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PubMed2004

Time pressure effects on information processing in overlapping tasks: evidence from the lateralized readiness potential.

Information processing is impaired when two tasks are performed concurrently. The interference between the tasks is commonly attributed to structural bottlenecks or strategic scheduling of information processing. The present experiment investigated the effects of time pressure for the second of two responses on information processing in overlapping tasks by recording the lateralized readiness potential (LRP). Time pressure shortened the latency of the second response by diminishing the time devoted to motoric processing. In addition, task interference decreased under time pressure, which is probably due to the relatively early availability of the central bottleneck stage rather than to increased overlap of central stages. The LRP also provided direct evidence for an additional bottleneck following response selection, possibly due to supramodal refractoriness of response initiation.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1994

Into the dangerous world: an in vivo study of information processing in agoraphobics.

The differential processing of threatening information in anxious patients is now well established, but there has been little attention to situational variation in information processing. A review of the experimental literature suggests that agoraphobics should show interference in the performance of the modified Stroop task for threat words and that this interference should increase in phobic situations. In the present study, agoraphobics and normal controls carried out the Stroop task either in a safe setting or a public place. Agoraphobics showed greater interference with threat words but this interference was not affected by setting. The implications of this result are considered.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Circadian control of visual information processing in the optic lobe of the giant cockroach Blaberus giganteus.

Extracellular spike activity from three different types of visual interneurons found in the optic lobe of the giant cockroach Blaberus giganteus was recorded. The spike rate of all three types of neurons fluctuated in a circadian manner in constant darkness (DD). Two types, so-called "on" neurons (ON1 and ON2), responded exclusively to stationary light stimuli. A static light pulse elicited a sustained component in ON1, whereas in ON2 only a brief transient response was observed. In ON1 neurons, responsiveness was high during the subjective night and low during the subjective day. The responsiveness of ON2 neurons had a peak during a few hours around subjective dusk and a smaller peak in the later subjective night. The third neuron type recorded consisted of a directionally selective motion-detecting (DSMD) neuron. The pure intensity response and the motion response of the DSMD neuron were high during the subjective day and low during the subjective night. The results show that visual interneurons in the optic lobes are influenced differently by the circadian oscillator system. It is suggested that the mode of circadian control depends on the role a neuron plays in the process of visual information processing.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Brain evoked responses reflect information processing changes with the menstrual cycle in young female athletes.

In sport activity, information processing plays a role crucial for sport performance. Neuropsychological and psychophysiological evidence based on behavioral and psychophysical tasks has been accumulated showing that the latter changes over the course of the menstrual cycle, but the available data are rather inconsistent. On the other hand, in sport literature, not much attention has been devoted to these topics by researchers who have mainly been asked to investigate changes in mood and well-being. Therefore, a study has been undertaken to investigate the relationships between the menstrual cycle and information processing in young female athletes, some of whom took oral contraceptives. The study was based on Auditory Evoked Responses that, unlike behavioral and psychophysical techniques, were revealed to be an exceptionally reliable tool for the study of neural activity during sensory information processing. The results showed the existence of clear fluctuations over the course of the menstrual cycle in time taken to handle information and in the amount of information processing that, with differences and similarities, could be observed both in spontaneously menstruating and on-pill athletes. In addition, neuroanatomical differences were evident in the response of different neural structures of the auditory pathways. In fact, the effects of the hormonal changes accompanying the menstrual cycle appear to be more effective and influential at higher central levels of the auditory pathway.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Evidence of an early information processing speed deficit in unipolar major depression.

BACKGROUND: Slowing of the speed of information processing has been reported in geriatric depression, but it is not clear if the impairment is present in younger patients, if motor retardation is responsible, or if antidepressant medications play a role. METHOD: Twenty unmedicated unipolar depressed inpatients were compared with 19 medicated depressed in-patients and 20 age-, sex- and verbal IQ-matched controls on inspection time (IT), a measure of speed of information processing that does not require a speeded motor response. We also examined the relationship between IT and current mood and length of depressive illness. RESULTS: Unmedicated depressed patients showed slowing of information processing speed when compared to both medicated depressed patients and controls. The latter two groups were not significantly different from each other. Slowing of IT was not associated with current mood, but was negatively correlated with length of illness since first episode. No differences in IT were found between patients receiving medication with anticholinergic effects and patients receiving medication with no anticholinergic effects. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that unipolar depression is associated with a slowing of speed of information processing in younger patients who have not received antidepressant medication. This does not appear to be a result of motor slowing.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Human information processing in different age.

