[THE DOCTRINE OF INFANTICIDE IN GERMAN FORENSIC MEDICINE OF THE 18TH CENTURY].
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On occasion of the autopsy of a 32-34-week-old fetus delivered with fetal membrane intact (caul/amnion birth), heavy hypoxic changes in the cardiac muscle, the liver and the kidney epithelia were found. On the other hand, there was no sign of aspiration although a sign of aspiration was to be expected, as the fetus was lying in the amniotic fluids. The systematic examination of 68 cases of intrapartal deaths of various causes demonstrated that intrapartal aspiration in the amniotic fluid only takes place, when the function of the umbilical cord is obstructed. If pressure is lacking, as for example, in amniotic (fluid) substances, or meconium, in the respiratory tract is either found not at all, or only in small quantities. For the purposes of forensic medicine, this means that death by intrapartal asphyxia can also be assumed when findings demonstrate simultaneously that aspiration is absent and hypoxic changes of the organs are present.
Within a period of 9 years a young woman lost 3 daughters during infancy and each time death was attributed to the sudden infant death syndrome. The children had different fathers and died at the ages of 11 weeks, 7 weeks and 2 weeks, respectively. A fourth daughter survived and lives separated from the mother together with her father and is healthy. At autopsy the last of the three deceased infants did not reveal any pre-existing pathological organ findings, except for acute pulmonary emphysema and extensive intra-alveolar bleeding. As a consequence the strong suspicion of mechanical suffocation arose. Subsequent police investigations produced incriminating clues that the first two children had also been suffocated. On confrontation with the autopsy findings and investigation results, the woman confessed that she herself had killed the first two infants by pressing a cushion on their faces. In the case of the third death the baby had been smothered by the child's father who in agreement with the mother put a plastic film on mouth and nostrils.
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Sex differentials in infant mortality vary widely across nations. Because newborn girls are biologically advantaged in surviving to their first birthday, sex differentials in infant mortality typically arise from genetic factors that result in higher male infant mortality rates. Nonetheless, there are cases where mortality differentials arise from social or behavioral factors reflecting deliberate discrimination by adults in favor of boys over girls, resulting in atypical male to female infant mortality ratios. This cross-national study of 93 developed and developing countries uses such macro-social theories as modernization theory, gender perspectives, human ecology, and sociobiology/evolutionary psychology to predict gender differentials in infant mortality. We find strong evidence for modernization theory, human ecology, and the evolutionary psychology of group process, but mixed evidence for gender perspectives.