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PubMed2006

The paradox of group-based guilt: modes of national identification, conflict vehemence, and reactions to the in-group's moral violations.

The authors examined the relationships between 2 modes of national identification (attachment to the in-group and the in-group's glorification) and reactions to the in-group's moral violations among Israeli students. Data were collected during a period of relative calm in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as well as during a period of great intensification of this conflict. As expected, in Study 1, the 2 modes of identification had contrasting relationships with group-based guilt: Attachment was positively related whereas glorification was negatively related to group-based guilt for in-group's past infractions. Glorification suppressed the attachment effect but not vice versa. Both relationships were mediated by the use of exonerating cognitions. In Study 2, group-based guilt for the in-group's current wrongdoings was increased by priming critical rather than conventional attachment to the in-group, suggesting a causal effect of mode of identification on the experience of negative group-based emotions.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Mock trial jury decisions as a function of adolescent juror guilt and hostility.

A fictitious court case involving child abuse was presented to 277 male adolescent jurors (138 college freshmen, means age = 19.25 years, 139 junior high school males, means age = 13.47 years) in an effort to determine if the tendency to deal harshly with alleged criminals is dependent upon certain personality characteristics of adolescent jurors. The Mosher Hostility Guilt Scale and the Siegel Manifest Hostility Scale were used to detect the presence of such trends. The results indicate that older adolescents attributed more of the responsibility for the crime to the defendant and administered less severe sentences than younger adolescent jurors. Hostility guilt and manifest hostility levels were not significantly related to attribution of responsibility for a criminal act; however, Ss scoring high in hostility guilt tended to give significantly shorter sentences, while Ss scoring high in manifest hostility tended to give longer sentences. Implications for adolescent peer practices are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Children's perceptions of others' kindness in helping: the endocentric motivations of pride and guilt.

Elementary school and college students rated the kindness of helping by story protagonists with different attributed motivations. Of particular interest was the effect of the endocentric (self-serving) motivations of anticipated pride and guilt on the kindness ratings. A number of prosocial theorists view such endocentrically motivated helping as less altruistic than exocentrically (other-serving) motivated helping. Compared with helping attributed to the exocentric motivation of sympathy, helping attributed to guilt avoidance led to lower ratings of kindness by all but second graders. Pride-attributed helping, however, did not result in lower kindness ratings at any grade level. The motivational attributions of praise and reward attainment and criticism and punishment avoidance led to relatively low kindness ratings, with the two avoidance motivations leading to the lowest ratings. The latter finding suggests an alternative explanation of the kindness ratings for guilt-motivated helping.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

The advent of guilt feelings as a common depressive symptom: a historical comparison on two continents.

Historical shifts in the symptomatology of mental disease are surprisingly overlooked but common phenomena that should cast considerable light on the relation between social and intrapsychic processes. The enormous increase in chronicity and mortality in mental hospitals during the second half of the 19th century, and the shift from the shell-shock of the first World War to the battle fatigue of the second are examples which have been well documented but not well explained. The advent of guilt feelings in depression or melancholia is a lesser known instance but one with perhaps greater theoretical significance. Melancholia has been known almost throughout recorded history, but until the 16th century the number of recorded cases exhibiting exaggerated guilt feelings and self-accusations was very small, and the old physicians did not include them in their descriptions of the condition. In Asia and in Africa, moreover, it is claimed that these symptoms are rare even today, except among the Westernized. If we fully understood the other features of the disease or if the symptoms had no relevance to course and treatment, these facts might be treated simply as curiosities; but neither is the case. Depression is still not adequately understood, and some theories on it derive largely from the exaggerated guilt feelings and the psychic structure which is supposed to produce the latter. Hence it could be instructive to examine under what conditions these symptoms first became common in different societies.

Africa↗
PubMed1978

Sexual behavior and guilt among women: a cross-generational comparison.

This paper reports the results of a study of the relationship between guilt and sexual behavior among 45 married women. The age breakdown of the subjects included 60 and above, 40 to 50, and 20 to 30, with 15 women included in each age category. A negative relationship was found between the age of subjects and the extent of sexual behavior while a positive relationship existed between age and sexual guilt. The younger women's sexual behavior scores were higher than both the middle and older (statistically significant) women. Scores indicated less guilt associated with sexual behavior for the younger women than for the middle-aged and older (statistically significant) women.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The relation of entrapment, shame and guilt to depression, in carers of people with dementia.

