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PubMed1999

Irrigation fluid absorption during transurethral resection of the prostate: spinal vs. general anaesthesia.

BACKGROUND: The absorption of irrigation fluid during transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is determined primarily by hydrostatic pressure in the bladder and prostatic venous pressure. In comparison to spontaneously breathing patients, patients undergoing mechanical ventilation with positive pressure have a raised central venous pressure and a reduced venous return, both of which can influence intravascular absorption. The purpose of the prospective study was to compare the effects of general (GA) and spinal anaesthetic (SA) techniques on the perioperative absorption of irrigating fluid in patients undergoing TURP. METHODS: Forty patients undergoing TURP were randomised and assigned either to group GA or SA. Irrigating fluid absorption was traced by adding 1.5% (w/v) ethanol to the irrigating fluid. Perioperative blood ethanol concentration (BEC), haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, serum sodium concentration and central venous pressure (CVP) were measured at 10-min intervals during TURP and at 30-min intervals while patients were recovering. Absorption routes were indexed by the BEC and changes in serum sodium concentrations. Where the BEC was greater than 0.05 mg.mL-1, absorption of irrigating fluid was assumed. For assessing the volume of irrigating fluid absorbed, the maximum BEC, the absorption rate, the area under the BEC curve (AUC), and the volumes calculated according to the Hahn nomogram (Volin) for each patient were taken into consideration. RESULTS: There were 15 cases of irrigating fluid absorption in patients receiving GA (75%), and 11 in those receiving SA (55%). CVP was significantly lower in spontaneously breathing patients with SA as compared to those with GA (P < 0.05). In patients with irrigating fluid absorption the maximum BEC (P < 0.02), as well as the rate of irrigant fluid absorption (P < 0.01), were significantly higher amongst patients receiving SA. In this group, the calculated area under the curve and the absorbed fluid volumes determined with the nomogram were significantly increased (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The absorption of irrigation fluid during the TURP is significantly more marked amongst spontaneously breathing patients with regional anaesthesia in comparison to patients undergoing general anaesthesia with positive pressure ventilation. The markedly lower central venous pressure before the start of irrigation should be considered as a possible cause of this effect.

Absorption↗
PubMed2002

Effect of irrigation solutions on dentin bonding agents and restorative shear bond strength.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The presence of irrigation solution prior to the application of dentin bonding agents may be one source of contamination and may adversely affect bond strength. PURPOSE: The purpose of this in vitro investigation was to evaluate the effect of irrigation solutions of different purity levels on the shear bond strength of a hybrid composite to dentin. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty extracted, intact human molars were hand-scaled. All soft tissue was removed, and the teeth were stored in room-temperature tap water for 1 week. Subsequently, each tooth was embedded in autopolymerizing acrylic resin with the coronal portion exposed. After complete polymerization of the resin, the dentin surfaces were exposed, and the crown was cut longitudinally on all 4 sides to produce flat dentin surfaces for bonding. The prepared specimens were assigned to 4 groups of irrigation solutions: tap water (control), sterile water, 0.9% NaCl irrigation solution, and filtered water. Within each irrigation group were 4 dentin bonding agent subgroups: Prime & Bond NT, One-Step, Single Bond Adhesive, and OptiBond Solo. The dentin surfaces (n = 10 per irrigation/bonding agent pair) were etched with 37% phosphoric acid, rinsed with the assigned irrigation solution for 15 seconds, and then dried. Plastic cylinders (3 mm long x 3 mm inner diameter) were filled with a hybrid composite (Herculite XRV) and bonded to the dentin. Specimens were loaded in a universal testing machine, and shear force was applied to the base of the composite cylinders, parallel to the dentin surfaces, at a crosshead speed of 0.05 in/min until fracture. Failure loads were recorded. Bond strength data were compared with analysis of variance (P<.05). Post-hoc comparisons of means were performed with t tests and P values adjusted for multiple comparisons (Bonferroni method). RESULTS: Tap water irrigation (control) produced no significant difference in bond strengths for all dentin bonding agents tested. When other irrigation solutions were used, One-Step consistently produced significantly lower bond strengths than other dentin bonding agents (P<.05). No preferential choice of irrigation solution could be made for Prime & Bond or Single Bond Adhesive. However, when One-Step or Solo was used, irrigation with normal saline significantly reduced bond strengths (P<.05). CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, the bond strength to dentin of a hybrid composite irrigated with different solutions was dependent on the dentin bonding agent used.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed2004

Eradication by surfactant irrigation of Staphylococcus aureus from infected complex wounds.

