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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Effects of the environmental light conditions on the ultrastructure of the harderian gland in the newborn rat. biochemical correlation with the pineal gland.

Morphological changes at the levels of both light and electron microscopy were studied regarding the secretory elements of the Harderian glands of neonatal rats, induced by environmental lighting conditions. The results were correlated with biochemical determinations of serotonin levels and hydroxyindole-O-methyl transferase (HIOMT) activity in the pineal gland. Neonatal male albino rats were divided into three groups: 12 were exposed to a light period for seven days; 12 to a dark period, and 12 to diurnal lighting conditions (light, 12 hours; darkness, 12 hours), as controls. In each group some animals were killed at 1.00 pm. The Harderian gland of each animal was immediately fixed and processed for light and electron microscopy while the pineal gland was homogenized in a fixative for biochemical determination of serotonin levels and HIOMT activity. On the light period the acinar lumen was observed to be dilated with increased secretions from the acini and excretory ducts while on the dark period the acinar lumen narrowed with hardly any secretions. On the dark period there were no changes in the cyclic variations of serotonin levels and HIOMT activity in the pineal gland; while on the light period, these cycles disappeared. It is concluded that secretory activity of the Harderian gland is modified by environmental lighting conditions, and that secretions produced by this gland appear to be directly related to the control mechanism of melatonin production by the pineal gland in neonatal rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Ring gland and prothoracic gland sensitivity to interspecific prothoracicotropic hormone extracts.

Using the techniques of intraspecific in vitro activation of prothoracic glands and ring glands by serial dilutions of prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) extracts from pupal Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera) and larval Sarcophaga bullata (Diptera), a dose-response of activation was observed for both species. In both species maximum activation was at 0.5 brain equivalents while the number of brain equivalents necessary for half maximal stimulation (ED50) was 0.20 for Manduca and 0.15 for Sarcophaga. When prothoracic glands or ring glands were challenged with interspecific PTTH extracts from a stage different from that of the gland donor, no dose-response of gland activation was observed. However, when M. sexta larval prothoracic glands were challenged by S. bullata larval PTTH extract, activation was observed. The dose-response profile fell midway between the dose-response curves obtained for the intraspecific assays. Thus, PTTH extract from one insect has the ability to activate the prothoracic glands of an insect representing another order.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Primary salivary gland tumors in lymph nodes of the parotid gland. Report of 3 cases and review of the literature].

Multiple intra- and paraglandular lymph nodes develop in the parotid gland, including salivary gland tissue with acinar and ductal formations. In the same way heterotopic salivary gland tissue can be localized in cervical lymph nodes. Except for the frequently occurring Warthin tumours, primary salivary gland tumours, which develop in the lymph nodes of the parotid gland or the cervical lymph nodes, are rare. Examples of these are adenomas (pleomorphic adenoma, basal cell adenoma) and carcinomas (acinic cell carcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma). Three of our own observations (sebaceous lymphadenoma, acinic cell carcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma) are analysed. The condition for the diagnosis of primary salivary gland tumour within a lymph node is reliable evidence that the salivary gland tissue is tumour-free and that no other occult carcinoma is present.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1987

Muscarinic receptors of rat parotid gland enlarged by gland ablation and bulk diet. Effects of denervation.

The density of muscarinic binding sites was increased 10% in the rat parotid gland enlarged (2 times control) as a result of ablation of the submandibular-sublingual glands and maintenance of rats on bulk diet (50% inert cellulose plus 50% solid chow) for 4 weeks. When either the parasympathetic or sympathetic innervation to the gland was unilaterally removed at the time of submandibular-sublingual ablation and introduction of the bulk diet, the density of muscarinic receptors showed an even greater increase from levels of innervated glands of chow-fed controls (29%); with removal of both nerves, the increase was 39%. A 36% increase in cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels accompanied the increase in receptors of the enlarged gland, but when the parotid was denervated, there was no change in cyclic GMP. Absence of either or both nerves led to a maximal decrease of 24-29% in density of muscarinic receptors of parotid gland of chow-fed controls, but to no change in cyclic GMP levels. While autonomic influences mediate the changes in density of muscarinic receptors of parotid gland of chow-fed rats, some additional factor is apparently involved in their increase in the enlarged gland.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Three-dimensional observation of blood vessels supplying the gland proper and capsule of the mouse submandibular gland.

