgroup of Nisei men (n = 39) with a diabetes duration of 2-25 years, making this group more similar to the Tokyo men with respect to this variable. The Nisei still had significantly higher plasma insulin levels. Because of a significant (P less than 0.01) positive correlation between plasma insulin and body mass index in Nisei, but not in Tokyo men, data comparing the Nisei subgroup and Tokyo men were re-examined by analysis of covariance. With an adjustment for body mass index in the analysis, all differences in plasma insulin, except for the fasting insulin level, were no longer significant between the Nisei and Tokyo men, suggesting that body mass index was responsible for these differences.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Assimilation efficiency of Rhinoceros Auklet (Cerorhinca monocerata) chicks fed Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) and Japanese sand lance (Ammodytes personatus).

We investigated the assimilation efficiency (AE) of a piscivorous alcid, Rhinoceros Auklet (Cerorhinca monocerata), chicks when fed Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) and Japanese sand lance (Ammodytes personatus), which are their main prey species. The assimilation efficiency corrected for nitrogen retention (NR) of the chicks fed sand lance (81.6%) was significantly higher than those fed anchovy (78.0%). The values of assimilation efficiencies for both fish species are similar to those of fish-fed seabird adults and fledglings.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2003

Magnetic mismatch fields elicited by vowel duration and pitch changes in Japanese words in humans: comparison between native- and non-speakers of Japanese.

Previous event-related brain potential research showed that mismatch negativity was elicited by phoneme contrasts in fluent second language (L2) learners, but not in non-speakers of L2. The present study tested whether the magnetic mismatch field (MMF) would be elicited in response to temporal and spectral changes in three Japanese synthesized words for both native- and non-speakers of Japanese. Magnetoencephalography responses were recorded with a dual 37-channel gradiometer. Unlike short-to-long vowel duration and falling-to-level pitch changes, long-to-short duration and level-to-falling pitch changes elicited a prominent MMF bilaterally for both groups, peaking at around 100 ms after change onset for duration and 200 ms for pitch. The MMF component is sensitive to vowel shortening rather than lengthening and to pitch falling rather than leveling. Automatic detection of changes in vowel shortening and pitch falling is a useful index of language-non-specific auditory memory traces.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2004

A randomized, open-label, comparative study of simvastatin plus diet versus diet alone on angiographic retardation of coronary atherosclerosis in adult Japanese patients: Japanese utilization of simvastatin therapy (JUST) study.

BACKGROUND: Cholesterol-lowering therapy reduces the risk of cardiovascular events by slowing the progression or enhancing the regression of coronary atherosclerosis. OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the effects of simvastatin 10 mg/d on progressive coronary atherosclerosis in Japanese patients with coronary artery disease and mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia. METHODS: In a 2-year, open-label comparative study, patients with coronary atherosclerotic lesions (> or =50% diameter stenosis) and serum total cholesterol levels > or =200 and < or =280 mg/dL were randomly assigned to 2 groups: 1 group received simvastatin 10 mg/d taken orally with diet (S-D) and the other group was assigned to diet alone (D). Atherosclerotic progression in coronary segments was compared in the 2 groups using quantitative coronary angiography (QCA). QCA measurements were done under blinded conditions. The study's primary end point was the comparison of mean changes in each segment's minimum obstruction diameter (MOD) or mean segment diameter (MSD) between the S-D group and the D group. RESULTS: A total of 299 patients were randomized, 146 to the S-D group and 153 to the D group. Mean (SD) age was 58.7 (8.0) years and mean (SD) total cholesterol level was 232.6 (21.6) mg/dL at baseline. After 2 years, serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels decreased by 31.9% in the S-D group and by 2.0% in the D group. QCA showed significant stenotic progression in the D group, with reductions in MOD and MSD both by per-segment-based (P < 0.001 and P = 0.004, respectively) and per-patient-based (both P = 0.004) analyses. Although simvastatin treatment suppressed atherosclerotic progression in both per-segment- and per-patient-based analyses, significant reductions were found only in MOD values with per-segment-based analyses (P = 0.034). In a categorical approach, progression was found in significantly fewer segments in the S-D group compared with the D group (MOD, P = 0.014; MSD, P = 0.003), with odds ratios (S-D) group/D group) of 0.571 for MOD and 0.390 for MSD. Significantly fewer patients with angiographic progression were observed in the S-D group (23.3%) compared with the D group (39.4%) with respect to MSD (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Two years of treatment with simvastatin 10 mg/d improved patients' lipid profile and retarded coronary atherosclerotic progression in Japanese patients with coronary artery disease and mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia

Anticholesteremic Agents↗
PubMed2000

Protective effect of a traditional Japanese medicine, Bu-zhong-yi-qi-tang (Japanese name: Hochu-ekki-to), on the restraint stress-induced susceptibility against Listeria monocytogenes.

