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PubMed1977

The unwed pregnant teenager and her male relationship.

A group of 100 primiparas, 17 years of age and younger, were interviewed one to three days postpartum. From these interviews, the quality of the relationship between the patient and the father of the newborn child was scored in three categories. Contrary to popular opinion about illegitimacy, it was found that in the majority of cases a good, continuing relationship was maintained throughout the pregnancy, despite the fact that 97% of the patients were unmarried. Fully 84% of the fathers of the unborn children has ongoing contacts with the patients; 68% of the fathers reported that they liked the idea of having the baby, whereas only 9% disliked the pregnancies. The relationship scores were compared with the occurrence of complications in the patient's labor and delivery. Statistical analyses revealed that the relationship between the teenage obstetric patient and the father of her child was not associated with the occurrence of complications in the patient's labor and delivery. However, trends indicate a possible association between these two variables.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

[A genealogical study of Steinert's disease (author's transl)].

As a result of retrospective genealogical studies on 41 cases of myotonic dystrophy, the authors have found: 1) sound arguments to support the hypothesis of anticipation often discussed in association with this disease; 2) a high rate of mortinatality in the progeny of affected females; this aspect merits being taken into consideration in genetic counselling and should be reported to obstetricians. Its pathogenetic determination still remains obscure; 3) a relative frequency of illegitimacy in familes with affected fathers. On the basis of the low fertility associated with the disease, the authors postulate that new mutations may not be rare. Finally, they emphasize two little known symptomatic features, the first being the frequency of lithiasis, the second the frequency of neoplasms. This latter observation, however, still requires confirmation.

Female↗
PubMed1996

Dissecting people and ignoring social structure: an analysis of individualism, public policy, and genetic labeling.

Genetic developments are examined from the vantage point of a social problems perspective, focusing on their tendency toward reinforcing individualism and undermining social structural analyses. The special situation of children is considered, with reference to the impact of genetic assessments of anti-social behavior, illegitimacy, intelligence, and the problem of genetic labeling. A research agenda for the future is suggested which recommends a realignment of priorities between genetic and social research.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Shakespeare, genetics, malformations, and the Wars of the Roses: hereditary themes in Henry VI and Richard III.

The four plays in the Henry VI-Richard III sequence well illustrate Shakespeare's recognition of hereditary influences upon the human condition. The inheritance of physical characteristics as manifest particularly by resemblance between fathers and sons is noted frequently. The absence of such resemblance is cited occasionally as evidence of illegitimacy. Personality traits are also viewed as inherited, although less consistently and there are important exceptions. Physical and mental traits when not derived from parents are ascribed to "nature" in the sense in which the term is often used today. Such traits are seen as being congenital or inborn even if not obviously "hereditary." Important exceptions to this are provided by the characters of the two lead characters in the play sequence. The weak-willed Henry VI is markedly different from his father, grandfather, and son who were all valiant, warlike, and brave. Shakespeare never explains this abrupt difference among generations. And the source of the evil character of Richard III is somewhat ambiguous. It seems most likely that in the first three plays of the sequence Shakespeare intended Richard's villainousness to be perceived as innate, caused by the same forces of nature that produced Richard's deformities (which are not further explained). But when Shakespeare wrote Richard III and gave more conscious consideration to what was now his central character he invoked an "environmentalist" explanation. Richard now is presented, albeit somewhat inconsistently, as evil in response to social ostracism because of his ugly deformities. This rather modern interpretation of the social origins of the personality of the deformed is particularly striking because it goes beyond anything in Shakespeare's historical sources, although Francis Bacon, a contemporary of Shakespeare, also recognized the effect of social forces upon the personality of the deformed.

Congenital Abnormalities↗
PubMed1985

Haptoglobin subtypes in Berlin, GDR. A simple procedure for haptoglobin purification and subtyping.

Sera were obtained from 1,275 blood donors in Berlin, probands involved in paternity tests, and from 119 families with 235 children; the sera were subtyped by isoelectric focusing, following preparation and reductive molecular cleavage of haptoglobin. In this paper, an uninvolved preparation technique is described for routine testing. Allelic frequencies are: Hp *1F = 0.1471; *1S = 0.2502; *2FF = 0.0020; *2FS = 0.5753; *2SS = 0.0251. Only one deviation from autosomal codominant inheritance was recorded in the family examinations, with illegitimacy considered possible. In the region of Berlin, the changes of ruling out uninvolved individuals in paternity suits have gone up from 18% (conventional technique recording two frequent alleles) to 33% (subtyping).

