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PubMed1988

High resolution computed tomography of the cadaveric sternoclavicular joint: findings in degenerative joint disease.

High resolution, narrow collimation, axial computed tomography of the sternoclavicular joint was used to describe changes secondary to degenerative joint disease in 32 cadaveric specimens. The distribution and pattern of sclerosis, cystic changes, and osteophyte formation in the axial plane were well demonstrated using this technique. Joint space narrowing was sometimes difficult to assess. Subtle joint space calcification was exquisitely demonstrated using computed tomography. Clavicular head cupping, an anatomic variant, may predispose to more severe degenerative change. Computed tomography is an excellent means to analyze the sternoclavicular joint for the presence of degenerative joint disease and may be the imaging modality of choice in assessing articular disorders of the sternoclavicular joint.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Articular chondrocytes from animals with a dermatan sulfate storage disease undergo a high rate of apoptosis and release nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines: a possible mechanism underlying degenerative joint disease in the mucopolysaccharidoses.

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) Type VI (Maroteaux-Lamy Disease) is the lysosomal storage disease characterized by deficient arylsulfatase B activity and the resultant accumulation of dermatan sulfate-containing glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). A major feature of this and other MPS disorders is abnormal cartilage and bone development leading to short stature, dysostosis multiplex, and degenerative joint disease. To investigate the underlying cause(s) of degenerative joint disease in the MPS disorders, articular cartilage and cultured articular chondrocytes were examined from rats and cats with MPS VI. An age-progressive increase in the number of apoptotic chondrocytes was identified in the MPS animals by terminal transferase nick-end translation (TUNEL) staining and by immunohistochemical staining with anti-poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) antibodies. Articular chondrocytes grown from these animals also released more nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) into the culture media than did control chondrocytes. Notably, dermatan sulfate, the GAG that accumulates in MPS VI cells, induced NO release from normal chondrocytes, suggesting that GAG accumulation was responsible, in part, for the enhanced cell death in the MPS cells. Coculture of normal chondrocytes with MPS VI cells reduced the amount of NO release, presumably because of the release of arylsulfatase B by the normal cells and reuptake by the mutant cells. As a result of the enhanced chondrocyte death, marked proteoglycan and collagen depletion was observed in the MPS articular cartilage matrix. These results demonstrate that MPS VI articular chondrocytes undergo cell death at a higher rate than normal cells, because of either increased levels of dermatan sulfate and/or the presence of inflammatory cytokines in the MPS joints. In turn, this leads to abnormal cartilage matrix homeostasis in the MPS individuals, which further exacerbates the joint deformities characteristic of these disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Pedicle marrow signal intensity changes in the lumbar spine: a manifestation of facet degenerative joint disease.

OBJECTIVE: Signal intensity changes in lumbar pedicles, similar to those described in vertebral body endplates adjacent to degenerated discs, have been described as an ancillary sign of spondylolysis on MRI. The purpose of this study was to determine whether pedicle marrow signal intensity changes also occur in association with facet degenerative joint disease. DESIGN: Eighty-nine lumbar spine MRI examinations without spondylolysis were reviewed for marrow signal intensity changes in pedicles and vertebral bodies as well as for facet degenerative joint disease. RESULTS: Five percent (46/890) of lumbar pedicles in 23 patients had marrow signal intensity changes. Ninety-one percent (42/46) of the abnormal pedicles had adjacent degenerative joint disease of the facets, while only 21% (189/890) of normal pedicles had adjacent facet degenerative joint disease (p<0.001). Eighty-nine percent (41/46) of the pedicles with marrow signal intensity changes had adjacent degenerative disc disease. CONCLUSIONS: Pedicle marrow signal intensity changes are not a specific sign of spondylolysis; they are commonly seen with adjacent facet degenerative joint disease in the absence of spondylolysis. Pedicle marrow signal intensity changes are probably a response to abnormal stresses related to abnormal motion or loading caused by the degenerative changes in the spinal segment.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Future trends in surgical management of joint diseases.

The development of artificial joints has made it possible for many victims of joint destruction to lead normal lives. However, a number of problems have limited the proportion of patients that might benefit from prostheses. The author discusses developments that could overcome many of the obstacles and make the benefits of reconstructive surgery available to a larger population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Establishment of the International Assessment Committee of Bone and Joint Diseases.

