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PubMed1983

Wechsler discrepancies and the Rorschach experience balance.

A higher Performance than Verbal score commonly is interpreted as indicating a more externalizing, action-oriented style, while those who display the reverse pattern of WAIS scores often are seen as better able to delay. Because very similar personality descriptions are developed from the Rorschach Experience Balance (EB), a relationship between Verbal-Performance discrepancies and the ratio of movement to color was predicted. Contrary to expectation, correlations between these two indices for a group of psychiatric inpatients (N = 188) and a group of non-referred children N = (47) were nonsignificant. The Wechsler discrepancy also was unrelated to other Rorschach indices and, for the children, to scores derived from a behavior checklist. These findings cast some doubt on the assumption of a common factor underlying the WAIS Verbal-Performance discrepancy and the Rorschach Experience Balance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Sex, politics, and personality: a multidimensional study of college students.

Two-hundred undergraduate students (100 males, 100 females matched on age and school year) in university dormitories were administered measures of sexual attitude and behavior, individual differences in stimulation seeking, personality, and political orientation (liberal-conservative). Factor analysis using the Harris interpretation strategy was applied to the data. Clear sexuality factors, with generally little contribution of the personality and political-orientation variables, were obtained.

Achievement↗
PubMed1994

Extraversion as a modifying factor in catecholamine and behavioral responses to ethanol.

Individual differences in catecholamine response to stress and ethanol were tested in extraverts and introverts on the basis of Eysenck's drug postulate claiming that introverts would be less susceptible to sedative drugs like ethanol. Forty-four healthy males received either 0.8 g/kg ethanol mixed into a drink of caffeine-free cola or a respective placebo and were tested with a stressful mental arithmetic task before and 40 min after the intake of the drink. Plasma catecholamines were determined from blood samples drawn at five defined intervals from an indwelling cannula and self-ratings on deactivation, relaxation, and anxiety were obtained as well as quality and quantity of performance in the arithmetic task. Results showed that there was no difference in catecholamine stress responses between introverts (Ex -) and extraverts (Ex +) before the drink, but that the intake of the fluid (both ethanol and placebo) resulted in higher norepinephrine (NE) increases in Ex - than in Ex +. The combined effects of ethanol and stress yielded larger responses of longer durations in Ex - than in Ex +. The concomitant psychological changes showed larger reductions in anxiety and increases in relaxation as well as larger decrements in quality of performance (% errors) in introverts in spite of their higher catecholamine increases. Thus, the predictions on the basis of arousal theory could not be verified experimentally and the drug postulate has to be modified in the sense that introverts probably have a higher depletion of NE in the central nervous system under physical but not under mental stress which is reflected by higher levels in the plasma and respective decreases in performance and activation.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Personality of recovered patients with bipolar affective disorder.

Personality traits of 45 patients with bipolar affective disorder who were fully recovered were compared with those of 78 patients with unipolar affective disorder (also fully recovered) and with those of 1172 never mentally ill first-degree relatives. The most striking finding is the similarity in personality between the recovered bipolar and unipolar patients, who both differed substantially from the never-ill group on measures of emotional strength. Bipolar men had normal levels of extraversion, whereas bipolar women, like unipolar women, were introverted.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Personality and male-female influences on the EEG alpha rhythm.

The amplitude and frequency of the alpha rhythm was measured in electroencephalic recordings from 45 male and 46 female university students. The mean alpha frequency of the female group was significantly greater than the male group. There was no significant difference in alpha frequency between females in the first half of the menstrual cycle and those in the second half. The relationship between questionnaire measures of psychoticism, extraversion and neuroticism, and the alpha rhythm was investigated using analysis of variance, correlation analysis and factor analysis. Alpha amplitude was significantly greater in extraverted subjects, alpha amplitude and extraversion scores were significantly correlated and both had high loadings on a single factor. No relationship between psychoticism or neuroticism and alpha frequency or amplitude was observed.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Extraversion and the EEG: II. A test of Gale's hypothesis.

The study sought to test A. Gale's hypothesis that only under moderately arousing conditions will introverts be shown to differ from extraverts in EEG defined arousal. Alpha activity was recorded for 45 subjects under each of six conditions, and extravert and introvert groups formed on the basis of subject's score on the E scale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ). Contrary to the hypothesis, extraverts showed more prestimulus alpha activity than introverts under all conditions except opening and closing eyes on instruction where the reverse was the case. It is argued that the failure to confirm the hypothesis is not due to faults in design or execution of the study, and that future research may profit more from ignoring interactions of the sort demonstrated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

P300, probability, and introverted/extroverted personality types.

Extreme introverted and extroverted subject groups (n = 24 each) containing equal numbers of male and females were assessed with the P300 (P3) component of the event-related potential (ERP). A two-tone auditory discrimination task in which the probability of the target stimulus varied systematically in different conditions (.20, .40, .60, .80) was used to elicit the ERPs. The P3 amplitude demonstrated a significant interaction between personality type, probability, and subject gender and was generally smaller for introverts than for extroverts. Female subjects tended to have larger overall P3 components than male subjects. P3 latency was not affected by the personality variable. The results support previous findings for ERP differences between introverts and extroverts and suggest that personality type differentially influences target stimulus probability effects. The findings are discussed in terms of individual differences in cortical activity on P3 amplitude and personality measures.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

The effects of persistent pain: the chronic headache sufferer.

A survey of the psychological characteristics of a large sample of chronic headache cases (n = 360), including classical and common migraine and tension headache sufferers, was carried out. Comparing groups defined in terms of the chronicity of their headache problems, it was found that those with a longer history of headache had a higher level of behavioural disruption and a stronger bond between pain experience, and both complaint levels and behavioural avoidance patterns. Despite the common somatic components (sleep disturbance, fatigue, irritability, etc.), depression was not found to be elevated in this chronic pain group. In addition, there was no evidence of depression levels being higher in the populations who had had a longer history of headache problems. Higher levels of complaint were found in those with higher depression and higher extroversion and neuroticism scores. Behavioural avoidance was significantly related to the emotional reaction component of pain. The implications of these findings with respect to the development of chronic headache are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

Relationship between SCL-90, Maudsley Personality Inventory and CCK4-induced intracellular calcium response in T cells.

This study examined the relationship between the Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90), Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI) and cholecystokinin 4 (CCK4)-induced intracellular calcium response in T cells. Fifty-two normal volunteers were 37 males and 15 females; they ranged in age from 23 to 44 years. Measures included CCK4-induced intracellular calcium response in T cells, SCL-90 scores, and MPI. Paranoid ideation and interpersonal sensitivity in SCL-90 showed a significant negative association with CCK4-induced intracellular calcium response. Absent were sex differences and extroversion and neuroticism correlations. There were no significant differences between men and women in SCL-90 or MPI scores. There was no correlation among extroversion and neuroticism and CCK4-induced intracellular calcium response. CCKB receptor function might play a role in paranoid ideation and interpersonal sensitivity.

Adult↗