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Child abuse by mothers' boyfriends: why the overrepresentation?

This study showed that although mothers' boyfriends perform relatively little child care, they are responsible for substantially more child abuse than other nonparental caregivers. Using data drawn from interviews with single mothers and records of child abuse substantiated through child protection investigation, mothers' boyfriends' overrepresentation in child abuse was traced to five conditions: (a) the location of their child care in single parent families; (b) their gender; (c) the absence of genetic relationship between mothers' boyfriends and their partner's children; (d) mothers' boyfriends' perceived illegitimacy as caregivers and family members; and (e) mothers' boyfriends' rivalry with their partner's children. The limitations of these findings and implications for future research are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Political violence and Eritrean health care.

In both colonial and post-colonial eras, the creation of nation states has often been accompanied by conflict and violence in Third World countries, particularly if such attempts have ignored previously existing cultural, religious and/or ethical differences. The illegitimacy of national state construction becomes even more apparent when the attempt is associated with conflicting geopolitical interests of the 'super-powers', as is in the case of the Horn of Africa. The 27 years of armed struggle of Eritrea to free itself from Ethiopian domination is a consequence of previous and continuing attempts to create a nation state serve the interests of the ex-colonialists and 'super-powers' at the expense of the needs and desires of the people. Throughout the 27 years of struggle with its inevitable disruption of civilian life and service provisions, Eritrea has continued to develop a needs-based health care system. The Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF) has developed a health care system which directly involves the people themselves. Through careful selection of priorities and a national allocation system for the distribution of scarce resources, it has provided remarkably effective emergency services, primary care and preventive health services. Such an approach has avoided the errors committed by many other Third World countries who, through copying modern western medical care systems, developed secondary and tertiary medical care facilities which were irrelevant to the health care needs of the vast majority of their populations.

Ethiopia↗
PubMed1992

Transformations in maternity services in Jamaica.

Analysis of the current organization and delivery of maternity care in Jamaica profits not only from an assessment of recent health issues but from consideration of the development of maternity services over the past century. Historical analysis indicates that a critical element in public health policy has been the effort to encourage use of biomedical obstetrical care and to eliminate the lay midwife. However, while women increasingly patronize hospitals, the delivery of services has deteriorated, resulting in widespread client dissatisfaction. Economic contingencies have contributed to the decline in maternity services, but health personnel manifest the ideology prevalent throughout the colonial era equating social irresponsibility with health complications. The cultural construction of illegitimacy and maternity is shown to be a dimension of class relations having an impact on health policy throughout Jamaica's history.

Health Policy↗
PubMed1993

Issues of gender in gamete donation.

Gamete donation refers to the practice whereby either semen or eggs are donated by a third party to enable infertile individuals or couples to become parents. This paper examines the way in which gender is deployed as a resource for organizing the meanings attached to that practice. The gender aspects of gamete donation are not always immediately apparent since semen and egg donation are often described as being essentially the same. However, a closer examination indicates that behind the claim of equivalence lies a set of unstated assumptions about their difference. These assumptions are tied to ideas about the ways in which men and women are thought to behave more generally in relation to reproduction and the family. This paper draws on two sources of empirical data to reveal how these assumptions are used: first, data from a detailed analysis of the Warnock Report (established by the British Government in 1982 to inquire into and make recommendations on techniques of human fertilization and embryology), which includes a cross-national and historical comparison with other government reports; second, data from a series of in-depth interviews with members of the Warnock Committee. The analysis of the reports suggests that historically semen donation was associated with 'deviant' sexuality (masturbation, adultery, illegitimacy) though paradoxically the extant nature of semen donation was then used to justify the acceptance of egg donation in later reports. This is despite the fact that in these later reports there are clear, albeit implicit, distinctions drawn between the two procedures in terms of donor motivation, the risks of being a donor, and the consequences of donation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Advisory Committees↗
PubMed2004

The ambivalence of error: "scientific ideology" in the history of the life sciences and psychosomatic medicine.