During the International Conference of the Bone and Joint Decade, held in Tokyo in April 2002, the International Assessment Committee of Bone and Joint Diseases was established. This committee is responsible for data collection, effective prevention and treatment, supply of care provisions, costs and priorities, and measurement to determine the outcome of patients with bone and joint diseases. Study planning was initiated by the Japanese Committee of Assessment, in cooperation with the Bone and Joint Monitor Project conducted by Prof. Anthony Woolf. As a result of our studies, we expect to obtain data concerning international comparisons of incidence, prevalence, and impact, as well as secular trends regarding the burden of musculoskeletal conditions, risk factors, and outcomes of each condition. Described here are results of population-based studies regarding the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, and limb fractures in Japan compared with those in Western countries, as well as a comparison of secular trends of RA incidence between Japanese and European subjects.

Advisory Committees↗
PubMed1990

Role of computed tomography in the evaluation of suspected sacroiliac joint disease.

Computed tomography (CT) was compared with plain radiography in 41 examinations of selected patients with a clinical history suggestive of sacroiliac joint disease. The obliquity of the sacroiliac joints renders radiographic interpretation difficult. In the 41 cases who were examined with standard anteroposterior and posteroanterior radiographs of the sacroiliac joints, four were normal, eight abnormal and 29 were equivocal. Equivocal findings included indistinct and possibly irregular articular margins to the joints and subarticular sclerosis. Of the 29 equivocal studies, nine were normal on CT and 20 were abnormal. CT demonstrated definite changes of sacroiliac joint disease in 29 of the 41 examinations, 16 of which were sacroiliitis and 13 osteoarthritis. With plain radiography four of the eight abnormal studies were consistent with sacroiliitis, and four with osteoarthritis. It is concluded that CT is more sensitive than plain radiography in the evaluation of sacroiliac joint disease, and is especially valuable when there are equivocal plain radiographs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Radiographic evidence of degenerative joint disease in geriatric cats: 100 cases (1994-1997).

OBJECTIVE: To determine prevalence of radiographic evidence of degenerative joint disease (DJD) in geriatric cats. DESIGN: Retrospective study. POPULATION: 100 cats > 12 years of age. PROCEDURE: One investigator reviewed radiographs and for each articulation (or group of articulations) that was visible assigned a grade of severity (0, 1, 2, 3) for DJD. Another investigator reviewed medical records and recorded signalment, environment, previous disease, diseases evident at time of radiography, FeLV vaccination and infection status, feline immunodeficiency virus serologic status, serum creatinine concentration, serum globulin concentration, and any other important findings. Associations between DJD of grade 2 or 3 and variables recorded from the medical record were determined. RESULTS: Radiographic evidence of DJD was evident in 90% of cats. Neurologic disease was associated with lesions in the lumbosacral portion of the vertebral column. Severe lesions were found in 17% of the elbow joints, but an underlying cause was not determined. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Degenerative joint disease was detected radiographically in most geriatric cats and may be an overlooked cause of clinical disease. Clinicians should be alert to the possibility that DJD is associated with neurologic signs.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Degenerative knee joint disease in mice lacking 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthetase 2 (Papss2) activity: a putative model of human PAPSS2 deficiency-associated arthrosis.

OBJECTIVE: Murine brachymorphism (bm) results from an autosomal recessive mutation of the Papss2 gene that encodes 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthetase 2, one of the principal enzymes required for the sulfation of extracellular matrix molecules in cartilage and other tissues. A spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia has been identified in Pakistani kindred having a mutation of PAPSS2. In addition to skeletal malformations that include short stature evident at birth due to limb shortening, brachydactyly, and kyphoscoliosis, affected individuals demonstrate premature onset degenerative joint disease. We investigated whether loss of Papss2 activity would similarly lead to degenerative joint disease in mice. METHODS: Mice carrying the bm mutation on a C57BL/6 background were obtained from the Jackson Laboratory. Limbs were analyzed by micro-computed tomography (microCT) and histology. RESULTS: At 12 months of age both male and female bm mice exhibited severe degenerative knee joint disease, with cartilage damage being primarily evident in the patello-femoral and medial compartments. Control 12-14-month-old C57BL/6 mice, in contrast, only occasionally demonstrated minimal cartilage damage. muCT imaging of bm limbs revealed shortened diaphyses associated with flared metaphyses in the proximal elements of both fore and hind limbs. Additionally, the bm hind limbs demonstrated extensive structural alterations, characterized by distortion of the patello-femoral groove, and prominent bowing of both tibia and fibula. CONCLUSIONS: The bm mutant, which develops severe articular cartilage lesions of the knee joint by approximately 12 months of age, represents a novel example of murine degenerative joint disease, possibly representing a model of human PAPSS2 deficiency-associated arthrosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Value of direct smears of synovial fluid in the diagnosis of canine joint disease.