Treatment of infected orthopaedic hardware usually requires the removal of the appliance. When the device is removed and immediately replaced, persistent infection frequently complicates this exchange procedure. We modeled the exchange procedure in rats by passing a wire suture through a posterior spinous process and then contaminating the wound with Staphylococcus aureus. We then investigated whether a sequence of surfactant enriched irrigation solutions (Castile soap followed by benzalkonium chloride, sequential surfactant irrigation) had a greater capacity to eradicate Staphylococcus aureus from the experimental wound than did the standard wound irrigant, normal saline. When we left the wire in place through the 2-week course of the study, sequential surfactant irrigation showed only a modest advantage over normal saline (staphylococci recovered from 39% versus 58% of wound cultures respectively). Simple removal of the wire 24 hours after implantation and bacterial contamination prevented wound infection in most animals (with the wire removed, 38% of the animals remained infected versus 85% with the wire left in place), without regard to the irrigation solution. Alternatively, when we removed the wire after 24 hours, irrigated the wound, and then placed a fresh wire back into the wound, sequential surfactant irrigation showed a significant advantage over NS (54% of the animals irrigated with sequential surfactants remained infected versus 100% of the animals irrigated with normal saline). Our findings confirm the importance of a contaminated medical device for promoting foreign body infection; our findings also show that sequential surfactant irrigation has therapeutic value in a rat model of orthopaedic device infection; this irrigation protocol should be studied further as a potential agent for the treatment of infected orthopaedic wounds.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Debridement of cancellous bone: a comparison of irrigation methods.

OBJECTIVE: This study tests the bone debridement efficacy and damage to cancellous bone produced by different wound irrigation methods. METHODS: Cancellous bone slices of bovine distal femurs (3 cm x 3 cm) were divided into eight test groups and scored with a saw in a latticed pattern. Four test groups were contaminated with 1.0 g rock dust and four were not. The specimens were then treated as follows: no treatment (control), bulb irrigation, brush-suction irrigation, or high-pressure pulsatile lavage (HPPL). Runoff from the irrigation was collected, filtered, lyophilized, and ashed to allow for quantitative determination of organic and inorganic material removed from the bone by each irrigation method. The bone samples were subjected to blinded grading on two five-point scales to assess: 1) macroscopic tissue damage and 2) amount of contaminant remaining following treatment. RESULTS: Significantly more (P < or = 0.05) mean organic material was removed from samples treated with HPPL (744.8 +/- 120.0 mg) than with bulb syringe (115.2 +/- 11.9 mg) or brush-suction irrigation (95.1 +/- 9.2 mg). Brush-suction irrigation removed statistically significantly more (P < or = 0.05) of the 1.0 g of initial inorganic contaminant (937.7 +/- 6.3 mg) than bulb syringe irrigation (866.2 +/- 30.1 mg), while HPPL (900.2 +/- 19.0 mg) did not. CONCLUSIONS: Past studies have shown HPPL to damage both soft tissue and bone structure. The tissue damage that HPPL produces has been accepted in the past in exchange for its presumed superiority in contaminant removal. In this study, HPPL damaged samples more than other irrigation methods by removing significantly more organic material from them. However, HPPL and bulb syringe removed a statistically similar amount of inorganic contaminant, while brush-suction irrigation removed a significantly greater amount of inorganic contaminant than bulb syringe. It is proposed that HPPL may drive some contaminants deeper into the tissue rather than removing them, rendering HPPL not only more deleterious to bone structure and healing, but also less efficacious at removing contaminant than brush-suction irrigation.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Influence of irrigant needle depth in removing bioluminescent bacteria inoculated into instrumented root canals using real-time imaging in vitro.

