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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Issues of security and network security in Health Care Information Systems.

A Health Care Establishment (HCE) is an establishment where medical services are rendered. The above services are provided by the health care personnel. The infrastructure of a HCE may include Information Technology (IT) equipment that stores and processes HC information. Previously, IT equipment consisted solely of stand-alone systems, whereas in recent years, the trend has been towards computer networks and distributed systems in HCEs. The spread of distributed information technology in HCEs have necessitated the implementation of Security in HCISs, to assure confidentiality, integrity and availability of HCE information. This paper discusses the issues of Security and Network Security in Health Care Information Systems (HCISs). It also suggests a method in establishing Network Security Guidelines and describes Principles for the provision of Network Security in HCEs.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed1997

Cyberspace 101: taking a ride on the information superhighway.

All you need to explore cyberspace is a computer, a modem, a phone line, and a local "on-ramp" to the infohighway. A litserv is an interactive mailing list that distributes information to a large number of people at the same time. Once you subscribe, you receive copies of all messages sent into listserv and have the opportunity to post questions and comments for other subscribers. Dietetics Online: A Network of Dietetic/Nutrition Professionals offers a range of cutting-edge services. Online marketing can reach a potentially larger audience for a fraction of the cost of traditional means and expand your business geographically.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed2006

Infant-directed speech supports phonetic category learning in English and Japanese.

Across the first year of life, infants show decreased sensitivity to phonetic differences not used in the native language [Werker, J. F., & Tees, R. C. (1984). Cross-language speech perception: evidence for perceptual reorganization during the first year of life. Infant Behaviour and Development, 7, 49-63]. In an artificial language learning manipulation, Maye, Werker, and Gerken [Maye, J., Werker, J. F., & Gerken, L. (2002). Infant sensitivity to distributional information can affect phonetic discrimination. Cognition, 82(3), B101-B111] found that infants change their speech sound categories as a function of the distributional properties of the input. For such a distributional learning mechanism to be functional, however, it is essential that the input speech contain distributional cues to support such perceptual learning. To test this, we recorded Japanese and English mothers teaching words to their infants. Acoustic analyses revealed language-specific differences in the distributions of the cues used by mothers (or cues present in the input) to distinguish the vowels. The robust availability of these cues in maternal speech adds support to the hypothesis that distributional learning is an important mechanism whereby infants establish native language phonetic categories.

Canada↗
PubMed1993

A biologically motivated associative memory architecture.

A synthesis of analytical techniques from the fields of biology, mathematics, computer science and engineering are used to model the information processing characteristics of the mammalian cerebellar cortex. By viewing anatomically different neurons as representing network elements whose input-output functions are different, a mechanism for distributing information throughout the memory is proposed. The functional circuitry developed to implement this feature is called the microcircuit. Overlapping microcircuit activity is used to describe the memory's read and write operations. Key features of the memory model include: (1) its use of a sparse interconnection network, (2) its ability to manipulate very large input patterns, (3) its distributed storage of input data patterns and (4) its statistical reconstruction of stored patterns during memory read operations. Quantitative measures for the memory's recall fidelity and storage capacity are derived and results of computer simulations are presented.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Human development VIII: a theory of "deep" quantum chemistry and cell consciousness: quantum chemistry controls genes and biochemistry to give cells and higher organisms consciousness and complex behavior.

Deep quantum chemistry is a theory of deeply structured quantum fields carrying the biological information of the cell, making it able to remember, intend, represent the inner and outer world for comparison, understand what it "sees", and make choices on its structure, form, behavior and division. We suggest that deep quantum chemistry gives the cell consciousness and all the qualities and abilities related to consciousness. We use geometric symbolism, which is a pre-mathematical and philosophical approach to problems that cannot yet be handled mathematically. Using Occam's razor we have started with the simplest model that works; we presume this to be a many-dimensional, spiral fractal. We suggest that all the electrons of the large biological molecules' orbitals make one huge "cell-orbital", which is structured according to the spiral fractal nature of quantum fields. Consciousness of single cells, multi cellular structures as e.g. organs, multi-cellular organisms and multi-individual colonies (like ants) and human societies can thus be explained by deep quantum chemistry. When biochemical activity is strictly controlled by the quantum-mechanical super-orbital of the cell, this orbital can deliver energetic quanta as biological information, distributed through many fractal levels of the cell to guide form and behavior of an individual single or a multi-cellular organism. The top level of information is the consciousness of the cell or organism, which controls all the biochemical processes. By this speculative work inspired by Penrose and Hameroff we hope to inspire other researchers to formulate more strict and mathematically correct hypothesis on the complex and coherence nature of matter, life and consciousness.

