Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Hunger”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Temporal patterns of hunger and fullness ratings and related cognitions in anorexia and bulimia.

Hunger and fullness during an experimental liquid meal were evaluated by ratings in 84 eating-disordered patients, including three diagnostic subgroups, and in 19 controls who were normal in weight and eating healthily. Anorectic-restrictors had lower hunger ratings and higher fullness ratings than controls. The same tendency was present in anorectic-bulimics. These ratings were relatively unaffected by treatment. Anorectic-restrictors had longer meals than the anorectic-bulimics and normal-weight bulimics. The anorectic-restrictors also tended to eat more slowly than did the bulimic patients. These groups did not, however, differ in amount consumed. At the end of the experimental meal, the anorectic-bulimics were more preoccupied with thoughts of food and anorectic-restrictors had a lower urge to eat, as compared with the controls. Hunger and fullness ratings were negatively correlated for all diagnostic groups; however, these correlations were less pronounced for the eating disorder groups. The eating-disordered patients had predominantly "abnormal" patterns of hunger and fullness curves, indicating a confusion of these concepts.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Is cholecystokinin a satiety hormone? Correlations of plasma cholecystokinin with hunger, satiety and gastric emptying in normal volunteers.

This study was designed to test the putative role of plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) in eating behaviour by examining the relationships between bioassayed plasma CCK concentrations and rated sensations of satiety and hunger following the ingestion of an appetizing nutrient-dense meal and between plasma profiles of CCK and scintigraphically determined gastric emptying in nine healthy male volunteers. Mean plasma CCK levels from the whole group showed a significant negative correlation with mean hunger ratings (r = -0.64) and a positive correlation with fullness (r = +0.68). However, there was considerable interindividual variation and negative correlations with hunger were only seen in three out of nine subjects and positive correlations with fullness in four out of nine subjects. In contrast, there was a strong relationship between the plasma CCK produced over the first 2 h after the meal and the half time for gastric emptying of the meal (r = -0.81). These data do not support a direct role for circulating levels of CCK in the control of hunger and satiety following a meal. Instead, the strong correlation with gastric emptying is compatible with release of CCK in response to nutrient delivery into the small intestine.

Cholecystokinin↗
PubMed1988

Restraint, disinhibition, hunger and negative affect eating.

The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (Stunkard & Messick, 1985) contains factors measuring dietary restraint, disinhibition, and hunger. In this study, the ability of these factors to predict eating responses to negative affect was tested. The Velten mood induction procedure was used to produce neutral or depressed moods in normal weight college students. Subjects were encouraged to sample candy which was made available during the mood induction procedure. The results indicated that the Hunger factor was the only significant predictor of negative affect eating. Depressed, high-hunger subjects were more likely to eat than subjects in other conditions and, in on of two analyses of amount of candy consumed, were found to eat the most candy as well. The possibility that these results could be explained by an overlap between the Hunger factor and the construct of external responsiveness was considered. Implications of the overall findings for theories of emotional eating were briefly discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Breakdown of dietary restraint following mere exposure to food stimuli: interrelationships between restraint, hunger, salivation, and food intake.

It was hypothesised that the hunger-enhancing effects of exposure to the sight and smell of palatable food would disinhibit eating in restrained eaters (self-reported dieters). In two experiments exposure to palatable food stimuli led to increases in motivational (hunger) ratings and salivation, and was followed by overeating in restrained subjects compared with the control condition (no food during exposure) and a condition in which nonpreferred food was presented during the exposure phase. The food intake of unrestrained subjects, on the other hand, was reduced following exposure to palatable food in the first experiment. This shows that breakdown of dietary restraint can be induced by food stimuli even when the food does not constitute a preload. Mere exposure to the sight and smell of palatable food is sufficient to precipitate loss of dieting motivation. The effects of exposure on hunger and salivation were, in general, unrelated to food intake or degree of dietary restraint. Therefore, changes in hunger do not appear to directly mediate increased food intake in dieters. Instead, it is tentatively suggested that anxiety resulting from exposure to liked food may play a role both in disinhibiting eating and suppressing salivation in restrained subjects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Exercise energy expenditure is not consciously detected due to oro-gastric, not metabolic, basis of hunger sensation.

We tested the hypothesis that exercise energy expenditure (EEE) will elicit reflex metabolic compensations but no increases in hunger. Exercise expended 800 kcal once when fasted and at another time in a post-prandial state. During fasting exercise, pre-meal ratings of hunger were unaffected by EEE, but plasma concentrations of ghrelin, growth hormone and free fatty acids were higher than in the absence of EEE. We propose that the perception of hunger is based on the vagal, lateral hypothalamic and cortical projections of oral and gastro-intestinal (GI) stimuli and that EEE triggers neuroendocrine compensations and influences hunger indirectly by affecting GI functions.