AIM: To test the hypothesis that the mechanical efficacy of irrigation in reducing bacteria in the root canal is dependent on depth of placement of the irrigation needle. METHODOLOGY: The root canals of 30 permanent cuspids were instrumented to apical size 60 using a crown-down technique. A suspension of the bioluminescent reporter strain Pseudomonas fluorescens 5RL was inoculated into each canal of sterilized teeth. Emission of bioluminescence (photons s(-1)) from each tooth was quantified on four sequential occasions using luminometry and bioluminescence imaging: (i) background, (ii) after inoculation, (iii) after irrigating the inoculated teeth with 3 mL of a nonantimicrobial irrigant delivered either 1 mm (group 1, n = 15) or 5 mm (group 2, n = 15) from working length (WL) using a 28G safety-ended irrigating needle, (iv) after an additional 3 mL irrigation (total 6 mL). Intragroup and intergroup comparisons were made using Wilcoxon matched pairs and Mann-Whitney tests, respectively. RESULTS: In group 1, there was a mean log10 decrease in bacteria of 0.68 +/- 0.26 after 3 mL of irrigant compared with 1.19 +/- 0.48 after 6 mL (P < 0.001); in group 2 the mean log10 decrease was 0.58 +/- 0.28 after 3 mL of irrigant compared with 0.69 +/- 0.35 after 6 mL (P < 0.02) (Wilcoxon matched pairs). Using 3 mL of irrigant, needle depth did not have a significant effect on reduction of intracanal bacteria (P = 0.407), but the effect became significant when 6 mL of irrigant was used (P < 0.002) (Mann-Whitney tests). CONCLUSIONS: The mechanical efficacy of 6 mL of irrigant in reducing intracanal bacteria was significantly greater when delivered 1 mm compared with 5 mm from WL.

Colony Count, Microbial↗
PubMed2004

A retrospective evaluation of rectal irrigation in the treatment of disorders of faecal continence.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was, firstly, to evaluate the efficacy and acceptability of rectal irrigation in the treatment of patients with disorders of faecal continence that have not responded to other treatment modalities. Secondly, to see if standard anorectal physiology measures can identify patients who might have successful treatment with rectal irrigation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients who had been treated with rectal irrigation, between 1998 and 2000, were sent a postal questionnaire. Patients were asked to quantify their symptoms (before and after rectal irrigation) using a visual analogue scale to determine the efficacy of rectal irrigation. An increase of 10 (10 mm) in this score was regarded as successful treatment and incontinence scores obtained. The acceptability of rectal irrigation was determined using a Quality of Life questionnaire. Data regarding presenting symptoms, previous therapies, pretreatment anorectal physiology measurements were obtained from a retrospective case note and database review. RESULTS: Completed questionnaires were obtained from 48 (52%) of 92 patients, 39 patients had had previous medical and/or surgical treatment before trying rectal irrigation. At the time of the questionnaire 44 of 48 patients were still using rectal irrigation. Using the linear analogue scores 24 of 48 (50%) reported an improvement in their symptoms using rectal irrigation. Most patients found the treatment acceptable. Incontinence scores and anorectal physiology measures did not predict those patients who responded successfully to rectal irrigation. CONCLUSION: Rectal irrigation can offer symptomatic improvement to patients with faecal evacuatory disorders where other therapies have failed. Most patients find the treatment acceptable. Standard anorectal physiology measures and incontinence scores do not predict those patients likely to have successful treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Comparison of standard and irrigated radiofrequency ablation in the canine ventricle.

INTRODUCTION: Radiofrequency ablation is successful for treating some arrhythmias but not for CAD-VT, possibly due to insufficient lesion size. Irrigated electrodes were developed to apply higher power for longer duration to create larger lesions. Our objective was to characterize and compare irrigated and standard ablation in terms of lesion size, crater, and coagulum formation. Additionally, a method is proposed for creating large irrigated lesions without craters. METHODS AND RESULTS: Three ablation protocols were conducted in canine ventricles. Protocol I: standard ablation was performed in power mode at 10, 20, 30, and 50 W, and electrode-temperature mode at 70 degrees and 90 degrees C (120 sec). Protocol II: irrigated ablation was conducted with 30 and 50 W (30 and 120 sec). Protocol III: to create large lesions without craters, irrigated ablation was performed at 20 W (5 and 10 min). With a standard electrode, the largest lesions were created using 20 W (358+/-194 mm3) and using 90 degrees C (301+/-130 mm3). Ablation duration decreased with power for the power mode standard ablations. The largest irrigated lesions were formed using 50 W (986+/-357 mm3). Large lesions without craters were created with irrigation using 20 W for 10 minutes (602+/-175 mm3). Coagulum was seen for most standard ablations but infrequently for irrigated ablations. Craters were observed with 30 and 50 W irrigated ablation but were not observed with 20 W irrigated ablation. CONCLUSION: Irrigated ablation created larger lesions than standard; large lesions may be created without craters using moderate power and long duration.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Wound irrigation with tap water.