In this study, the effect of traditional Japanese (Chinese) medicine, Bu-zhong-yi-qi-tang (Japanese name: Hochu-ekki-to, HOT), on the restraint stress treatment (RST)-induced susceptibility against Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) was examined. When RST was performed every day for 10 h from the day of infection, the bacterial numbers were increased at 3 and 5 days after the infection. Oral pretreatment with HOT for 7 days prevented such increases. Pretreatment with HOT prevented the suppression of antigen-specific IFN-gamma production by RST. HOT also prevented suppression of macrophage accumulation, including MHC-class II positives, in the peritoneal cavity and their bactericidal activity by RST. HOT suppressed the serum corticosterone level elevated by RST in infected mice. Taken together, the suppression of corticosterone using HOT participates in the prevention of suppressions of the bactericidal activity of macrophages, migration of macrophages and antigen-specific IFN-gamma production of Th1 cells by RST. Our findings suggest that HOT is a useful drug for patients suffering from stress disease to reduce the susceptibility to bacterial infection.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

hOGG1 exon7 polymorphism and gastric cancer in case-control studies of Japanese Brazilians and non-Japanese Brazilians.

Polymorphism of hOGG1 may be capable of serving as a genetic marker for individual susceptibility to various cancers because of its role in the repair of oxyradical DNA damage. We examined the distribution of the hOGG1 Ser326Cys polymorphism and its presumed correlation with gastric cancer risk in two case-control studies of different ethnic groups in São Paulo, Brazil. Potentially eligible Japanese (JB) and non-Japanese Brazilian (NJB) case subjects were defined as patients with newly diagnosed malignant neoplasms of the stomach in 13 hospitals in São Paulo. Ninety-six JBs and 236 NJBs were adopted as subjects. Two controls were matched for each JB case, and one control for each NJB case. The subjects were interviewed using a questionnaire and their blood samples were collected. A significant difference in the distribution of this polymorphism between the two ethnic groups was observed (chi(2)=58.3, P<0.01). The mutant type (Ser/Cys or Cys/Cys) was predominant (approximately 65%) in the JBs, but was only present in approximately 40% of the NJBs. Logistic regression analysis showed no significant increased risk for either the Ser/Cys or Cys/Cys type in either group. The odds ratios of the Cys allele for gastric cancer were 1.01 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.52-1.93) in the JBs and 0.85 (95% CI: 0.57-1.26) in the NJBs. In the NJBs, a significant increased risk of smoking was shown only in the Ser/Ser type, and no increased risk was shown in the genotypes with the Cys allele. However, no statistically significant interactions were observed with smoking or other possible confounding factors. No statistically significant difference in the distribution of the polymorphism was observed between the intestinal type and diffuse type of gastric cancer in either the JBs or the NJBs. The ethnic difference in hOGG1 Ser326Cys polymorphism was much greater than the case-control difference, and this polymorphism is unlikely to be associated with gastric cancer.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Seasonal changes of humoral and cellular immune responses to Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) pollen allergens in Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) with pollinosis.

The natural occurrence of Japanese cedar [Cryptomeria japonica (CJ)] pollinosis has been reported in Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata). The present study was designed to investigate seasonal changes in immunological reactions to CJ pollen allergens in monkeys with CJ pollinosis. Blood samples were collected from six monkeys with CJ pollinosis before and after CJ pollen season. Seasonal changes in specific IgE and IgG to major allergens (Cry j 1 and Cry j 2) were observed before and after CJ pollen season. The humoral responses decreased significantly before CJ pollen and increased after CJ pollen season. Similar seasonal changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells proliferative responses to CJ allergens were observed before and after CJ pollen season. These humoral and cellular immune responses might serve as a biomarker for assessing new immunotherapies for monkeys with pollinosis.