Previous studies have shown that submandibular glands suffering interruption of the blood circulation from the main supplying artery have more surviving parenchymal cells in their peripheral portion than in their central portion. Although the reason for this difference between the peripheral and central portions has not yet been clarified, the existence of collateral circulation has been suspected. The present study was designed to examine whether or not the vessels binding the gland proper to the capsule provide such collateral circulation. Silicone rubber or methacrylate was injected into the main artery supplying the mouse submandibular gland, in which the gland proper is wrapped by a capsule similar to that of the human submandibular gland, and then the gland was observed by both stereoscopic and scanning electron microscopy. Three-dimensional observations showed no communicating vessels between the gland proper and the capsule. Therefore, it is suggested that the parenchymal cells surviving in the ischemic peripheral portion of the submandibular gland are nourished by permeation of tissue fluid contained in the capsule.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Abnormal expression and function of Fas ligand of lacrimal glands and peripheral blood in Sjögren's syndrome patients with enlarged exocrine glands.

The objective of our study was to investigate the possibility of Fas ligand protein abnormalities in certain types of Sjögren's syndrome patients with enlarged exocrine glands. Fas ligand expression by lymphocytes infiltrating the lacrimal glands and by peripheral blood monocytes in Sjögren's syndrome patients with enlarged exocrine glands was assessed immunohistologically and by immunoblotting. Cytotoxicity of peripheral blood monocytes and sensitivity to steroids in Sjögren's syndrome patients with enlarged exocrine glands were studied by functional assay. Minimal Fas ligand expression was detected in the lymphocytes of the lacrimal glands and a decreased level of Fas ligand was found in peripheral blood monocytes as assessed by immunoblotting. Functional assay confirmed the decreased cytotoxicity of lymphocytes in Sjögren's syndrome patients with enlarged exocrine glands, and that it is not affected by anti-Fas ligand antibody. By contrast, the sensitivity of lymphocytes in Sjögren's syndrome patients with enlarged exocrine glands to steroids was increased. These observations suggest that abnormal expression and function of Fas ligand occurs in Sjögren's syndrome patients with enlarged exocrine glands.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1996

T-cell receptor repertoire of infiltrating T cells in lachrymal glands, salivary glands and kidneys from alymphoplasia (aly) mutant mice: a new model for Sjögren's syndrome.

Alymphoplasia (aly) mice are thought to provide a new model for systemic Sjögren's syndrome (SS), since they reveal remarkable infiltration of mononuclear cells into salivary glands, lachrymal glands and kidneys, and show histological findings similar to those in patients with SS. Cell transfer experiments demonstrate that T cells induce the infiltration of mononuclear cells into several tissues in aly mice. To analyse the pathogenesis of cell infiltration in various tissues, we examined T-cell receptor (TCR) V beta usage of T cells in salivary glands, lachrymal glands and kidneys from aly mice, using family-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) methods. The results of SSCP demonstrated that the infiltrating T cells in the three organs expanded clonally, suggesting that they proliferate by antigen-driven stimulation. Some TCR V beta genes (V beta 1, 3, 6, 11, 12, 16) were commonly used in salivary glands, lachrymal glands and kidneys, while the V beta 7 gene was specifically expressed in kidneys. SSCP also showed that there were a few shared T-cell clones (V beta 3- and V beta 6-positive cells) among the three tissues. Indeed, sequence analysis of accumulated T cells showed that a conserved amino acid (leucine) at position 98 in the TCR V beta complementary determining region (CDR) 3 was detected in all organs at high frequency (41-57%) and the amino acid sequence motif (LG) was specifically conserved at a frequency of 32% in the three organs. In conclusion, T cells that infiltrate into lachrymal glands, salivary glands and kidneys of aly mutant mice might recognize shared common epitopes in all three organs and a kidney-specific antigen.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

The lymph drainage of the mammary glands in the bitch: a lymphographic study. Part I: The 1st, 2nd, 4th and 5th mammary glands.