There is increasing research exploring depression in carers of people with dementia. This study explored the relation of entrapment, shame and guilt to depression in a group of 70 carers of those with dementia. As in other studies the experience of entrapment in the role was highly related to depression. Moreover, experiences of shame relating to self-criticism, other people's expectations and the fear of their criticism were significantly related to depression, entrapment and guilt. Guilt however, as focused on the fears of harming others, letting others down and sense of responsibility, was not associated with depression or entrapment. Depression in carers may relate in part to feeling trapped in a role but also being vulnerable to criticism and feelings of inadequacy in that role. In this study, degree of behavioural disturbance/dependence was not found to be significantly associated with any of the research variables.

Caregivers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Immunological effects of induced shame and guilt.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if inducing self-blame would lead to increases in shame and guilt as well as increases in proinflammatory cytokine activity and cortisol. Based on previous research and theory, it was hypothesized that induced shame would be specifically associated with elevations in proinflammatory cytokine activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Healthy participants were randomly assigned to write about traumatic experiences in which they blamed themselves (N = 31) or neutral experiences (N = 18) during three 20-minute experimental laboratory sessions over 1 week. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor levels (sTNFalphaRII), an indicator of proinflammatory cytokine activity, beta2-microglobulin, cortisol (all obtained from oral fluids), and emotion were assessed prewriting and postwriting. RESULTS: Participants in the self-blame condition showed an increase in shame and guilt as well as an increase in sTNFalphaRII activity when compared with those in the control condition. Cortisol and beta2-microglobulin levels were unaffected by the procedures. Those individuals in the self-blame condition reporting the greatest increases in shame in response to the task showed the greatest elevations in proinflammatory cytokine activity, while levels of guilt and general negative emotion were unrelated to cytokine changes. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that inducing self-related emotions can cause changes in inflammatory products, and that shame may have specific immunological correlates.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The relationship among shame, guilt, and self-efficacy.

The perception of the self has been one of the fundamental constructs in psychotherapy, with attention devoted to shame, guilt, and, more recently, one's perception of ability to influence a situation-that is, self-efficacy; however, the relationship between these constructs merits scholarly attention. In the present study, researchers analyze the survey responses of 194 college students to determine relationships between shame and guilt as measured by the Test of Self-Conscious Affect (TOSCA 3, Tangney & Dearing, 2002), and self-efficacy as measured by the general and social self-efficacy scales (by Sherer, Maddux, Mercandante, Prentice-Dunn, Jacobs, & Rogers, 1982). Results support a hypothesis that higher shame scores were related to reduced self-efficacy; however, scores did not reveal a significant correlation between guilt and self-efficacy. Post-hoc analyses suggest some differences based on gender and private-versus-public school setting. The researchers draw theoretical and counseling implications from the findings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Survivor guilt in cancer patients: a pastoral perspective.

Defines survivor guilt and relates it to cancer patients' issues of meaning-making, feelings of responsibility, and need for restitution. Notes the spiritual dimension of survivor guilt and indicates ways in which pastoral caregivers might serve as both learners and as spiritual guides in meeting these existential factors implicit in survivor guilt phenomena.

Guilt↗
PubMed2006

Appraisal antecedents of shame and guilt: support for a theoretical model.

Four studies used experimental and correlational methods to test predictions about the antecedents of shame and guilt derived from an appraisal-based model of self-conscious emotions (Tracy & Robins, 2004). Results were consistent with the predicted relations between appraisals (i.e., causal attributions) and emotions. Specifically, (a) internal attributions were positively related to both shame and guilt; (b) the chronic tendency to make external attributions was positively related to the tendency to experience shame; and (c) internal, stable, uncontrollable attributions for failure were positively related to shame, whereas internal, unstable, controllable attributions for failure were positively related to guilt. Emotions and attributions were assessed using a variety of methods, so converging results across studies indicate the robustness of the findings and provide support for the theoretical model.

Affect↗
PubMed1994

Guilt and nursing practice: implications for nurse education and the climate of care.

