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PubMed2000

Estimation of fetal weight before and after amniotomy in the laboring gravid woman.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to search for differences between fetal weights estimated both ultrasonographically and clinically before and after amniotomy in laboring gravid women. STUDY DESIGN: Estimates of fetal weight (ultrasonographic and clinical) were obtained for laboring gravid women before and after amniotomy. These estimates were compared with actual birth weights determined post partum. RESULTS: One hundred sixty-two patients completed the study protocol. Comparisons made with unpaired Student t test analyses demonstrated a difference (P <.001) between ultrasonographically estimated fetal weights before and after amniotomy. Simple regression analysis showed a correlation between both ultrasonographic and clinical estimates of fetal weight and actual birth weights before and after amniotomy, with postamniotomy clinical estimates having the strongest correlation (ultrasonographic preamniotomy estimate, R = 0.717; ultrasonographic postamniotomy estimate, R = 0.630; clinical preamniotomy estimate, R = 0.742; and clinical postamniotomy estimate, R = 0.788). Of all ultrasonographic parameters measured, preamniotomy abdominal circumference correlated best with actual birth weight (R = 0.730). CONCLUSION: Clinical estimates of fetal weight after amniotomy correlated well with actual birth weights. Preamniotomy abdominal circumference was the ultrasonographic parameter best for prediction of actual birth weight. Maternal weight affected clinical but not ultrasonographic estimates of fetal weight in this study. However, clinical estimates of fetal weight were actually superior to ultrasonographic estimates of fetal weight in this study.

Amnion↗
PubMed2000

Detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis colonization of the gravid cervix.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of the study were to determine whether a Gram stain of cervical mucus can accurately rule out infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis and to compare a diagnostic test that is based on the polymerase chain reaction with a deoxyribonucleic acid probe in the detection of these organisms. STUDY DESIGN: Gravid patients were screened for N gonorrhoeae and C trachomatis with a deoxyribonucleic acid probe, Gram stain, and analysis with the polymerase chain reaction. A normal, noninfected sample was defined by <10 polymorphonuclear leukocytes per high-power field on the Gram stain. Standard statistical methods were used to compare results of the Gram stain and the deoxyribonucleic acid probe, as well as to compare results of deoxyribonucleic acid probe hybridization and polymerase chain reaction analysis. A P value of <.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Patient enrollment totaled 519. The prevalence of infection as determined by deoxyribonucleic acid probe hybridization was 1.4% for N gonorrhoeae (7/518) and 6.8% for C trachomatis (35/518). The cervical Gram stain predicted the absence of infection in 17% (90/518) of patients, with a negative predictive value of 99% for N gonorrhoeae and 97% for C trachomatis. African American race, age <20 years, and unmarried status were all predictors of the presence of C trachomatis or N gonorrhoeae cervicitis. For the patients who lacked these risk factors (n = 74), the Gram stain had 100% negative predictive value. Analysis with the polymerase chain reaction detected 8 additional patients with C trachomatis and 105 additional patients with N gonorrhoeae, in comparison with deoxyribonucleic acid probe hybridization. CONCLUSION: The cervical Gram stain can accurately predict the absence of N gonorrhoeae and C trachomatis in gravid women. Analysis with the polymerase chain reaction indicates that N gonorrhoeae and C trachomatis are significantly more prevalent in this population than previously reported.

Cervix Uteri↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Do gravidity and age affect pregnancy outcome?

Fetal loss has generally been found to vary with gravidity, previous experience of fetal loss, and maternal age, but the literature is divided on the reasons for these associations. In this paper we examine pregnancy histories obtained retrospectively from a nationally representative one-in-one-thousand sample of women in Australia aged 20 to 59 years. The relations of fetal loss ratios with both gravidity and previous outcome are consistent with heterogeneity of risk over the study population and a stopping rule, whereby high-risk women undertake more pregnancies than low-risk women to achieve the same number of live births. Evidence is presented that elevated loss ratios in the teens indicate not higher risk but a selection for short gestation intervals, while loss ratios beyond the mid-thirties do not point unequivocally to a substantial increase in risk at the older reproductive ages.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Tethered flight capabilities and survival of Lambornella clarki-infected, blood-fed, and gravid Aedes sierrensis (Diptera: Culicidae).