The aim of investigation was to study the aging pecularities of information processing organization. 60 men and 90 women in four age groups: 30-39, 40-49, 50-59 and 60-65 were examined. The information processing was modeled by special computer test with working algorithm changes. The time and accuracy of each assignment were registered for each person. The psychophysiological mechanisms of informational processing were studied by informative mathematical methods. The results are showed that within the aging reduction of perception, processing and speed of reaction in older. As a result of the negative influence of aging shows the decline of mental activity efficiency. Aging decrease on mental capability provokes the compensation of psychophysiological mechanisms of adaptation. The main mechanism increases the psychophysiological organization stochastic and changes the type organization in informational processing to a self-finishing quest response. (Tab. 5, Ref. 22.)

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Do biomolecules process information differently than synthetic organic molecules?

This paper compares information/signal processing in synthetic and biological molecules. The role of conformation-based (shape-based) mechanisms and electrostatic interactions in molecular recognition is discussed. In biological electron transfer, the 'electron shuttle'-mediated mechanism is contrasted with the mechanism based on pre-formed 'electron wires'. While biological information processing is thought to be more distributed (less discrete), an example of molecular switch is presented: visual transduction. We further speculate that visual transduction may be implemented in the form of a switch based on electrostatic interactions. The concept of intelligent materials is discussed with the well-known Bohr effect of hemoglobin oxygenation. Based on these examples, we argue that there are no fundamental differences between synthetic and biological molecules in their mode of information processing. In the pursuit of novel paradigms of molecular information processing, we also perceive no conflicts in developing molecular devices that emulate the switching function of conventional microelectronic devices.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2001

Structural organization of parallel information processing within the tectofugal visual system of the pigeon.

Visual information processing within the ascending tectofugal pathway to the forebrain undergoes essential rearrangements between the mesencephalic tectum opticum and the diencephalic nucleus rotundus of birds. The outer tectal layers constitute a two-dimensional map of the visual surrounding, whereas nucleus rotundus is characterized by functional domains in which different visual features such as movement, color, or luminance are processed in parallel. Morphologic correlates of this reorganization were investigated by means of focal injections of the neuronal tracer choleratoxin subunit B into different regions of the nuclei rotundus and triangularis of the pigeon. Dependent on the thalamic injection site, variations in the retrograde labeling pattern of ascending tectal efferents were observed. All rotundal projecting neurons were located within the deep tectal layer 13. Five different cell populations were distinguished that could be differentiated according to their dendritic ramifications within different retinorecipient laminae and their axons projecting to different subcomponents of the nucleus rotundus. Because retinorecipient tectal layers differ in their input from distinct classes of retinal ganglion cells, each tectorotundal cell type probably processes different aspects of the visual surrounding. Therefore, the differential input/output connections of the five tectorotundal cell groups might constitute the structural basis for spatially segregated parallel information processing of different stimulus aspects within the tectofugal visual system. Because two of five rotundal projecting cell groups additionally exhibited quantitative shifts along the dorsoventral extension of the tectum, data also indicate visual field-dependent alterations in information processing for particular visual features.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

A longitudinal investigation of information processing and cognitive organization in clinical depression: stability of schematic interconnectedness.

This study longitudinally investigated information processing and cognitive organization in clinical depression. The main hypothesis was that individuals whose depression had remitted would show a significant cognitive shift on information processing (e.g., deactivation of negative processing) but not on cognitive organizational tasks, Forty-five individuals with clinical depression completed 2 information processing and 2 cognitive organizational tasks at initial assessment. At 6-month follow-up, the sample (23 remitted, 22 stable depressed) was readministered the tasks. As expected, information processing shifted significantly in individuals who had improved symptomatically, whereas negative cognitive organizational indices remained stable. The implications of these results are discussed as they pertain to the cognitive vulnerability, maintenance, treatment, and recurrence of depression. Directions for future research are suggested.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Quantum mechanics and cellular information processing: the self-assembly paradigm.