Energy Metabolism↗
PubMed2005

Influence of heredity on dietary restraint, disinhibition, and perceived hunger in humans.

OBJECTIVE: Dietary restraint, disinhibition, and perceived hunger have been shown to affect food intake and body weight and are thought to be risk factors for eating disorders, but little is known about their origins. We investigated the influence of heredity, shared (familial) environment, and individual environment on dietary restraint disinhibition, perceived hunger and their relation to body size and food intake. METHODS: Scores on the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire and the Restraint Scale in addition to height, weight, body mass index, and 7-d diary reported nutrient intakes were obtained from 39 identical, 60 fraternal same-sex, and 50 fraternal opposite-sex adult twin pairs who were living independently. Linear structural modeling was applied to investigate the nature and degree of genetic and environmental influences. RESULTS: Analysis showed significant genetic and individual environmental, but not shared (familial) environmental, influences on cognitive restraint, perceived hunger, and Restraint Scale scores, with genes accounting for 44%, 24%, and 58% of the variance, respectively. In contrast, disinhibition was found to be significantly influenced by the shared (familial) environment, accounting for 40% of the variance. Further analysis showed that cognitive restraint and perceived hunger heritabilities could not be accounted for by significant heritabilities of body weight, height, or body mass index. In contrast, the heritability of Restraint Scale scores was found to be related to body size. Cognitive restraint was negatively correlated with nutrient intake, and differences in cognitive restraint were found to be related to differences in the body sizes of identical twin pairs. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary restraint appears to be another component in a package of genetically determined physiologic, sociocultural, and psychological processes that regulate energy balance, whereas dietary disinhibition may be the intermediary between upbringing and the development of overweight and/or eating disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Social capital is associated with decreased risk of hunger.

This article explores whether social capital-a measure of trust, reciprocity and social networks-is positively associated with household food security, independent of household-level socioeconomic factors. Interviews were conducted in 330 low-income households from Hartford, Connecticut. Social capital was measured using a 7-item Likert scale and was analyzed using household- and community-level scores. Household food security and hunger were measured using the US Household Food Security Module. chi2 tests were used to examine associations between social capital, food security and household demographic characteristics. Logistic regression was used to examine whether household- and community-level social capital decreases the odds of household hunger, and to estimate which household characteristics increase the likelihood of having social capital. Consistent with our hypotheses, social capital, at both the household and community levels, is significantly associated with household food security in these data. Community-level social capital is significantly associated with decreased odds of experiencing hunger (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=0.47 [95% CI 0.28, 0.81], P<0.01), while controlling for household socioeconomic status. Results show that households with an elderly member are over two and a half times as likely to have high social capital (AOR=2.68 [1.22, 5.87], P<0.01) than are non-elderly households, after controlling for socioeconomic status. Having a household member who participates in a social or civic organization is also significantly associated with having higher levels of social capital. Social capital, particularly in terms of reciprocity among neighbors, contributes to household food security. Households may have similarly limited financial or food resources, but households with higher levels of social capital are less likely to experience hunger.

Confidence Intervals↗
PubMed2001

Bulimics' responses to food cravings: is binge-eating a product of hunger or emotional state?

This study examined the roles of hunger, food craving and mood in the binge-eating episodes of bulimic patients, and identified the critical factors involved in the processes surrounding binge-eating episodes that follow cravings. This was a prospective study of the binge-eating behaviour of 15 women with bulimia nervosa. The participants used food intake diaries and Craving Records to self-monitor their nutritional behaviour, hunger levels and affective state. Cravings leading to a binge were associated with higher tension, lower mood and lower hunger than those cravings not leading to a binge. Levels of tension and hunger were the critical discriminating variables. The findings of the study support empirical evidence and models of emotional blocking in binge-eating behaviour and challenge the current cognitive starve-binge models of bulimia. The role of food cravings in the emotional blocking model is discussed in terms of a classically conditioned motivational state. Implications for treatment are addressed.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Hunger, thirst, and energy intakes following consumption of caloric beverages.