Behavior↗
PubMed1996

Telemedicine and distributed medical intelligence.

Recent trends in health care informatics and telemedicine indicate that systems are being developed with a primary focus on technology and business, not on the process of medicine itself. The authors present a new model of health care information, distributed medical intelligence, which promotes the development of an integrative medical communication system addressing the process of providing expert medical knowledge to the point of need. The model incorporates audio, video, high-resolution still images, and virtual reality applications into an integrated medical communications network. Three components of the model (care portals, Docking Station, and the bridge) are described. The implementation of this model at the East Carolina University School of Medicine is also outlined.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed2004

Human factors affect the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in simulated cardiac arrests.

AIM: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is a team endeavour. There are only limited data on whether team performance during cardiopulmonary resuscitation is influenced by behavioural issues. The aim of the study was to determine whether and how human factors affect the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. METHODS: 16 teams, each consisting of three health-care workers, were studied in a patient simulator. A scenario of witnessed cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation was used. Ventricular fibrillation could be converted into sinus rhythm by two countershocks administered during the first 2 min or by two countershocks administered during the first 5 min provided that uninterrupted basic life support was started in under 60 s. Teams were rated to be successful if ventricular fibrillation was converted into sinus rhythm. Behavioural rating included leadership, task distribution, information transfer, and conflicts. RESULTS: Only six out of 16 teams were successful. Compared with successful teams, teams that failed exhibited significantly less leadership behaviour (P=0.033) and explicit task distribution (P=0.035). All teams shared among them sufficient theoretical knowledge to successfully treat the simulated cardiac arrest. CONCLUSIONS: In a scenario of simulated witnessed cardiac arrest almost two thirds of teams composed of qualified health-care workers failed to provide basic life support and/or defibrillation within an appropriate time window. Absence of leadership behaviour and absence of explicit task distribution were associated with poor team performance. Failure to translate theoretical knowledge into effective team activity appears to be a major problem.

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation↗
PubMed1994

Empirical Bayes methods for stabilizing incidence rates before mapping.

The epidemiologic utility of mapping and ranking incidence rates is often questioned owing to instability of the observed incidence values in areas with small populations. Spurious fluctuations in the observed rates caused by this instability can mask true spatial and temporal trends in risk. To produce maps with the required level of geographic resolution, yet based on reliable estimates, it is desirable to reduce the random variation in the observed rates before mapping. In this paper, we describe the empirical Bayes approach for obtaining stabilized incidence estimates. We begin by deriving Bayes rate estimators and then illustrate how using the observed rates to estimate unknown distributional information leads to the empirical Bayes formulation. A drawback of the approach is that the histogram of the empirical Bayes rate estimates may be narrower than the true distribution of risk. We outline a constrained empirical Bayes approach that produces improved estimators for the true distribution of the unknown rates. We include discussions of relevant previous applications of empirical Bayes methods to rate mapping problems and an evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of the approach.

Bayes Theorem↗
PubMed1998

Deploying a new model for clinical information delivery.

Information is a dynamic, potentially high-value resource that institutions can use to achieve superior performance. The myriad of advanced information technology projects, however, delivers to the institution's clinical and business processes unpredictable deluges of information objects, both paper and electronic, that may add little value to the processes. Also, because the information arrival is often a trigger for work steps, its illogical arrival may actually dilute productivity and quality. The article describes an information distribution engine in use at a large hospital in the southwestern United States that allows remotely located recipients to define individualized rules for controlling the subset of diverse information that they receive, select its transmission and display media, and choreograph the sequence and timing of its arrival at their desktops.

Attitude to Computers↗
PubMed2006

Globally dispersed Y chromosomal haplotypes in wild and domestic sheep.