Flight capabilities and survival of Lambornella clarki Corliss & Coats-infected, control, blood-fed, and gravid Aedes sierrensis (Ludlow) were monitored using a tethered flight mill system and by recording deaths at various times after initiation of these tests. Flight capabilities of infected and control males as measured by total number of flights, total time spent flying, total distance flown, average flight speed, and percentage time flying were similar. Flight capabilities of females with parasites, with fresh blood meals, and with fully developed eggs did not differ significantly. Flight capabilities of 1- to 2-d-old starved infected and starved control females also did not differ significantly. Although flight capabilities did not differ significantly, infected males died earlier than control males. For females, blooded individuals lived longest, followed by controls, and then gravid and infected individuals. These results and results of glycogen analyses of mosquito thoraces indicate that the parasite primarily affected resources needed by the mosquito for survival and not those for flight.

Aedes↗
PubMed1995

Free flight of Lambornella clarki-infected, blood-fed, and gravid Aedes sierrensis (Diptera: Culicidae).

Total flight times and flight numbers of Lambornella clarki Corliss & Coats-infected and uninfected nonblood-fed (control), blooded, and gravid Aedes sierrensis (Ludlow) were monitored in laboratory experiments using a free-flight acoustical system. Mean flight time and number of males were not affected by L. clarki infection, but mean flight time of infected females was significantly less than those of control and gravid females. Flight numbers of infected and control females did not differ significantly. Blood feeding initially suppressed flight, but flight dramatically increased with increasing time after the blood meal. There was an increase in flight that corresponded to increased parasite presence inside the ovaries in young, but not older, females.

Aedes↗
PubMed1976

Nitrogen metabolism and reproductive response of gravid swine fed an arginine-free diet during the last 84 days of gestation.

Based upon nitrogen retention and urinary excretion of orotic and citric acid, previous experiments have shown that the gravid gilt does not require a dietary source of arginine during late gestation. This experiment was designed to evaluate effects of feeding an arginine-free diet for a major portion of gestation. Three diets, 0% L-arginine, 0.38% L-arginine and a fortified corn-soybean meal control, were fed to two litter-mate trios from day 30 of gestation until parturition. The experimental diets contained crystalline amino acids as the sole source of nitrogen and provided 12.6% crude protein equivalent. All gilts received 2 kg of diet daily and were housed throughout the 84-day feeding period in metabolism crates. Nitrogen retention tended to increase with advancing pregnancy, but was uninfluenced by dietary treatment. Averaged across all three gestational trimester periods, nitrogen retention was 11.2, 9.7 and 12.0 g/day for the 0% arginine, 0.38% arginine and cor-soybean meal diet, respectively. Urinary excretion of orotic acid was not significantly affected by arginine intake. Moreover, number and weight of pigs at birth and weaning were unaltered by dietary treatment. Thus, it is evident that satisfactory reproductive response can be achieved with gravid swine fed an arginine-free diet during the last 84 days of pregnancy.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Nitrogen metabolism, tissue carnosine concentration and blood chemistry of gravid swine fed graded levels of histidine.