Allergens↗
PubMed1996

The COL4A5 gene in Japanese Alport syndrome patients: spectrum of mutations of all exons. The Japanese Alport Network.

To determine the spectrum of mutations of the COL4A5 gene encoding type IV collagen among Japanese Alport syndrome (AS) patients, 60 unrelated patients (47 males and 13 females) from all over the country were recruited. Screening for mutations in all the exons (1 to 51) of the COL4A5 gene was carried out by PCR-SSCP analysis. A mobility shift was observed in 22 of 60 patients, and their genomic DNA were analyzed by the direct sequence method and using cloned ssDNA. Nine of these had missense mutations in the collagenous domain (in exons 39, 37, 31, 29, 28, 27, 21, 20, 19). Eight of these mutations were observed in a codon of glycine residue. Two were altered to arginine, two to valine, two to glutamic acid and two to aspartic acid. The other missense mutation was a change from isoleucine to serine in a interruption region. Five patients had small size base deletions and one had a 4 bp insertion resulting in frameshift (in exons 49, 41, 19, 14, 13). Three had a splice site mutation (in exons 49, 47, 27). One had a nonsense mutation (in exon 17). These mutations seemed to be pathogenic, but the phenotype, which includes extrarenal manifestations, can vary with respect to both expression and severity. The remaining mutations were three silent ones (in exons 19, 39, 46). In addition, major gene rearrangement seemed to be rare in Japanese AS patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Stromal-epithelial measurements of prostate cancer in native Japanese and Japanese-American men.

We measured the histologic stromal and epithelial tissue components of the benign (normal) and malignant tissue compartments of Japanese-Americans (J-A) and native Japanese (NJ) men living in Japan. The patient cohort included 25 NJ men undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP) in Nagoya, Japan and 25 J-A (second or third generation US born). We conducted tissue image quantitation (in-house image software) of the stromal and epithelial compartments in malignant and adjacent normal tissue areas from a tissue microarray (TMA) selected from radical prostatectomy (RP) blocks. Stromal-epithelial (S-E) areas were determined using immunohistochemical stains for CAM-5.2 epithelial cytokeratin marker and the Masson trichrome stain to measure the stroma component. We observed differences in the volumes of normal and cancer epithelium and stroma within both the J-A and NJ study populations (P<0.01). Only the individual average cancer epithelium (CE) volume (JA=24.1 vs NJ=29.9) differed significantly between the NJ and J-A study populations (P=0.03). Consequently, the S-E ratio in NJ group was significantly different from that of J-A population (P=0.05). The decrease in S-E ratio noted in the malignant tissues of NJ prostate tissue may provide a biological marker for differentiation of the two groups and suggests a need for further investigations into the molecular basis for these histologic differences.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

A double-blind, placebo-controlled dose-response study with budesonide Turbuhaler in Japanese asthma patients. Japanese Pulmicort Turbuhaler study group.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the dose-response for inhaled budesonide via Turbuhaler in Japanese patients with mild to moderate asthma. METHODOLOGY: Inhaled budesonide 100 microg, 200 microg, 400 microg or placebo was administered twice daily via Turbuhaler for 6 weeks, to 267 adult Japanese patients (mean age 51 years) with mild-to-moderate, non-steroid-dependent bronchial asthma, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, parallel group study. The patients had to be symptomatic for more than 3 days/week and have an average morning peak expiratory flow (PEF) 50-80% of predicted normal value. RESULTS: The response to budesonide was rapid, all treatments showing a significant improvement in morning PEF after 1 week (P<0.05). During week 6, mean improvements of 15, 45, 53 and 71 L/min were observed for the placebo, 200 microg, 400 microg and 800 microg budesonide groups, respectively. Compared with placebo all improvements in the budesonide groups were statistically significant and a significant dose-response was demonstrated (P<0.001). The difference between the 200 microg and 800 microg doses was significant. Also, for several secondary efficacy variables (e.g. evening PEF, symptom score, treatment score, daily activity score and sleep score) significant dose-responses were shown. Other variables included the investigators' assessments of improvement and usefulness. They also showed statistically significant dose-response relationships and confirmed the rapid onset of action. Budesonide was well tolerated at all tested doses, with a low incidence of adverse events, all of which were minor in severity. CONCLUSIONS: Budesonide Turbuhaler in the doses 100 microg to 400 microg twice daily was effective, well tolerated and showed a rapid onset of action in patients with mild-to-moderate asthma. Dose-response was demonstrated for several variables of clinical efficacy.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1991

Catamenial pneumothorax: report of a case and review of the Japanese and non-Japanese literature.