Assessments of direct smears of synovial fluid by four clinicians were compared with the results obtained with a Coulter counter. Estimates of total white cell counts by the clinicians were inaccurate and generally higher than the Coulter counter results. The method had a low sensitivity and specificity for the identification of degenerative joint disease and normal joints in comparison with the identification of inflammatory joint disease. There were marked variations in the results obtained by the four clinicians for all the analyses in the study.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Plain-film diagnosis of joint disease.

The authors describe a systematic approach to plain-film diagnosis of joint disease. The major radiologic criteria--soft-tissue swelling, joint-space narrowing, bone erosion, bone sclerosis and osteophytosis, and chondrocalcinosis--are considered first. Assessing the involvement of the minor criteria of joint disease--soft-tissue atrophy or calcification, malalignment, osteoporosis, abnormal growth, intra-articular bony ankylosis, bone fragmentation, periostitis, subperiosteal resorption or acro-osteolysis--narrows the probabilities to the more likely diagnoses. Further analysis includes the distribution of joint injury, whether mono- or polyarticular, symmetrical or asymmetrical. Added to clinical information, this approach leads to a specific or refined differential diagnosis.

Cartilage, Articular↗
PubMed1992

Proteoglycan synthesis and osteophyte formation in 'metabolically' and 'mechanically' induced murine degenerative joint disease: an in-vivo autoradiographic study.

We investigated the in-vivo proteoglycan synthesis in specific areas of murine knee joint articular cartilage after the induction of degenerative joint disease by means of 35S-sulphate autoradiography. Degenerative joint disease was induced either by direct interference with cartilage metabolism (papain and iodoacetate), or by the induction of joint instability (collagenase). Injection of iodoacetate and papain led to inhibition of proteoglycan synthesis mainly in the central parts of the patellae, patellaris femoris and the central part of the medial tibial plateau. Articular cartilage adjacent to the strongly inhibited areas frequently showed a significantly enhanced synthesis of proteoglycans. A strong inhibition of proteoglycan synthesis was observed in the central part of the medial plateau after collagenase injection while other cartilage sites and joint structures such as the capsule and ligaments were stimulated in their proteoglycan synthesis. This study shows that the localization of changes in cartilage metabolism in degenerative joint disease of the knee might be related to differences in the pathogenetic mechanism in different variants of this common joint disorder.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Noncollagenous proteins in cartilage of normal subjects and patients with degenerative joint disease. A gel electrophoretic study.

Normal articular cartilage from subjects of various ages and cartilage from patients with degenerative joint disease were extracted with 4M guanidinium chloride. After dialysis against 8M urea pH 6.8, a 0.2M NaCl fraction was obtained by ion exchange chromatography on DE-52 in 8M urea. This fraction was concentrated, reduced, and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (7% gels). Six major noncollagenous protein bands (P1-P6) were found; 2 were identified as the link proteins. The approximate molecular weights of P1-P6 were: 87,000, 64,000, 56,000, 46,000, 41,000, and 27,000. A similar sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis pattern of P1-P6 was found in young baboons, in normal young and aged humans, and in patients with degenerative joint disease. Peaks corresponding to extracted collagen were decreased in older patients and increased in patients with degenerative joint disease, even those of advanced age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Determination of cathepsins B and H in sera and synovial fluids of patients with different joint diseases.