OBJECTIVE: The study hypothesis was that irrigation with tap water is as efficacious as irrigation with sterile saline in removing bacteria from simple lacerations in preparation for wound closure. METHODS: The study was conducted in a laboratory rat model previously described in the literature for evaluating wound irrigation techniques. The study used a randomized, blinded crossover design using 10 animals. Two full-thickness skin lacerations were made on each animal and each wound was inoculated with standardized concentrations of a Staphylococcus aureus broth. Wounds were irrigated for 4 minutes with normal saline from a syringe or 4 minutes with tap water from a faucet. Tissue specimens were sampled from each laceration prior to and following irrigation. Bacterial counts per gram of tissue were determined for each specimen and compared pre- and postirrigation. RESULTS: Preirrigation bacterial counts were not significantly different for saline vs tap water specimens. The wounds irrigated with saline had a mean reduction in bacterial count of 54.7% (SD=+/-28%), while the wounds irrigated with tap water had a mean reduction in bacterial count of 80.6% (SD=+/-20%) (p < 0.05, 2-tailed, paired t-test). CONCLUSIONS: In this animal model, bacterial decontamination of simple lacerations was not compromised, and was actually improved using tap water irrigation. This is most likely due to the mechanical differences in the types of irrigation. In certain instances, such as with upper-extremity lacerations, tap water irrigation would likely be cheaper and less labor-intensive than irrigation with normal saline from a syringe.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Comparison of electrode cooling between internal and open irrigation in radiofrequency ablation lesion depth and incidence of thrombus and steam pop.

BACKGROUND: Electrode cooling by circulating fluid within the electrode (closed loop) or open irrigation facilitates radiofrequency (RF) ablation. This study compared lesion parameters between closed loop and open irrigation with the use of a canine model. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 8 anesthetized dogs, the skin over the thigh muscle was incised and raised, forming a cradle superfused with heparinized blood (activated clotting time >350 seconds) at 37 degrees C. A 7F 4-mm closed loop electrode (irrigation 36 mL/min) and 7.5F 3.5-mm open irrigation electrode (irrigation 17 mL/min) were positioned perpendicular to the thigh muscle at 10 g contact weight. RF was applied (n=121) at 20 or 30 W for 60 seconds in low (0.1 m/s) or high (0.5 m/s) pulsatile blood flow. Temperatures were measured in the electrode, electrode-tissue interface, and within the tissue at 3- and 7-mm depths. After each RF, the cradle was emptied to examine the electrode and interface for thrombus. There was no difference between closed loop and open irrigation in impedance, lesion depth, or tissue temperature at 20 or 30 W. Interface temperature and electrode temperature were greater in the closed loop application. Thrombus occurred in 32 of 63 closed loop versus 0 of 58 open irrigation RF applications (P<0.05) with interface temperature > or =80 degrees C in all 32 (electrode temperature <40 degrees C in 1, 40 degrees C to 50 degrees C in 26, and >50 degrees C in 5). With closed loop, interface temperature and thrombus incidence were greater at 30 W and low blood flow. With open irrigation, interface temperature remained low (< or =71 degrees C) with no difference between 20 and 30 W or between low and high blood flow. Steam pop occurred at 20 W in 4 of 35 closed loop and 0 of 30 open irrigation and at 30 W in 15 of 28 closed loop and 4 of 28 open irrigation applications (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Lower interface temperature, thrombus, and steam pop, especially in low blood flow, indicate greater interface cooling with open irrigation.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Development of a new irrigation sucker for microneurosurgery--technical note.

A new irrigation sucker (Delta Irrigation Sucker) was designed for microneurosurgery. The Delta Irrigation Sucker has a unique trigonal pyramid-shape thumb piece, providing a very stable grip. Irrigation is achieved easily by pushing a small button just behind the pressure-regulating pore. Stable hold of the sucker and easy handling of the irrigation button enable irrigation without unsteadiness of the sucker. The Delta Irrigation Sucker is available in six sizes, with diameters from 1.5 mm to 4.0 mm at 0.5 mm intervals. Irrigation force is provided by a pressure bag, and a normal sterile transfusion set can be used as the irrigation circuit. The Delta Irrigation Sucker was used in 20 cases of clipping for ruptured cerebral aneurysm, five cases of tumor resection, and three cases of anterior clinoidectomy and opening of the internal auditory meatus. Subarachnoid clot was easily removed and the bleeding points were easily confirmed. Irrigation, controlled by natural finger movement, did not cause unsteadiness of the sucker.