Whereas soft drinks are described as primarily thirst-quenching liquids, juices and milk are said to be liquid foods, with a greater satiating power. This study was conducted to compare the effects of orange juice, low-fat milk (1%), regular cola, and sparkling water on hunger, thirst, satiety, and energy intakes at the next meal. Thirty-two volunteers (14 men and 18 women), ages 18-35 years, consumed a breakfast preload composed of 590 ml (20 oz) of an energy-containing beverage (1036 kJ) or water (0 kJ) and a slice of toast (418 kJ) on four different occasions. Participants rated hunger, thirst, fullness, and desire to eat at baseline and at 20-min intervals for 2 h following preload ingestion. A tray lunch was presented at 2 h, 15 min and food consumption was measured. Compared to sparkling water, the three energy-containing beverages were associated with higher fullness and reduced hunger rating and desire to eat. However, energy intakes at lunch (4511+/-151 kJ for men and 3183+/-203 kJ for women) were the same across all four beverage conditions and no compensation for breakfast energy was observed. The three beverages of equal energy value were significantly different from sparkling water, but not from each other, in their effects on hunger and satiety ratings. All four beverages satisfied thirst equally well. Whether energy-containing cola, juice, and low-fat milk facilitate a positive energy balance remains a topic for further study.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Metabolic and cognitive coefficients in the development of hunger sensations after pure macronutrient ingestion in the morning.

The effect of pure carbohydrate, protein and fat ingestion on different aspects of short-term satiety and their relation to metabolic and cognitive performance indices were studied in 15 healthy male students. Subjects were tested in three sessions for short-term changes in blood indices, indirect calorimetry, different aspects of hunger sensations as well as mood and objective cognitive performance using a repeated-measures, counterbalanced cross-over design. Measurements were made after an overnight fast before and hourly during 3 h after macronutrient ingestion. Preloads were isoenergetic (1670 kJ) spoonable creams with similar sensory properties of either pure carbohydrates, protein or fat. Overall 'desire to eat' and 'gastric emptiness' represented principal components for overall 'hunger' ratings, which were larger after fat and carbohydrate compared with protein ingestion. In the first hour, the hunger suppression of carbohydrates was similar to that of protein and related to changes in beta-hydroxybutyrate and insulin concentrations accompanied with a preference for carbohydrate-rich food. In the third hour, it was similar to the low satiating power of fat and related to diet-induced thermogenesis together with a preference for protein-rich food. For all macronutrients feelings of 'energy' were negatively related to hunger sensations, whereas objective cognitive performance was positively related. Our findings suggest that the subjective satiating effect of carbohydrates seems to change with time in relation to postprandial metabolic changes, presumably mainly dependent on the glycemic response and diet-induced thermogenesis.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Hunger and palatability: tracking ratings of subjective experience before, during and after the consumption of preferred and less preferred food.

This study investigated the effects of palatability on ratings of hunger and other states, food preferences, bodily sensations, feelings and moods. Assessments of these were made before, during and after 12 healthy female subjects ate small equicaloric meals of either highly preferred of less preferred food. The sight of highly preferred food markedly increased subjects' rated desire to eat and this elevation was maintained during consumption. Hunger ratings were also elevated but only during consumption of the highly preferred food and to a smaller extent. There was no effect of the palatability of the food on rated feelings of fullness. Two hours after the meal, ratings of desire to eat and hunger were significantly higher after consumption of highly preferred food. This effect did not occur after eating less preferred food. Feelings of general positive affect, which followed the highly preferred meal, did not occur with the less preferred food. These findings throw light on the nature of the rated expression of hunger and on other terms used in describing dispositions to eat.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Assessment of hunger and appetite and their relationship to food intake in persons with HIV infection.

Assessments of hunger and/or appetite are common methods of screening for development of illness-related anorexia. There are limited data to determine whether these methods predict actual food intake in persons with HIV disease. Therefore, the authors examined the relationship between self-reported food intake and subjective ratings of hunger and appetite in 31 adults with HIV infection. Participants also indicated presence of additional factors that can decrease amount of food eaten. Subjective ratings of appetite and hunger correlated with each other but not with food intake. Twenty-four additional factors that can affect food intake were reported to be present. The most common were illness-related and factors such as eating with friends or family. These results indicate that measures of hunger and appetite are not sufficient to screen for decreased food intake. Additional factors that can affect food intake should also be included in a comprehensive assessment of adults with HIV infection.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

A role for the medial region of the amygdala in mineralocorticoid-induced salt hunger.

Damage to the medial region of the amygdala abolished aldosterone-induced salt hunger in the rat. In contrast, the salt hungers that are induced by adrenalectomy or by acute sodium depletion are left intact by the same brain damage. We suggest (a) that we have identified part of the neural circuit by which aldosterone participates in the genesis of salt hunger in the intact, sodium-depleted rat and (b) that these results provide further evidence for the hypothesis that there are separate receptive systems in the brain for the participation of aldosterone and angiotensin in the arousal of salt hunger.