Synovial fluids and sera of patients with inflammatory and metabolic joint diseases contain different cysteine proteinases. The quantities of cathepsins B and H were determined by newly developed specific enzyme-linked immunoassay tests (ELISA), with detection limits of 0.5 microgram/l for cathepsin B and 3 micrograms/l for cathepsin H. The values of cathepsin B in normal sera ranged from 0.6 microgram/l to 2 micrograms/l, whereas in sera of patients with joint diseases they ranged from 1.7 micrograms/l to 18 micrograms/l. Cathepsin H was not found in sera (values below 3 micrograms/l), but was measurable in patients' synovial fluids. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis have on average the highest values of cathepsin B in synovial fluids, whereas patients with undifferentiated arthritis have the highest values of cathepsin H. The results show that cathepsins B and H are present in arthritic synovial fluids, where they may be implicated in destructive processes. There is yet no clear correlation between the quantity of each cathepsin released in synovia and the clinical diagnosis or the stage of the disease.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1981

[Immunology and joint disease (author's transl)].

The present view is concerned with a number of joint diseases occurring in man and pets, the pathogenesis of which is (partly) immunological. This review is preceded by the discussion of a relevant part of immunology. The diagnostic laboratory procedures dealt with in the paper consist in diagnostic routine tests performed in (medical) clinico-immunological laboratories. With a few exceptions, it appears to be possible to establish a diagnosis of similar diseases in animals using comparable methods. A reliable diagnosis of these joint diseases in pets is not only of importance from the point of view of comparative nosology, but may also revive interest in the animal as a model of these forms of disease. Finally, human so-called seronegative spondylo-arthropathy associated with the presence of particular tissue antigen, is briefly discussed. Similar associations in pets such as dogs should also be studied.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Practical application of phonoarthrography in the diagnosis of knee joint disease (author's transl)].

198 Phonoarthrographic examinations of the knee joint are reported on. An analysis was then carried out on the noise in knee joints with clinically and operatively demonstrated gonarthritis, chondromalacia of the patella, meniscus lesion and complex ligament injuries of the knee joint. Our results show that statistically, due to the division of the noise peaks into frequency groups, the four examined conditions could be separately identified. A practical use is possible now, in diagnosis as well as in examining the progress in knee joint disease. The representation of pathological-anatomical changes by phonoarthrograhy allows the effectiveness of therapeutical measures to be checked. This simple painless examination method provides an additional aid to diagnosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Cellular immune response toward human articular chondrocytes. T cell reactivities against chondrocyte and fibroblast membranes in destructive joint diseases.

Articular cartilage is one of the major targets in destructive joint diseases in humans. We studied cellular immune reactions against cartilage cell-surface membranes, because it has recently been suggested that these represent possible antigenic structures, based upon the observation of autoantibodies with this specificity in certain joint diseases. A striking T cell reactivity toward chondrocyte membranes was found both in blood and synovial tissue from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. This reactivity was strongly dependent on the presence of monocytes and had all the characteristics of an antigen-driven process. Clonal analysis demonstrated high precursor frequencies in peripheral blood T cells that were reactive against chondrocyte membranes. This response to chondrocyte membranes greatly exceeded the T cell stimulation induced by membranes from other sources such as fibroblasts or epithelial cells. In contrast to patients with rheumatoid arthritis, individuals with osteoarthritis showed a strong peripheral blood and synovial fluid T cell response not only to chondrocyte membranes, but also to fibroblast membrane material. However, there was no reactivity to epithelial cell membranes. Normal donors generally did not show significant responses to any membrane preparation. These data indicate that there is a strong T cell reactivity toward chondrocyte membranes in destructive joint disorders, and this may significantly contribute to the pathogenetic processes that occur in these diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence of radiographic signs of degenerative joint disease in a hospital population of cats.

The prevalence of radiographic signs of degenerative joint disease (including appendicular osteoarthritis) among a hospital population of 218 cats was 33.9 per cent (74 cats), and the prevalence of signs of appendicular joint osteoarthritis was 16.5 per cent (36 cats). Half of the cases of appendicular joint osteoarthritis had no apparent radiographic or historical cause, and clinical signs of lameness were recorded in only six of them, all of which had an apparent radiographic cause. The 74 cats with radiographic signs of degenerative joint disease were on average significantly older than the 144 cats in which there were no radiographic signs of the disease.

Age Factors↗