Biological cells have greater information processing efficiency than the programmable computers used to model them. In part this is due to the larger number of interactions that can contribute to function. General arguments suggest that systems in which quantum features play a prominent role are more powerful than classical physical-dynamical analogs. A hypothetical model, involving macromolecular self-assembly, is used to illustrate how the parallelism inherent in the quantum mechanical wave function could play a role in cellular pattern processing. Signals impinging on the external membrane of the cell trigger the release of specifically shaped macromolecules. These aggregate into a mosaic shape features that reflect different groupings of the signal input patterns. The shape features are in turn read out and connected to effector actions by adaptor molecules. The self-assembly model fits into a more general hierarchical scheme of biological information processing in which macroscopic signals are transduced to mesoscopic and then microphysical representations, processed largely at the microphysical level, and then amplified for macroscopic action. The physical dynamics are controlled by proteins and other macromolecules that are molded through the evolutionary process of variation and selection. The organizational requirements for evolutionary moldability and for efficient information processing function are completely consistent. They include high dimensionality, multiplicity of weak interactions, and hierarchical-compartmental structure.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed1984

Information processing and attentional functioning in the developmental course of schizophrenic disorders.

This article examines the evidence that certain deficits in information processing and attentional functioning are present across populations at risk for schizophrenic disorder, with active schizophrenic psychotic symptomatology, and in relative remission after a schizophrenic psychosis. In addition, the evidence that some deficits in processing information occur only in the actively psychotic period is inspected. Deficits in vigilance tasks with high-processing loads, in forced-choice span of apprehension for large arrays, and in serial recall for items that involve active rehearsal occur across risk populations, actively symptomatic schizophrenic patients, and relatively remitted schizophrenic patients. These deficits may reflect vulnerability factors for schizophrenic disorders. Reaction time crossover, dichotic listening, backward masking, and referential communication deficits might also be vulnerability indicators. These deficits may be related to a reduction in the processing capacity that is available for task-relevant cognitive operations in persons vulnerable to schizophrenic disorder, which could, in turn, be caused by several different underlying cognitive anomalies. Cognitive deficits that have been found only during actively psychotic periods or in chronic schizophrenic patients, such as poorer recognition of briefly presented, single, familiar letters or numbers, are characterized by low demands on processing capacity. These deficiencies may be caused by further reduction in available processing capacity or a temporary disruption of automatic as well as attention-demanding processes; they could also reflect a stable, more severe cognitive deficit in a subtype of schizophrenic disorder.

Arousal↗
PubMed1998

Time, reflectivity and information processing in living systems: a sketch for the unified information paradigm in biology.

The recognition activity of biomacromolecules based on quantum non-demolition measurements is regarded as the basis of information processing. Reflective arrows in the set of mappings appearing from quantum measurements correspond to the Gödel numbers created inside a system overcoming its incompleteness. Temporal evolution is a consequence of contradictory statements about the whole system in which a reflective arrow is both an element of the system and its signification. It results from the solution of a paradox in which the system generates new descriptions non-deducible from its previous states. The active combinatorial process of self modification of information, being an internalized language game, allows a system to create Gödel numbers. The whole system is constructed according to percolating coherent events, providing 'vertical' self-assembly that is predetermined by the encoding and internal language games.

Biology↗
PubMed2001

Evidence for dissociation of spatial and nonspatial auditory information processing.

Several lines of evidence suggest that visual information processing is segregated into the ventral "what" and dorsal "where" pathways. But the question whether information processing in the auditory system is also parceled to spatial and nonspatial domains remains open. In the present study, we performed simultaneous EEG and MEG recordings during auditory location and pitch delayed matching-to-sample tasks to find out whether working memory processing of the auditory stimulus attribute affects the transient components of the evoked potentials. In both tasks, identical blocks of tone stimuli of one of two frequencies were presented in one of two locations; the only difference between the tasks was the instruction to attend either to the frequency or to the location. In the match condition, the N1 latency was shorter and the N1m amplitude larger in the location task compared to the pitch task. Furthermore, the right-hemisphere generator of N1m elicited in the match condition of the location task was situated significantly medially to the N1m generator in the match condition of the pitch task. Latency and amplitude task-related differences in the N1/N1m components as well as the source location differences indicate at least partial segregation of neuronal mechanisms involved in working memory processing of spatial and nonspatial auditory information.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Quality of life in multiple sclerosis: does information-processing speed have an independent effect?