Three nitrogen metabolism experiments were conducted to determine the qualitative and quantitative histidine need of first-litter gilts during the last third of pregnancy. A completely purified, crystalline 8amino acid diet was formulated to meet all nutrient needs of the gravid gilt when 2 kg/day was fed. Experiments 1 and 2 were 9-day nitrogen balance studies, each consisting of three littermate gilts subjected to three levels of dietary L-histidine in a Latin square arrangement of treatments. Nitrogen retention was depresed, but not significantly, when less than 0.12% histidine was fed. Complete deletion of histidine, however, did not depress retention below that observed when 0.06% was fed. This suggested that either histidine biosynthesis or its release from endogenous reserves was confounding retention data. Therefore in a third experiment, two gilts were fed a histidine-free diet for 24 days in an attempt to deplete endogenous reserves. For comparison, two siblings were fed 0.12% histidine during this same period. Nitrogen retention tended to be lower for gilts fed the histidine-free diet during each of three consecutive collection periods. Blood hemoglobin, muscle and olfactory bulb carnosine concentration, plasma protein and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase activity, and blood urea nitrogen were all unaffected by treatment. Offspring from gilts fed the histidine-free diet had lower blood hemoglobin concentrations than their counterparts from gilts receiving histidine. A tentative recommendation of 0.12% dietary L-histidine would seem justified for gravid swine.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Effects of age, gravidity and male infertility status on cumulative conception rates following artificial insemination with cryopreserved donor semen: analysis of 2998 cycles of treatment in one centre over 10 years.

The effects of age, gravidity and male infertility status on cumulative conception rates after donor insemination were investigated in an analysis of 2998 treatment cycles undertaken on 443 patients. It was found that the cumulative conception rates after 3, 6 and 12 cycles of treatment were 21, 40 and 62% respectively for patients < 30 years of age compared with 17, 26 and 44% for those aged > or = 30 years (P = 0.008). There was also a significant difference (P < 0.001) in results depending on course of treatment and the cumulative conception rates were 19% after 3 cycles, 33% after 6 cycles and 54% after 12 cycles of treatment in the first course of treatment compared with 40, 67 and 79% respectively in those who returned for subsequent courses of treatment after having achieved a donor insemination pregnancy in the first treatment course. Gravidity and male infertility status (azoospermia or oligozoospermia/asthenozoospermia) did not significantly affect the cumulative conception rates.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Mechanism of action of isoprenaline, isoxuprine, terbutaline and orciprenaline on gravid human isolated myometrium. Influence of the neuronal uptake process.

The present report analyzes the relative potencies and the mechanism of action of isoprenaline (Iso), isoxsuprine (Isox), terbutaline (Terb) and orciprenaline (Orc) on gravid isolated human myometrium in either spontaneous or in K+-induced contractions. Spontaneous activity was observed in 80% of the strips studied and the rate of contractions was 3.22 +/- 0.21 per 15 min. Dose-dependent inhibition of spontaneous contractions was observed with all the agonists. Preincubation with cocaine, 10(-5) M, shifted the inhibitory dose-response curves of Iso and Orc to the left, 16.6- and 23.3-fold respectively. The rank order of relative potencies was: Iso much greater than Isox greater than Terb greater than Orc in the absence and Iso much greater than Isox greater than Orc greater than Terb in the presence of cocaine. In the strips stimulated with K+, 80 mM, Isox, Terb and Orc produced only 20-30% inhibition while Iso was without effect. The incubation with propranolol (10(-8) -10(-4) M) did not modify the inhibitory response produced by Isox, Terb and Orc, but produced a parallel shift to the right of the Iso dose-response curve. Dose-ratio experiments yielded a straight line, and a Schild plot showed a pA2 value of 8.5 +/- 0.26 (slope = 2.76 +/- 0.47). The results with Iso confirm the existence of beta-adrenoreceptors in gravid human myometrium. On the other hand, in view of the low potency of Isox, Terb and Orc, and also the inability of propranolol to block their responses, it is suggested that the relaxant effects of these drugs are not mediated by beta-adrenoreceptors.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗
PubMed1999

The lack of transplacental movement of the cyanide antidote thiosulfate in gravid ewes.