Equipment Design↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Irrigation of liver abscess: proposal of a novel method and possible indications.

We present here two suggestive cases in considering the advantages and disadvantages of irrigation of pyogenic liver abscess: one patient developed an intrahepatic hematoma as an unusual sequela, while the other was successfully treated by abscess irrigation, overcoming failure of percutaneous catheter drainage and the patient's seriously ill condition. Based on these cases, we propose a novel method of liver abscess irrigation via percutaneous drainage tubes with the following three characteristics: 1) use of a drip infusion apparatus for irrigant instillation and drainage in order to avoid elevation of pressure in the abscess, a source of potential life-threatening sequelae, 2) addition of contrast medium to irrigant, and 3) employment of computed tomography in dynamic equilibrium of irrigant in order to evaluate the efficacy of current irrigation. Of interest was the parenchymal enhancement around the irrigated liver abscess revealed by computed tomography with this method, which suggested that dissemination of abscess contents may be inevitable with irrigation. Although the indications for liver abscess irrigation must be considered carefully given the critical sequelae potentially associated with it, the method we present can be used as a second-line trial exclusively for liver abscesses refractory to first-line treatment with percutaneous catheter drainage or needle aspiration, since it can be used not only as a therapeutic procedure with mechanical washing or dilution of abscess contents but also as a diagnostic aid enabling more effective subsequent treatment by defining the areas in which drainage and irrigation is not effective.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Irrigation with chlorhexidine to resolve naturally occurring gingivitis. A methodologic study.

This study compared oral irrigation and rinsing with chlorhexidine (CHX) and placebo in the treatment of naturally occurring chronic gingivitis. 44 subjects with at least 6 interproximal sites which bled on probing were randomly distributed on a double-blind basis into 4 treatment groups, placebo-rinse, CHX-rinse (0.12%), placebo-irrigation and CHX-irrigation (0.06%). A half-mouth was scaled 2 weeks prior to therapy in all groups. Rinses were performed 2 times daily and irrigation was performed once a day by means of an oral irrigator with the tip directed at a right angle to the tooth. Subjects continued with routine oral hygiene without instruction. The active treatment period was 2 months. Parameters were recorded at baseline and at 60 days. At the conclusion, marginal plaque was cultured for predominant microbial types. CHX-rinse (0.12%) and CHX-irrigation (0.06%) significantly reduced (p less than 0.05) plaque. Gingival bleeding decreased by 26% in both scaled and unscaled sites following CHX (0.12%) rinses and by 40% at both types of sites following CHX (0.06%) irrigation. Bleeding was reduced with CHX-irrigation greater (p less than 0.05) than with the placebo-irrigation. The mean log of colony-forming units of Actinomyces species was significantly lower (p less than 0.05) in the CHX (0.12%) rinse and CHX (0.06%) irrigator groups than in the placebo groups. These data therefore indicate that delivery of CHX (0.06%) by an oral irrigator is an effective means of treating naturally occurring gingivitis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

[A survey on the current status and trends in bladder irrigation].