Information-processing speed (IPS) has been identified as an area of primary deficit in multiple sclerosis regardless of disease course. This study examines the extent to which information-processing speed contributes to quality of life (measured by the SF-36) in individuals with Multiple Sclerosis (MS), independent of level of neurological disability (measured by the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS)). Fifty-two individuals with MS (29 relapsing-remitting and 23 primary-progressive) completed the SF-36 and neuropsychological measures related to speed of processing and were assessed using the EDSS. The EDSS was significantly related to all SF-36 scales except those measuring Mental Health and Role Limits--Emotional. While the EDSS contributed significantly to prediction of SF-36 component scores, addition of measures of IPS to the regression equation did not significantly improve prediction. It was noted, however, the effect size associated with addition of IPS scores were large, indicating that quality of life is indeed related to measures of IPS.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Constraints on information processing under alcohol in the context of response execution and response suppression.

This study tested the degree that alcohol restricts information processing on tasks requiring response execution and response suppression. A dual task required 12 participants to respond to 2 task stimuli (Tasks 1 and 2) presented in close succession. The task was performed before and after receiving 3 alcohol doses (placebo, 0.45 g/kg, and 0.65 g/kg) administered on separate days in a counterbalanced order. Alcohol increased task interference, as evidenced by increased time to respond to Task 2. Impairment was comparable regardless of whether Task 1 required a response to be executed or suppressed. The evidence supports a resource limitation account that argues that alcohol reduces capacity to process information required for execution and suppression of responses.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1982

Effect of antipsychotic medication on speed of information processing in schizophrenic patients.

The authors evaluated the effects of antipsychotic medication and schizophrenia on speed of information processing. Medicated (N - 20) as well as unmedicated (N = 16) schizophrenic patients showed more evidence of slow information processing than did depressed control subjects (N = 20). The medicated schizophrenic patients had higher levels of general psychopathology but also showed superior information processing speed compared with the unmedicated schizophrenic patients. These data confirm that the schizophrenic patients are slow information processors and that antipsychotic medication probably does not cause, and may actually reverse, slowness of information processing in schizophrenic patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

An information processing model of anxiety: automatic and strategic processes.

A three-stage schema-based information processing model of anxiety is described that involves: (a) the initial registration of a threat stimulus; (b) the activation of a primal threat mode; and (c) the secondary activation of more elaborative and reflective modes of thinking. The defining elements of automatic and strategic processing are discussed with the cognitive bias in anxiety reconceptualized in terms of a mixture of automatic and strategic processing characteristics depending on which stage of the information processing model is under consideration. The goal in the treatment of anxiety is to deactivate the more automatic primal threat mode and to strengthen more constructive reflective modes of thinking. Arguments are presented for the inclusion of verbal mediation as a necessary but not sufficient component in the cognitive and behavioral treatment of anxiety.

Anxiety↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[EEG correlates of the change in information processing strategy in visual imagery].

Cnanger of the spatial organization of biopotentials (spatial synchronization and disorder, spectral power and coherence) were analyzed during mental creating of visual images from two simple elements: the angle the oblique line. With the transition from the first to the fourth task, the total number of used elements increased from the number suitable for simultaneous presentation and conscious processing (less than 7 +/- 2) to a much higher number. Changes in the characteristics of the spatial organization of biopotentials associated with the increase in the number of the elements can be explained by a change in the information processing strategy, transformation of information processing strategy, i.e. the transition from the left-hemispheric successive (conscious) analyses to the right-hemispheric simultaneous (unconscious) processing. It was shown that this change in the information processing strategy was accompanied by an increase in the index of spatial disorder sensitive to complicated nonlinear processes. Subjects were divided in two groups with different forms of the reorganization of interhemispheric and fronto-occipital relationships of biopotentials. These data are interpreted in terms of different involvement of the unconscious intellectual processes of different layers (subconsciousness and superconsciousness) in the change in information processing strategy.

Adult↗