UNLABELLED: A previous study reported that the co-infusion of IV sodium thiosulfate (STS) with sodium nitroprusside (SNP) to near-term gravid ewes prevented both maternal and fetal cyanide toxicity. We questioned whether maternally administered STS crossed the ovine placenta to enhance fetal transulfuration of cyanide, or whether the fetus was dependent on maternal detoxification of cyanide after diffusion of cyanide into the maternal circulation. Ten anesthetized, near-term gravid ewes underwent hysterotomies with delivery of fetal heads for venous catheterization. Five control ewes received IV isotonic sodium chloride solution, whereas five experimental ewes received IV STS (50 mg/kg over 15 min). Serial plasma thiosulfate concentrations in ewes and fetuses were measured over 135 min. Areas under the time-plasma thiosulfate concentration curves were calculated for experimental and control ewes at 2758+/-197 and 508+/-74 min x mg(-1) x L(-1), respectively (P < 0.008). Mean areas under the curve for experimental and control fetuses were 236+/-34 and 265+/-23 min x mg(-1) x L(-1), respectively (P > 0.5). Maternally administered STS may prevent fetal cyanide poisoning from SNP administration without relying on STS crossing the placenta into the fetal circulation. Fetal cyanide may cross down a concentration gradient from fetal to maternal circulation, to be transulfurated to thiocyanate in maternal tissues. IMPLICATIONS: We evaluated the mechanism of action of sodium thiosulfide (STS) in sodium nitroprusside-induced cyanide toxicity in the ewe. Fetal cyanide poisoning is alleviated by maternal administration of STS, although this cyanide antidote apparently does not cross the placenta.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Effects of nitroglycerin and nitroprusside on the uterine vasculature of gravid ewes.

The effects of nitroglycerin (TNG) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on mean aortic pressure (MAP), uterine blood flow (UBF), uterine vascular conductance (UVC), and pulse rate (PR) were compared when the two agents were infused to prevent and treat hypertension induced by norepinephrine (NE) in gravid ewes. When infused alone, TNG, 19 microgram/kg/min, decreased MAP 19 per cent and increased PR 33 per cent from control values (P less than 0.05), but did not significantly change UBF or UVC. In comparison, SNP, 3 microgram/kg/min, decreased MAP 20 per cent and increased PR 43 per cent (P less than 0.05), and did not significantly change UBF or UVC. When given alone, four successive 2-min infusions of NE produced dose-related increase in MAP and decreases in UBF, UVC, and PR; values were significantly different from control with the two higher doses of NE. Although MAP, UBF, and UVC were still significantly changed from control levels when NE was given in the presence of the above infusions of TNG or SNP, MAP was lower and UBF and UVC were higher compared with when NE was given alone (P less than 0.05). When given to control hypertension induced by a continuous infusion of NE, TNG or SNP produced uterine vasodilatation and significantly increased UBF. Nitroglycerin and SNP were equally effective in counteracting the maternal hypertension and antagonizing the uterine vascular effect of NE. It is concluded that TNG and SNP counteract uterine vasoconstriction resulting from alpha-adrenergic stimulation and do not produce a shunt of blood flow away from the uterine vasculature when used to control hypertension in gravid ewes.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

The actions of tulobuterol on isolated preparations of gravid human myometrium.

1. The effects of tulobuterol (Abbott 54173) on the contractile force developed by electrically stimulated strips of gravid (gestation 36-40 weeks) human uterine muscle were compared with those of isoprenaline and adrenalin. 2. Isoprenaline produced inhibition of electrically evoked contractions of myometrium from 12 of 17 women at concentrations at or below 1 mumol/L (range 0.001-1 mumol/L). It enhanced contractions at concentrations of 10-50 mumol/L. In tissues from the remaining five women isoprenaline produced neither inhibitory nor excitatory effects. Adrenalin (0.1-50 mumol/L) was found to enhance contractile force in a concentration-dependent manner (EC50 = 0.30 mumol/L). 3. In the presence of metoprolol (0.3 mumol/L), a selective antagonist at beta 1-adrenoceptors, the isoprenaline concentration-response relationship was shifted to the left, indicating that beta 1-adrenoceptors are present and that they mediate excitation in the human uterus. 4. In contrast tulobuterol (in neither the presence nor absence of metoprolol), in the same concentration range as isoprenaline and adrenalin, (0.001-50 mumol/L) was found to have no effect on the electrically evoked contraction of gravid human uterine muscle strips.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗
PubMed1989

Ureteric obstruction by the gravid uterus.