This paper considers the influence of guilt within nursing practice. The author draws on her experience as a nurse tutor to show how guilt has implications for the well-being of both nurses and patients. It is suggested that nurses' experience of guilt, and the fear that they may be considered guilty, are indicative of a moral climate that rests predominantly upon rules. While rules fulfil a requirement for professional and organizational accountability, they need not be perceived as statements about the trustworthiness of nurses, or as a disciplinary threat. Nurses need to feel trusted to bring judgement to their practice.

Education, Nursing↗
PubMed1979

The Mosher Forced Choice Guilt Scale as a measure of anxiety.

Women divided into two levels of sex-guilt were administered the Word Association Test under three different conditions. In the first a confederate modeled sexual responses, in the second a confederate modeled nonsexual responses, and in the third condition no confederate was present. The results indicated that both low- and high-guilt women made significantly more sexual responses when exposed to the sexual model than in the nonsexual or no-model conditions. The results were interpreted as supporting an avoidant-anxiety conceptualization of guilt as opposed to Mosher's preservation of self-esteem view.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

An investigation of shame and guilt in a depressed sample.

A self-report measure of proneness to shame and guilt was administered to 86 patients with moderate to severe depression, with the prediction that there would be a positive correlation of shame with severity of depression. Contrary to other, non-clinical studies, we found that guilt but not shame was associated with levels of depression. Shame-proneness demonstrated a unique association with a stable attributional style for negative outcomes, global negative self-evaluation, submissive behaviour and internalized anger. Contrary to prediction, no relationship was found between shame- or guilt-proneness and a reported history of childhood sexual abuse.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Perception of parental sex guilt and sexual behavior and arousal of college students.

The present study examined the relationship between perceptions of parental sex guilt and the sexual arousability and sexual activity of 63 single male and 89 single female undergraduates. The results indicate that the same sex parent is perceived as more influential in determining the sex guilt of the child whereas the perceived sex guilt of the mother may have more influence on the sexual arousability of the son and the sexual activity of the daughter.

Arousal↗
PubMed1990

Preliminary study of the relationship between guilt resolution and depression in a gerontological population.

An individual interview process was used to investigate the relationship between proneness to depression in a gerontological sample and their evaluation of critical life incidents. High and low depressed individuals were asked to recall prideful and guiltful incidents from their past, and discrepancy scores were obtained between their past and present evaluations of those events. Limited evidence supported the hypothesis that individuals with higher proneness to depression showed a greater negative discrepancy in evaluations of critical life incidents. Subjects did not differ in the content of their recalled incidents as a function of guilt type or guilt referent.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

The effect of accent evaluation and evidence on a suspect's perceived guilt and criminality.

The authors investigated the effect of accent evaluation, evidence, and crime type on participants' perceptions of guilt and criminality. British student raters (n = 199) listened to a tape-recorded exchange between a male criminal suspect and a male policeman. The authors manipulated this exchange to produce a 2 (accent type: English regional or standard) x 2 (evidence type: strong or weak) x 2 (crime type: blue collar or white collar) factorial design. Dependent measures consisted of participants' ratings of the suspect's guilt and criminality. Contrary to previous research, accent did not significantly influence attributions of guilt either as a main effect or in interaction with the contextual variables. However, independent of evidence presented and crime type, the regional-accented suspect was evaluated as more typically criminal and more likely to be reaccused of a crime than the standard-accented suspect.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Attributions of guilt and punishment as functions of physical attractiveness and smiling.

The authors found an interaction between sex of participant and sex of defendant in the leniency bias toward a smiling defendant. Differences occurred for male participants when levying punishment for a smiling male defendant vs. a smiling female defendant and for a smiling male defendant vs. a nonsmiling male defendant, whereas differences did not occur for female participants. The authors found moderating effects of physical attractiveness and smiling between guilt and punishment. The only significant positive relationship between guilt and punishment occurred for the defendant whom participants rated low in physical attractiveness and who was not smiling. When guilty, the smiling and unattractive defendant received less punishment than did the smiling and attractive defendant. The authors discussed complex relationships between physical attractiveness, smiling, guilt, and punishment.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Guilt and shame in recovering addicts. A personal account.

1. Guilt and shame, although distinct and difficult emotions, share equal importance in recovery from addiction. 2. Twelve-step programs, as well as other treatment options, are available to help the recovering addict deal with feelings of guilt and shame. 3. By learning to place shame in perspective and to use guilt as a catalyst for improvement, recovering addicts can begin to heal.

Family Health↗