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMed1998

Effect of psyllium on gastric emptying, hunger feeling and food intake in normal volunteers: a double blind study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether psyllium, a soluble dietary fibre, could, at an acceptable dose (7.4 g), delay gastric emptying of a low-calorie meal, and reduce hunger feeling and energy intake, without requiring intimate mixing with the meal. DESIGN: A double blind randomized cross over study with 14 normal volunteers, to evaluate the effect of this dose of psyllium on postprandial serum glucose, triglycerides and insulin levels, and on gastric fullness, hunger feeling and food intake. METHODS: Gastric emptying was measured using a standard double-radiolabeled 450 kcal meal and feelings by visual analogic scales. The postprandial serum glucose, triglycerides and insulin levels were also determined. RESULTS: No delay in the gastric emptying of the solid and liquid phases of the meal was observed with psyllium. After the meal, hunger feelings and energy intake were significantly lower during the psyllium session than during the placebo session (13% and 17% lower respectively; P < 0.05). Postprandial increase in serum glucose, triglycerides and insulin levels was less with psyllium than with placebo (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Psyllium reduces hunger feelings and energy intake in normal volunteers at reasonable dose and without requiring mixing with the meal. It does not act by slowing down the gastric emptying of hydrosoluble nutrients, but by increase in the time allowed for intestinal absorption, as suggested by the flattening of the postprandial serum glucose, insulin and triglycerides curves.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The Kids Café: a program to reduce child hunger.

Hunger and food insecurity affect nearly 12 million children in the United States. Poverty is the foremost reason for hunger and food insecurity, but even the working poor sometimes have difficulty providing enough food for their household. Undernourished children may not present with severe clinical symptoms, but their ability to learn and psychosocial behavior can be affected. Feeding programs such as Kids Café can help decrease child hunger while improving learning and overall health. Kids Café's are operated by local food banks and sponsored by America's Second Harvest in partnership with ConAgra Foods, Inc. This article reviews the problem of child hunger and describes the Kids Café Program.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Motivational effects of hunger on time estimation and delay of gratification in obese and nonobese boys.

Time estimates and ability to delay gratification of obese and nonobese boys were compared by a 2x2x2 factorial experiment in which hunger and edibility of incentives were manipulated. Hunger did not affect estimates of the obese boys, while it significantly shortened estimates made by the nonobese boys when the hunger drive was made either specific or nonspecific by varying incentive conditions. Although estimates of the nonobese boys were significantly shorter in the edible than nonedible incentive condition, edibility of incentives did not affect the estiamtes of the obese, suggesting a general rather than food-specific arousal in the nonobese and a general lack of response to internal cues in the obese. Immediate rewards were chosen significantly more often by obese than nonobese Ss. However, delay gratification in both obese and nonobese was unaffected by the hunger and edibility of incentive manipulations. This was attributed to uncontrolled cognitive variables.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Effects of consumption of caloric vs noncaloric sweet drinks on indices of hunger and food consumption in normal adults.

This study examined the effects of aspartame, saccharin, and sucrose on hunger and food intake. Twenty normal adults consumed a standard breakfast followed 3 h later by 200 mL of either water or a sweetened drink. One hour later, subjects' ad libitum consumption of a standardized lunch was measured. Subjects recorded self-assessments of hunger-related indices every half hour on visual analogue scales (VAS). ANOVA with repeated measures showed a significant effect of drink type on VAS scores 15 and 45 min after drinks were consumed but not for other times or for lunch consumption. Hunger-related ratings after drink consumption were generally highest for water, lower for noncaloric sweeteners (NCSs), and lowest for sugar. Pairwise comparisons of means showed that only the ratings for sugar and water were significantly different. The results show that, under the conditions of this study, NCSs do not increase hunger or food intake.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Effect of guar gum on hunger and satiety after meals of differing fat content: relationship with gastric emptying.

To determine whether the satiating effects of fiber are due to delaying gastric emptying or slowing absorption of meals, 3% guar gum was added to high- and low-fat soups and gastric emptying rate, hunger, and satiety were measured in eight male volunteers. Guar gum delayed the emptying of the low-fat soup but the small delays in the return of hunger and decline of fullness were significantly correlated with the gastric emptying, suggesting mediation by gastric mechanoreceptors. The high-fat soup also emptied more slowly but this had no effect on the return of hunger or the decline in fullness. The delays in the return of hunger and decline of fullness were far greater when guar gum was added to the fatty soup; these delays were not correlated with the small additional delay in gastric emptying. This is more compatible with slowed absorption and prolonged contact of nutrients with intestinal chemoreceptors.

Adult↗