This paper reports the only 6 cases of ureteric obstruction apparently caused by the gravid uterus diagnosed at the Mercy Maternity Hospital in the past 17 years, during which time there were 82,836 confinements. In 3 of the 6 cases there was clear radiographic evidence that the level of obstruction was at the pelvic brim. The rapid resolution of the ureteric obstruction shortly after delivery strongly suggested that the gravid uterus was the cause of the obstruction. Cases 1-3 were the only patients of 793 with polyhydramnios who developed bilateral ureteric obstruction and acute renal failure. In Cases 4 and 5 there was unilateral ureteric obstruction and pyelonephritis; in Case 4 a ureteric catheter was inserted from below, and in Case 5 a ureteric stent was inserted via a nephrostomy tube. In Case 6 a percutaneous nephrostomy tube was inserted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Quantitative analysis of male fetal DNA in maternal serum of gravid rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

The isolation of human fetal DNA from the maternal circulation has provided a source of fetal material for prenatal diagnosis. The objective of this study was to investigate whether a similar pattern could be observed in the maternal circulation of male-bearing gravid rhesus monkeys. A real-time PCR TaqMan system for the rhesus Y-chromosome sex determining region was used to determine fetal sex and to quantify fetal DNA concentrations. Results in 14 healthy pregnancies indicated that fetal male DNA could be routinely detected in maternal serum by 50 d of gestation (late first trimester; term 165 +/- 10 d). Fetal DNA concentrations increased with advancing gestation, reaching a mean of 341 genome equivalents/mL of serum (range 11-1570 copies/mL) in the last trimester of gestation, similar to findings in humans. The fetal DNA concentration corresponded to 2.7% of the total maternal serum DNA in the third trimester. Similar to findings in humans, male fetal DNA sequences were not detected postpartum (through 4 wk postpartum) or in animals with a previous history of delivering male offspring. These data indicate that fetal male DNA is present in the maternal circulation of gravid rhesus monkeys comparable to findings in humans and further support the use of this nonhuman primate species as a model to investigate fetomaternal cell trafficking and microchimerism.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

The effects of epidural anesthesia on uterine vascular resistance, plasma arginine vasopressin concentrations, and plasma renin activity during hemorrhage in gravid ewes.

In an earlier study, epidural anesthesia increased uterine vascular resistance and fetal acidosis during hemorrhage in gravid ewes. But, it is unclear whether epidural anesthesia modifies the uterine vascular resistance response during hemorrhage, independent of changes in arterial blood pressure. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of epidural anesthesia on: 1) the mean arterial pressure/uterine vascular resistance relationship; and 2) arginine vasopressin concentrations and plasma renin activity during hemorrhage in gravid ewes. Twenty-four experiments were performed in 12 chronically instrumented animals between 0.8 and 0.9 of timed gestation. The experimental sequence included: 1) T = 0 min: epidural administration of 0.5% bupivacaine (epidural group) or normal saline (control group); 2) T = 30 min: maternal hemorrhage 0.5 mL.kg-1 x min-1 until maternal mean arterial pressure was 60% of baseline measurements (time H); 3) T = H to H + 60 min: adjust hemorrhage to maintain maternal mean arterial pressure at 60% of baseline. At 30 min, epidural bupivacaine resulted in a median sensory level of T-8 in the epidural group. At that time, uterine vascular resistance was similar in both groups despite lower (P = 0.0001) mean arterial pressure in the epidural group. Between H and H + 60 min, uterine vascular resistance was lower (P = 0.045) in the epidural group than in the control group. Also, fetal PCO2 was lower (P = 0.020) in the epidural group than in the control group, but fetal pH and PO2 did not differ significantly between groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Anesthesia, Epidural↗
PubMed2004

Oxytocic activity of thrombin: modulation of thrombin-induced gravid rat myometrial contractions by 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonists.

