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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Group process: the black box of studies on problem-based learning.

A considerable number of medical schools worldwide have implemented, at least in part, a problem-based learning (PBL) approach in their curricula. Research to date has largely neglected the issue of the actual activities and learning processes that mediate and moderate the relationship between these programs and their cognitive outcomes. In this essay the authors discuss the few studies that have empirically investigated what students actually do in PBL tutorials, which arguably is the pivotal mediating process. These studies demonstrate that it is possible to observe, identify, and describe group activities (such as brainstorming and the joint identification of learning issues) that promote interactionally shared and achieved cognition. However, such studies have been confined to case studies in which isolated fragments of tutorials have been analyzed and described. Future studies need to provide a broader description and analysis of actually performed cognitive activities in all relevant phases of the entire PBL process.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1989

Grouping processes in visual search: effects with single- and combined-feature targets.

We report evidence for spatially parallel visual search for targets defined by combinations of form elements in visual search. In Section 1, we show that flat search functions occur for combined-form targets when distractor forms are homogeneous and can be grouped together, thus segmenting the target from the distractors. Introducing heterogeneous distractors lessens distractor grouping and can produce serial search. These results cannot be easily attributed to subjects' use of local feature information to discriminate targets. Instead, they suggest that grouping can operate at a level at which combined form information is represented. In Section 2 we show that these grouping effects are spatially scaled by the size of the stimuli. In Section 3 we show that heterogeneity does not prevent flat search functions when the target has a unique defining feature. The data are interpreted in terms of a hierarchical processing system involving both devoted single-feature and combined-feature (junction) maps. Grouping processes can operate at both the single-feature and the combined-form levels. Selection in visual search remains confined to one object description at a time, but this description can be at various spatial scales, including that at the level of grouped forms.

Attention↗
PubMed1996

Application of group process model to performance appraisal development in a CQI environment.

Health care administrators have been faced with the challenge of developing performance appraisal instruments that balance continuous quality improvement (CQI) initiatives with the potential legal liabilities surrounding employee performance. Although the literature offers many examples of performance appraisal instruments, there is no real roadmap of how those charged with developing such an instrument can successfully go through the process. This article documents one pediatric hospital's experience in developing this needed device.

Employee Performance Appraisal↗
PubMed1990

Group processes involved in coming to terms with a mentally retarded identity.

A growing body of research has documented the existence of the problem of stigma among people with mental retardation. Normalization-based services often seem to collude with current consensus, which indicates that the best way to cope with stigma is by "passing" for "normal." In the present paper we presented an alternative method of dealing with stigma, namely, group therapy based on the two paradigms of loss and consciousness raising. In talking about their experiences with retardation and stigma, seven group members passed through six stages: denial, statement, recognition, exploration, meaning, and acceptance. Implications of this approach for working with people who have mental retardation were discussed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Coronary angiography and revascularization: defining procedural indications through formal group processes. The Canadian Revascularization Panel, the Canadian Coronary Angiography Panel.

OBJECTIVES: To summarize the process and extent of interphysician agreement within two panels convened to derive indications for the appropriate use of coronary angiography and for coronary revascularization procedures. PARTICIPANTS: Two panels, each with nine practitioners. METHODS: Panelists rated the appropriateness of intervention for a comprehensive set of indications for each procedure. Indications were brief profiles created by combining and permuting clinical characteristics pertinent to case selection for intervention. Ratings were first made at home, with a second round at the panel meeting following open discussion. Final rankings of indications as 'appropriate', 'uncertain' or 'inappropriate' were based on the pattern of panelists' responses on a nine-point scale, including the median rating and extent of agreement among panelists. Agreement was defined as at least seven panelists' ratings within the three-point region containing the median rating. Panelists were later mailed a much-reduced list of indications for which there was agreement on appropriateness. These were re-rated on a necessity scale. A procedure was rated 'necessary' only if a physician was ethically obligated to recommend it as the preferred treatment option. RESULTS: For appropriateness of angiography, agreement occurred in 38.2% of indications in round 1 and 64.4% in round 2 (P < 0.0001). For coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) versus medical therapy, the corresponding increase was from 43.5 to 54.0% (P < 0.0001). Agreement on necessity of angiography occurred for 44.3% of scenarios. For indications where CABG alone was appropriate, agreement on necessity was 56%. However, for indications where percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) could be regarded as the first-line intervention, agreement on necessity was only 5%. CONCLUSIONS: A two-step panel process permitted considerable convergence of panelists' ratings, highlighting the importance of formal panel methods in setting utilization management criteria. However, the extent of continuing disagreement on ratings underscores the need to avoid a forced consensus; instead, divergent opinions should be taken as indicative of uncertainty about the appropriateness of intervention. Interpanelist agreement on necessity ratings was modest, but may help in setting benchmarks to assess possible underprovision of invasive cardiac services in Canada.

Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary↗
PubMed1976

Therapeutic group process with the institutional elderly.

This paper reviews the status of geriatric group psychotherapy and the experience with such programs at the Miami Jewish Home and Hospital for the Aged. Specific ways are suggested for enhancing the administration of group psycho-therapy programs in the geriatric institutional setting. Group therapy techniques adapted to the specialized needs of the aged are of definite therapeutic benefit.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Mastering the APG grouping process.

This case history details one company's success in using coding software to handle the requirements of the new ambulatory patient group (APG) system following the implementation of this complex new payment mechanism for outpatient care. Providers and payers are looking to coding software for help in billing and paying for outpatient services. Since the APG system "consolidates," "packages," and "discounts" a facility's payment for outpatient services, the new coding software helps ensure adequate reimbursement.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Application in medical students of the Zielke questionnaire for changes after group processes].

It has been studied with the Zielken questionnaire the modification of second year medical students mental health symptomatology after two different group activities. The results showed that subjects who participate in any groups improved significantly when compared those of the sensitization treatment groups with those with control groups results indicates that sensitization groups subjects grew better than controls for the perception of professional difficulties. Internal locus of control for mood disturbances diminished more in control groups.

Adult↗