Questionnaires were sent to pharmacies and clinics in 592 Japanese hospitals from July to November, 1983 to investigate the use of bladder irrigation. The questionnaires were completed and returned by 418 hospitals, the rate of response being 70.8%. Fifty eight kinds of irrigants were prepared in hospital pharmacies and were reported to have been used in 1,171 patients. Of these irrigants, chlorhexidine gluconate accounted for 18.8%, Polymyxin B for 17.1%, normal saline for 13.3%, potassium permanganate for 6.9%, and boric acid for 5.7%. Chlorhexidine gluconate was usually used at a concentration of 0.02% (in 79% of the total use of the agent), Polymyxin B at 0.01%, 0.02% and 0.05%, potassium permanganate at 0.01% and 0.02% (in 73% of the total use), and acrinol at 0.01%, 0.05% and 0.1%. To questions about side effects, such as irritation, 65 hospitals answered that irritation had occurred. Irrigants were most frequently supplied to non-disposable 500 ml containers used exclusively for this purpose, 38% of all the hospitals using this method. Non-disposable 1 liter containers for exclusive use with bladder irrigants were used in 23% of the hospitals. Purified water was most frequently used to prepare the bladder irrigants (in 35% of hospitals) followed in descending order, by sterile purified water in 33%, and distilled water for injection in 26%. Water for irrigants was prepared at the hospital in 83% of the hospitals. The time of storage of the prepared bladder irrigants was mostly one week to one month, and was within one month in 78% of the hospitals. Seventeen percent of the hospitals answered that the preparation of bladder irrigants was a cause of overwork in their pharmacies. Irrigants against Pseudomonas infections were prepared separately in 40% of the hospitals, and there was no such regulation in 37%. Forty four agents were used to prepare such irrigants, and Polymyxin B accounted for 50%. The use of these agents significantly (P less than 0.001) differed between hospitals. Forty eight percent of the hospitals made special preparations for patients with clouded urine, and there was no such regulation in 46%. Thirty nine agents were used for this purpose. Polymyxin B was used in 30%, and chlorhexidine gluconate in 19%. The use of these agents differed significantly (P less than 0.001) between hospitals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Disinfection↗
PubMed2000

Water management for controlling the breeding of Anopheles mosquitoes in rice irrigation schemes in Kenya.

An experiment to assess the impact of intermittent irrigation on Anopheles larval populations, rice yields and water use was conducted in the Mwea rice irrigation scheme in Kenya. Four water regimes including intermittent irrigation were tested in a complete randomized block experimental design. Intermittent irrigation was carried out on a weekly schedule, with flooded conditions from Saturday through Tuesday morning. Larval sampling at each plot was conducted every Monday and prior to draining of intermittently irrigated subplots on Tuesday. All the adult anopheline mosquitoes emerging from larvae collected in the experimental plots were identified as being An. arabiensis. By far the highest numbers of An. arabiensis 1st instar larvae were found in the intermittently irrigated subplots, indicating that the water regime provided the most attractive environment for egg laying. However, the ratio between the 4th and 1st instar larvae in the subplots was only 0.08, indicating very low survival rates. In contrast, the 4th/1st instar ratio for subplots with other water management regimes ranged between 0.27 and 0.68, suggesting a correspondingly higher survival than observed with intermittent irrigation. The total number of 4th instars was almost the same in the intermittently irrigated subplots and the irrigation system normally practised by the farmers. The failure to eliminate larval development up to the 4th instar in the former method was attributed to residual pools of water. Larval abundance fluctuated throughout the 12-week sampling period. The highest larval densities were recorded in the 3 weeks after transplanting the rice seedlings. Afterwards, larval numbers dropped dramatically as the height of rice plants increased. Rice yields at harvest did not show statistically significant differences among subplots with different water regimes. The average yield per hectare ranged from 4.8-5.3 metric tonnes. The average daily water percolation/seepage rate was 3.6 mm and did not significantly differ among different water management regimes. Further research is necessary to, among other things, determine whether rice yields could be increased by having flooded and drained intervals that were different from those used in this study. It would likewise be important to assess on a wider scale the feasibility of implementing intermittent irrigation with respect to farmer acceptance and required changes in irrigation system design and management.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Effect of sanguinaria extract on established plaque and gingivitis when supragingivally delivered as a manual rinse or under pressure in an oral irrigator.

Sanguinaria extract (sanguinaria) solutions were evaluated in 44 subjects in a 2-week, no oral hygiene study as a 300 micrograms/ml manual rinse, and the results compared to supragingival irrigation with 22.5 micrograms/ml sanguinaria concentration and supragingival irrigation with water. Both the manual use of sanguinaria and supragingival irrigation of dilute sanguinaria produced significantly less plaque growth than supragingival irrigation with deionized water. In terms of % changes from baseline, manual rinsing and supragingival irrigation with sanguinaria limited plaque growth to 17.7% and 24.2%, respectively, while irrigation with water had a 51.5% growth. For gingivitis, control supragingival irrigation with sanguinarine and with water were statistically different from manual rinsing with sanguinaria. Compared to baseline, the groups irrigating with sanguinaria and with water had gingivitis reductions of 68.7% and 73.3%, respectively, while manual rinsing with sanguinaria had a 29.6% reduction. The results suggest that dilute solutions of sanguinaria delivered via rinsing or supragingival irrigation are effective in controlling plaque as an additional benefit to the use of supragingival irrigation to control gingivitis. Supragingival irrigation with sanguinaria as part of a home care routine for patients with plaque and gingivitis is suggested.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Irrigation with effluents: effects of prewetting rate and clay content on runoff and soil loss.