A case of catamenial pneumothorax (CPT) was presented. The patient is a 34-year-old Japanese woman who had two histories of right pneumothorax occurring simultaneously with the menstruation. A thoracotomy, several blue cysts and tiny perforations were noted in the diaphragm. Partial excision of the lesion gave a favorable result. Pathological examination of the excised diaphragm revealed an endometriosis. Fisterography of the perforations at thoracotomy showed the pathway between thoracic and abdominal space. But the contrast medium didn't spread widely into the abdomen, but remained localized at the right paracolonic space, in accord with the right side predominancy of the endometriosis of the diaphragm which causes the CPT. The clinical and pathological features in Japanese cases including our own case are compared with those in English literature.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The characteristics of bone turnover in the second decade in relation to age and puberty development in healthy Japanese male and female subjects--Japanese Population-based Osteoporosis Study.

BACKGROUND: There are few studies that clarify the characteristics of bone turnover in children and adolescents. Furthermore, little has been published on changes in urinary CrossLaps(TM) (CTx) in Japanese subjects. AIM: To investigate biochemical markers of bone turnover in subjects, in relation to age and puberty development. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We measured serum bone specific alkaline phosphatase (B-Alp) and CTx in 1207 Japanese subjects aged 9-18 years. As an indicator of puberty development, the age that pubic hair appeared in males and menstruation started in females was obtained from questionnaires. RESULTS: B-Alp and CTx/Cr (creatinine) had high values before and just after the indicators and was lower thereafter, reaching a plateau in both genders. There was no significant difference in these values in males 5-6 years, or 7 years and more after the appearance of pubic hair. B-Alp and CTx/Cr values 7 years and more after menarche were significantly lower than those 5-6 years after menarche, however the differences were relatively small. CONCLUSIONS: Subjects in the second decade can be divided into three groups: 'before the appearance of pubic hair for males and menarche for females', 'up to and including 3-4 years after them' and '5-6 years and more after them'.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Urinary excretion of lignans and isoflavonoid phytoestrogens in Japanese men and women consuming a traditional Japanese diet.

Epidemiologic studies revealed low mortality in hormone-dependent cancer in Japanese women and men consuming a traditional diet. We previously found that certain diphenolic food components, lignans and isoflavonoids, which are converted to biologically active hormone-like substances by intestinal microflora, may be cancer-protective agents. Therefore, we studied urinary excretion of these compounds (enterolactone, enterodiol, daidzein, equol, and O-desmethylangolensin) in 10 women and 9 men in a rural village south of Kyoto, Japan. The subjects consumed a typical low-fat diet with much rice and soy products, fish, and vegetables. An isotope-dilution gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method was used for the assays. The urinary excretion of lignans was low but that of the isoflavonoids was very high. The excretion of isoflavonoids correlated with soybean-product intake. The low mortality in breast and prostate cancer of Japanese women and men, respectively, may be due to the high intake of soybean products.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

A cross-sectional analysis of quality of life in Japanese acne patients using the Japanese version of Skindex-16.

We measured the quality of life of Japanese patients with acne using the Japanese version of Skindex-16, a semantically equivalent and validated translation of the original version produced by Chren et al. A total of 210 acne patients were enrolled in this study. The results showed that patients with acne experienced more severe emotional effects from their skin disease than functional or symptomatic effects. The scores for emotional aspects were related to the severity of the patients' acne following a prescribed scale, but the scores were high even when the patients only had a few comedones. Akaike's information criterion showed that the scores for symptoms were related to the severity of the patients' acne, and the patients' emotions were related to the interval between clinic visits. To improve patients' quality of life, treatment of comedones should be fully respected. In addition, dermatologists should encourage patients to visit clinics regularly to help them improve the emotional aspects of their quality of life.

Acne Vulgaris↗