To date, investigations of genetic diversity and the origins of domestication in sheep have utilised autosomal microsatellites and variation in the mitochondrial genome. We present the first analysis of both domestic and wild sheep using genetic markers residing on the ovine Y chromosome. Analysis of a single nucleotide polymorphism (oY1) in the SRY promoter region revealed that allele A-oY1 was present in all wild bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), two subspecies of thinhorn sheep (Ovis dalli), European Mouflon (Ovis musimon) and the Barbary (Ammontragis lervia). A-oY1 also had the highest frequency (71.4%) within 458 domestic sheep drawn from 65 breeds sampled from Africa, Asia, Australia, the Caribbean, Europe, the Middle East and Central Asia. Sequence analysis of a second locus, microsatellite SRYM18, revealed a compound repeat array displaying fixed differences, which identified bighorn and thinhorn sheep as distinct from the European Mouflon and domestic animals. Combined genotypic data identified 11 male-specific haplotypes that represented at least two separate lineages. Investigation of the geographical distribution of each haplotype revealed that one (H6) was both very common and widespread in the global sample of domestic breeds. The remaining haplotypes each displayed more restricted and informative distributions. For example, H5 was likely founded following the domestication of European breeds and was used to trace the recent transportation of animals to both the Caribbean and Australia. A high rate of Y chromosomal dispersal appears to have taken place during the development of domestic sheep as only 12.9% of the total observed variation was partitioned between major geographical regions.

Alleles↗
PubMed1994

Security for decentralized health information systems.

Health care information systems must reflect at least two basic characteristics of the health care community: the increasing mobility of patients and the personal liability of everyone giving medical treatment. Open distributed information systems bear the potential to reflect these requirements. But the market for open information systems and operating systems hardly provides secure products today. This 'missing link' is approached by the prototype SECURE Talk that provides secure transmission and archiving of files on top of an existing operating system. Its services may be utilized by existing medical applications. SECURE Talk demonstrates secure communication utilizing only standard hardware. Its message is that cryptography (and in particular asymmetric cryptography) is practical for many medical applications even if implemented in software. All mechanisms are software implemented in order to be executable on standard-hardware. One can investigate more or less decentralized forms of public key management and the performance of many different cryptographic mechanisms. That of, e.g. hybrid encryption and decryption (RSA+DES-PCBC) is about 300 kbit/s. That of signing and verifying is approximately the same using RSA with a DES hash function. The internal speed, without disk accesses etc., is about 1.1 Mbit/s. (Apple Quadra 950 (MC 68040, 33 MHz, RAM: 20 MB, 80 ns. Length of RSA modulus is 512 bit).

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed2003

UNEP Chemicals' work: breaking the barriers to information access.

The global production and trade in chemicals was measured at 1.55 trillion US dollars in 1996, four times the amount of 1966. Chemicals represent 14% of imports and exports of OECD countries and the present decade has been characterised by the expansion of the production and use of chemicals in countries with economies in transition and developing countries. While some of these chemicals are benign at the levels we are usually exposed to them, others present risks to human health or the environment often across national boundaries. Failure to safely manage these risks could lead to serious and long-term consequences. The sound management of chemicals requires adequate information about their nature and use as well as their effects and control options. Much of this information can be culled from a variety of sources but that does not guarantee equal access to it by all those who are in need. To achieve equitable information distribution, the chemical unit of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) operates many activities aimed at removing the geographical and technical barriers that prevent the free flow of chemical management information. These activities include the use of assorted media and activities to enhance countries' internal capacity to search and use the information available on the Internet.

Chemical Industry↗
PubMed2003

The value of information.

The value of information is only indirectly a function of its objective characteristics. Of greater importance is its potential to add value to what its users can do. The dramatic recent reductions in the costs of distributing information have made protection against unwanted information more valuable than finding wanted information. This makes active information management a much prized skill. Suggestions are offered for reducing the costs of information search and for framing the search question at the correct level of specificity.

Computer Security↗
PubMed1995

HLA-A, B antigens and their linkage with HLA-DR among blood donors in Taiwan.

The distribution pattern of HLA antigens varies to a great extent among different ethnic groups. Availability of HLA antigen distribution information is very important for disease association study, paternity testing and recipient/donor matching. Analysis of 11,383 blood donors from the Taipei Blood Center, Chinese Blood Services Foundation (CBSF), gave evidence that the distribution pattern of HLA-A,B antigens was unique, yet closer to Southern Chinese with higher A11, A33, B16, B40 frequencies, and B46, B48, B54 as unique antigens when compared with Caucasians. Pairwise linkage disequilibrium analysis between HLA-A, -B and -DR antigens from 238 blood donors revealed unique linkages of A33-B17, A2-B46, A11-B15, A24-B40; A11-DR5, A2-DR9, B17-DR3, B40-DR8, B13-DR2. In addition, A33-B58-DR3 were the most frequent 3-loci haplotypes. Knowing linkage disequilibrium between HLA loci and preferential association of DR specificity among various HLA-A,B haplotypes may provide a more efficient strategy to obtain an HLA-DR or HLA-D region compatible unrelated bone marrow donor from an existing HLA data bank.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Patients unhappy, AHA/Picker say.