Stability of soil surface aggregates and irrigation water quality significantly affect runoff and soil erosion. Slow wetting of aggregates prevents slaking. We hypothesized that wetting rate will affect a soil's susceptibility to seal formation and soil erosion, and that this susceptibility will differ between effluent- and fresh water (FW)-irrigated soils. Effects of prewetting rate (2, 4, 8, and 64 mm h(-1)) on runoff and interrill erosion from five Israeli soils exposed to 60 mm of simulated rain were studied in the laboratory. Soils were taken from fields irrigated with FW or effluents for >15 yr. In general, for effluent- and FW-irrigated samples, runoff and soil loss were greatest for the soil with 22.5% clay; at lower or higher clay contents, less runoff and soil losses were noted. Runoff and soil loss decreased with decreasing prewetting rate (PWR) mainly in soils with clay content > or =38%. Total runoff and soil loss were higher in effluent-irrigated soils than in FW-irrigated ones in the loamy sand (8% clay) only. Greater soil losses occurred from effluent-irrigated soils exposed to fast PWR (64 m h(-1)) compared with FW-irrigated soils. In general, PWR had similar effects on total runoff and soil loss for effluent- and FW-irrigated soils. Use of wetting rates < or =8 mm h(-1) to prevent aggregate slaking decreased runoff and soil loss from loam and clayey soils exposed to simulated rainfall of high kinetic energy (15.9 kJ m(-3)). Long term irrigation with effluents in soils containing >20% clay did not seem to adversely affect soil susceptibility to runoff and soil loss in soils exposed to simulated rainfall, beyond that observed in FW-irrigated soils.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2006

Microbiological water quality requirements for salad irrigation in the United Kingdom.

The growth in United Kingdom salad production is dependent on irrigation to maintain product quality. There are concerns that irrigation with poor-quality water could pose a disease risk. This article examines the key issues in the emerging debate on the microbiological quality of water used for salad irrigation in the United Kingdom. The links between irrigation water quality and foodborne disease, and the current international guidance on irrigation water quality, are firstly reviewed. The findings indicate that a number of recent food-poisoning outbreaks have been linked to the consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables and that unhygienic product handling is implicated as the principal source of contamination. There is also credible evidence that salads contaminated in the field, including by irrigation water, can pose a small disease risk at the point of sale. Although irrigation water-quality standards exist in various forms internationally, there is no nationally agreed on standard used in the United Kingdom. This paper then describes the results of a survey conducted in 2003 of United Kingdom irrigation practices that might influence the microbiological quality of salads. The survey showed that surface water is the principal irrigation water source, that overhead irrigation predominates, that the gap between the last irrigation and harvest may be < 24 h in many cases, and that current water-quality monitoring practices are generally very limited in scope. This paper concludes with a discussion of the issues emerging from the review and survey, including the need for improved water-quality monitoring, and the problems associated with establishing water-quality standards that could be either too strict or too lax.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2002

[A preliminary study on the effect of irrigation on water physiology of Tamarix ramosissima in Cele oasis].

Change characteristics of predawn water potential, water potential daily process, and transpiration rate of Tamarix ramosissima before and after irrigation was studied in Cele oasis in the south fringe of Takelamakan Desert. The results showed that the predawn water potential (-0.93 MPa) after irrigation was higher than that before irrigation (-1.04 MPa), but there was no obvious difference. So, irrigation had certain influences on the recovery of predawn water potential of T. ramosissima. The average value of water potential daily process (-2.29 MPa) after irrigation was lower than that before irrigation (-1.69 MPa). Irrigation had no influence on the increase of water potential. The transpiration rate (0.505 mmol.m-2.s-1) after irrigation was higher than that before irrigation(0.18 mmol.m-2.s-1), and compared to the soil water content and the distribution of root system before and after irrigation, it might be resulted in underground water utilization of T. ramosissima. T. ramosissima could use the underground water with its deep root system. Surface irrigation had no significant effect on the change of water condition of T. ramosissima.

Agriculture↗