This paper discusses the concept of "scientific ideology" as it appears in the work of the historian and philosopher of medicine Georges Canguilhem, whose work is becoming increasingly well known and used amongst anglophone social scientists. Whilst addressing the problematic of legitimacy and illegitimacy in the history of science, the concept of "scientific ideology" does something different and more complex than either the opposition between science and false science, or the one between orthodoxy and heresy, allow for. On the one hand, it enables us to preserve a crucial acknowledgment of the specificity of science in general, and of medical science in particular. On the other hand, it also allows us to challenge the sharp contrast between science and non-science by setting that contrast in a diachronic perspective. Drawing also on the work of Isabelle Stengers, the last part of the paper discusses an application of the concept of scientific ideology in relation to the field of psychosomatic medicine and psychoneuroimmunology.

Biological Science Disciplines↗
PubMed2002

Suicide in the Ukraine.

The suicide rates of the 24 provinces (oblasts) of the Ukraine were found to be strongly associated with indices of social disintegration (such as divorce and illegitimacy rates), with the Western provinces incorporated in the USSR later than other Ukrainian territories having lower suicide rates and lower levels of social disintegration.

Demography↗
PubMed1998

Adolescent pregnancy and parenthood. Recent evidence and future directions.

An overview of recent research on adolescent sexual activity, pregnancy, and parenthood is presented, with a focus on the dearth of knowledge concerning psychological precursors and consequences. Although the rate of teenage childbearing has decreased substantially this century, increasing rates of sexual activity, illegitimacy, and welfare receipt raise public concerns. New research is discussed that suggests that many negative outcomes previously ascribed to mothers' age are as much causes or correlates of teenage pregnancy as effects of it, although this claim is less substantiated regarding effects on children of teenage mothers. Literature on fathers and grandmothers is summarized, and suggestions are made for furthering this research. An overview is given of recent successes among intervention programs, and policy implications of the new federal welfare law are considered for teenage mothers and their children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Y-chromosomal STR haplotype analysis reveals surname-associated strata in the East-German population.

In human populations, the correct historical interpretation of a genetic structure is often hampered by an almost inherent inability to differentiate between ancient and more recent influences upon extant gene pools. One method to trace recent population movements is the analysis of surnames, which, at least in Central Europe, can be thought of as traits 'linked' to the Y chromosome. Illegitimacy, extramarital birth and changes of surnames may have substantially obscured this linkage. In order to assess the actual extent of correlation between surnames and Y-chromosomal haplotypes in Central Europe, we typed Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat markers in 419 German males from Halle. These individuals were subdivided into three groups according to the origin of their respective surname, namely German (G), Slavic (S) or 'Mixed' (M). The distribution of the haplotypes was compared by Analysis of Molecular Variance. While the M group was indistinguishable from group G (PhiST=-0.0008, P>0.5), a highly significant difference (PhiST=0.0277, P<0.001) was observed between the S group and the combined G+M group. This surprisingly strong differentiation is comparable to that of European populations of much larger geographic and linguistic difference. In view of the major migration from Slavic countries into Germany in the 19th century, it appears likely that the observed concurrence of Slavic surnames and Y chromosomes is of a recent rather than an early origin. Our results suggest that surnames may provide a simple means to stratify, and thereby to render more efficient, Y-chromosomal analyses of Central Europeans that target more ancient events.

Chromosomes, Human, Y↗
PubMed2002

Threat to ethnic identity: the experience of White Afrikaans-speaking participants in postapartheid South Africa.

The dismantling of apartheid and the postapartheid dispensation had far-reaching implications for all the citizens of South Africa. In an urban sample of White Afrikaans-speaking South Africans (Afrikaners) in postapartheid South Africa, the authors investigated perceptions of threat to ethnic identity, as well as correlates of those perceptions. The respondents experienced threat on 2 levels: The 1st was distinctive continuity, the concern that their ethnic group would not continue as a distinctive group in society. The 2nd was the evaluative dimension of ethnic identity (i.e., well-being), the concern that group membership would no longer contribute to positive self-esteem. The respondents experienced greater threat on the 2nd level, reflecting predominantly negative experiences as White Afrikaans-speaking persons in postapartheid South Africa. A high threat perception on the 2nd level was associated with (a) a perception of other groups' negative evaluations of their ethnic group, (b) negative attitudes toward political changes, and (c) perceptions of illegitimacy and instability of the postapartheid political system. The respondents who felt that Afrikaners would not continue as a distinctive group in society had a more positive attitude toward the sociopolitical changes, did not show strong ethnic identification, and had a negative collective self-esteem. They were also politically more liberal. Those findings are discussed in relation to theoretical expectations.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Pseudo dicentric chromosome (5;21): a rare example of maternal germline mosaicism.