BACKGROUND: Thrombin possesses potent oxytocic activity in vitro and in vivo. This activity has been proposed to play a role in post-parturitional uterine contractions and possibly, preterm birth related to intrauterine hemorrhage. Previous workers have demonstrated that cyclo-oxygenase pathway may not play a significant role in oxytocic activity of thrombin. However, the role of 5-hydroxytryptamine (a mediator of some of the biological activities of thrombin) in the oxytocic activity of thrombin is unknown. The present study therefore aimed to examine the possible involvement of 5-hydroxytryptamine in thrombin-induced myometrial contractions. METHODS: Effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonists on thrombin-induced contractions of isolated gravid rat myometrium was studied using isolated tissue bath system. RESULTS: Thrombin-induced myometrial contractions were significantly and concentration-dependently inhibited by ketanserin and methysergide. Furthermore, 12 +/- 2% increase in the force of contractions of gravid rat myometrium pre-contracted with 5-hydroxytryptamine (1 microM) was provoked by 1 U/ml of thrombin. Thrombin-induced augmentation of the uterine stimulating effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine was characterized by pronounced increase in the contractile tone. CONCLUSIONS: 5-hydroxytryptamine may possibly play a role in oxytocic activity of thrombin. Uterine hyperactivity associated with intrauterine hemorrhage could hence involve thrombin-induced 5-hydroxytryptamine production in the uterus.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

A local signal from the gravid horn to the ovary for the onset of parturition in rats.

Rats were unilaterally ovariectomized on Day 17 of pregnancy and the times of onset of parturition were recorded. Unilateral ovariectomy did not delay the onset of parturition in bilaterally pregnant rats. In rats which were unilaterally pregnant (spontaneously or after ligation of one uterine horn), removal of the ovary on the side of the gravid horn led to delayed or partial parturitions. When fetuses and placentas were removed from one uterine horn on Day 13 and the ovary from the opposite side on Day 17, or when the uterine artery and/or vein were ligated on one side and the ovary removed from the other, about half of the parturitions were abnormal. It is suggested that a substance produced by the gravid uterine horn is transmitted to the ovary, primarily by a local circulatory system, and thus initiates the onset of parturition.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Deterrent effects of four neem-based formulations on gravid female boll weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) feeding and oviposition on cotton squares.

Three commercial neem-based insecticides, Agroneem, Ecozin, and Neemix, and a neem seed extract formulation, bitters, containing 1,036, 16,506, 471, and 223 microg/ml azadirachtin, respectively, were assessed for feeding and oviposition deterrence against gravid female boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, in the laboratory. In choice assays, excised cotton squares dipped in the separate formulations were first physically contacted by the weevils' tarsi or antennae fewer times than nontreated control squares. In choice and no-choice assays, each formulation repelled the weevils for > or = 90 min. After 24 h in the choice assays, feeding punctures on the squares treated with Agroneem, Ecozin, or bitters were significantly fewer compared with controls. Egg punctures on the Ecozin- and the bitters-treated squares were significantly fewer than on control squares after 24 h. In the no-choice assay, no significant difference was detected. Aging the formulations under outdoor conditions for 24 h before weevils were exposed resulted in 46-60% and 62-82% reductions in feeding and oviposition punctures, respectively, compared with controls. Agroneem- and bitters-treated squares had > 37% fewer feeding punctures after being aged for 48 h. No significant difference was detected after 72 h of aging. Because the deterrence of the gravid female boll weevils was not correlated with amounts of azadirachtin, azadirachtin does not seem to be the only, or the most influential, component of neem that induced the observed deterrence.

Animals↗