The American Hospital Association and The Picker Institute say Americans want more information and empowerment from their providers. Fully one-third of those surveyed by the organizations say they have problems getting answers to important health-related questions. Marketers need to reconsider their own assessments of patient satisfaction and get patients more information. CHESS, a computerized information-distribution package, provides one elegant--and cost-saving--example.

American Hospital Association↗
PubMed2003

Selection of minimum subsets of single nucleotide polymorphisms to capture haplotype block diversity.

We present a simple numerical algorithm to select the minimal subset of SNPs required to capture the diversity of haplotype blocks or other genetic loci. This algorithm can be used to quickly select the minimum SNP subset with no loss of haplotype information. In addition, the method can be used in a more aggressive mode to further reduce the original SNP set, with minimal loss of information. We demonstrate the algorithm performance with data from over 11,000 SNPs with average spacing of 6 to 11 Kb, across all the genes of chromosomes 6, 21, and 22, genotyped on DNA samples of 45 unrelated African-Americans and 45 Caucasians from the Coriell Human Diversity Collection. With no loss of information, we reduced the number of SNPs required to capture the haplotype block diversity by 25% for the African-American and 36% for the Caucasian populations. With a maximum loss of 10% of haplotype distribution information, the SNP reduction was 38% and 49% respectively for the two populations. All computations were performed in less than 1 minute for the entire dataset used.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1988

Localization of monoclonal B-cell populations through the use of Komogorov-Smirnov D-value and reduced chi-square contours.

In this study three different flow cytometric analysis techniques are woven together into a single system that permits improved detection of small percentages of monoclonal B cells in a milieu of either normal blood leukocytes or bone marrow cells. This analysis is an extension of the concept of clonal excess, which is used to detect the presence of a tumor that is a clonal expansion of B cells expressing either kappa or lambda light chains. The technique also utilizes "multiple listmode processing," which is defined in this context as the simultaneous analysis of two or more listmode files that share one or more common parameters. This type of data structure enables the segmentation of two parameter light scatter displays into regions from which numerous kappa and lambda histograms subsequently can be analyzed for their respective Komogorov-Smirnov D-values or R-values (reduced chi-square value). The final technique makes use of a calculated parameter display system. Superimposed on the light scatter dot density plot are D-value or R-value contours. The contours target the location of the population that is abnormal, thus providing information for setting optimal bitmap gates for clonal excess studies, other phenotypic analyses, or cell sorting. In experiments using model systems, the sensitivity of this assay is estimated to be between 0.25% and 2.5%. The technique's distribution information and sensitivity may prove useful for staging, treatment monitoring, and relapse detection of B-cell leukemia and lymphoma. This application illustrates the potential of combining multiple listmode processing and calculated parameter display to expand the effective dimensionality of listmode data.

B-Lymphocytes↗
PubMed1989

[Attitudes to the use of vaginal cytologic examinations in general practice].

In June 1988, a questionnaire was sent to 221 Danish general practitioners chosen at random and to 195 registrars who had applied for postgraduate courses in general medicine. The percentage replies were 83 and 73, respectively. Employing the questionnaire, information was obtained about the doctor's employment of CS on the basis of definite case reports and the doctor's assessment of the certainty of the examination. The investigation revealed that there was a general tendency to freer indications than those officially recommended, that younger women were examined more frequently than recommended, that elderly patients were examined less frequently than recommended and that considerable excessive employment of CS took place in women with condylomata and herpes genitalis. As a rule, the doctors overestimated the reduction in the risk of disease obtained by CS. It is concluded that information from the official authorities concerning employment of CS sent to general practitioners is not satisfactory and that this should be considered in extension of future guidelines about the employment of methods of examination. Precise and effectively distributed information about rationel employment of an examination must be considered to be an important way in which to obtain optimal utilization of resources.

Adult↗