Karyotyping of a malformed male newborn revealed the unbalanced karyotype of 46,XY, psudic(5;21)(q12;p13), +5 resulting in trisomy for the short arm of chromosome 5 and partial trisomy for 5q. Both parents had normal karyotypes in their peripheral blood lymphocytes. A second pregnancy ended in a miscarriage at 16 weeks gestation, sonographically 12 weeks. Karyotyping of chorionic villi from the abortus revealed the same unbalanced karyotype that had been identified in the first child. Fluorescence in-situ hybridization analysis confirmed a trisomy 5p. Microsatellite marker analysis ruled out illegitimacy and proved the maternal origin of the trisomic section of chromosome 5. Extended chromosome analysis of 60 metaphase cells from maternal skin fibroblasts and 40 metaphase cells from lymphocytes did not reveal mosaicism for psudic(5;21). These findings suggest the presence of a maternal germline mosaicism.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1994

Population mixing and sudden infant death syndrome in England and Wales.

BACKGROUND: Infections may be involved in some cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Exposure to such infections is likely to differ considerably between areas depending on rates of population mixing. It is therefore possible that the geography of SIDS will reflect that of population migration. METHODS: For 403 local authority districts in England and Wales the number of SIDS deaths in the first year of life and the number of livebirths during the period 1979-1983 were abstracted from published sources. Districts were classified by levels of in-migration using data from the 1981 Census and observed and expected numbers of SIDS deaths were compared for areas experiencing different rates of in-migration. RESULTS: A significant association (P < 0.001) was found between SIDS deaths and rates of long distance migration into districts. In the group with the highest rate of long distance in-migration the ratio of observed to expected SIDS deaths was 62% greater than in the group with the lowest rate of in-migration. This association was strengthened after adjustment for social class and illegitimacy. A weaker, but statistically significant, association was found for shorter distance in-migration. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that geographical variations in SIDS deaths in England and Wales are strongly associated with differences in rates of population mixing as measured by migration. The findings support the hypothesis that population mixing, by its influence on exposure to infections, may be a significant factor in the aetiology of SIDS.

Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic↗
PubMed2004

Proposal of Nakamurella gen. nov. as a substitute for the bacterial genus Microsphaera Yoshimi et al. 1996 and Nakamurellaceae fam. nov. as a substitute for the illegitimate bacterial family Microsphaeraceae Rainey et al. 1997.

The bacterial genus Microsphaera Yoshimi et al. 1996 is illegitimate because of priority of the fungal genus Microsphaera (Wallr.) Lév. [Principle 2, Rule 51b(4) of the Bacteriological Code]. Therefore, a new genus name, Nakamurella, is proposed for the bacterial genus. The type species Microsphaera multipartita Yoshimi et al. 1996 becomes Nakamurella multipartita gen. nov., comb. nov. Due to the illegitimacy of the only genus in the family Microsphaeraceae Rainey et al. 1997, this family name is replaced by the new bacterial family name Nakamurellaceae.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed1985

A study of institutionalized mentally retarded patients in Manitoba: over-representation by Canadian Indian children.

During analysis of data on 406 severely and profoundly mentally retarded children and their families in Manitoba a marked excess of Canadian Indian children was observed. There was no evidence to suggest that the over-representation by native children was due to an increased propensity of Indian families to institutionalize their children nor were these patients more profoundly retarded or more physically handicapped than the non-Indian children studied. Further analysis showed that Indian children were primarily over-represented in the groups with acquired retardation, autosomal recessive genetic disorders, idiopathic retardation with seizures and idiopathic retardation with malformations or dysmorphic signs. Review of other demographic findings indicated that other factors potentially predisposing to retardation, including low socioeconomic status, illegitimacy, high birth order, poor maternal reproductive history and increased consanguinity, were more common in the histories of native children. Severe and profound mental retardation has been said to occur equally in all strata of society. This evidently was not so in this Canadian population and the Indian child may be at special risk. Health care workers should be aware of possible predisposing factors for retardation in this group if reduction of the incidence of this major problem is to be achieved.

Adolescent↗