The objective of this paper was to study the lymph drainage of the 1st, 2nd, 4th and 5th mammary glands in the bitch using indirect lymphography. The main conclusions drawn after the study of 67 normal lactating mongrel bitches were as follows: lymph drains from the first gland, usually to the axillary nodes, and, in few cases, to the axillary and superficial cervical nodes simultaneously. The second gland drains to the axillary nodes. The fourth gland usually drains to the superficial inguinal nodes, but it may, rarely, drain to the superficial inguinal and medial iliac nodes simultaneously. The fifth gland drains to the superficial inguinal nodes. Lymphatic connection between the mammary glands could not be demonstrated. Furthermore, it was confirmed that lymph can pass from one gland to another, through their common regional lymph nodes, by retrograde flow. It was demonstrated that there is a connection between the superficial inguinal lymph nodes from either side. It is suggested that lymphatic connection between the axillary and sternal nodes and between the axillary and bronchial nodes should be possible in some cases. Lymphatics of the mammary glands that cross the midline were not demonstrated.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Epidermal growth factor in the submandibular gland and serum of mice with muscular dystrophy: chemical properties in dilute gland extracts.

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been measured in extracts of submandibular glands from mice with hereditary muscular dystrophy. RIA results show that adult male and female dystrophic mice have significantly less submandibular gland EGF than do unafflicted controls. Despite the differences in gland content of the protein, serum levels of EGF are similar in both dystrophic and control animals. Furthermore, submandibular gland concentrations of amylase are normal in the dystrophic mice, indicating that not all proteins synthesized by the glands are affected. Gel filtration studied reveal that the elution properties of EGF in extracts of glands from dystrophic and control animals are indistinguishable. Unexpectedly, the chromatographic profiles indicate that most of the EGF in gland extracts elutes as a low molecular weight protein when the molecule is studied at low, biologically active concentrations; only a small portion of the protein is associated with a high molecular weight complex. Under the same experimental conditions, submandibular gland nerve growth factor maintains its association with other components in a high molecular weight form.

Amylases↗
PubMed1989

[Sialidase in rat salivary glands. Characteristics of soluble sialidase in salivary glands and other tissues].

In this study, we elucidated some characteristics of soluble sialidases in the rat salivary glands, brain, liver and kidney. 1) Soluble sialidases in the submandibular and parotid glands were inactivated by about 75 and 60%, respectively, and the enzymes in the brain, liver and kidney were also inactivated by 16-48%, when preincubated at 40 degrees C for 1h. When preincubated at 60 degrees C, the enzymes in all tissues were completely inactivated within 10 min. 2) Ca2+ ion in low concentrations tended to activate soluble sialidases in both the submandibular and parotid glands, but had no apparent effect on the enzymes in the brain, liver and kidney. The enzyme in the submandibular gland tended to be activated also by low concentrations of Mg2+. Both Cu2+ and Hg2+ ions caused a marked inhibition on the soluble sialidases in all tissues. 3) The molecular weight of soluble sialidases in the submandibular and parotid glands was determined to be about 68,000 and 46,000, respectively, by means of Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. The molecular weight of the enzymes in the brain and liver was almost similar to that of the enzyme in the parotid gland. In the kidney, soluble sialidase was separated into two enzymes, one having high (more than 500,000) and the other having low (about 46,000) molecular weight. 4) By isoelectric focusing analysis, three isozymes were detected in the submandibular gland and brain sialidases and two isozymes detected in the enzymes of other tissues. The isoelectric point of the major isozymes in the submandibular and parotid glands was 6.4 and 6.9 respectively. In the brain, liver and kidney sialidases, the isozymes with isoelectric point in the range of 4.4 to 6.7 were detected.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Acupuncture for treatment of hyperplasia of mammary gland and its effects on images and hemodynamics in the mammary gland].

OBJECTIVE: To observe therapeutic effect of acupuncture on hyperplasia of mammary gland and its effects on images and hemodynamics in mammary gland. METHODS: Ninety-five cases were randomly divided into acupuncture group (n=60) and control group (n=35). They were treated respectively by acupuncture and external application of Rupixiaotie Plaster for 3 courses. Their clinical therapeutic effects, and changes of acoustic images of hyperplastic gland and hemodynamics, infrared scanning of mammary gland and images of X-ray of molybdenum palladium of the breast were investigated. RESULTS: In the treatment group, blood flow resistance index (RI) in hyperliterative mammary gland was decreased, the images of X-ray and forms of blood vessels were improved, the dark degree of gland reduced, which all were superior to those of the control group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01); the total effective rate was 95.0%. CONCLUSION: Acupuncture has a remarkable therapeutic effect, and it can reduce the blood flow resistance index in the hyperliferative mammary gland, improve the images of X-ray of mammary tissue and the form of blood vessels and decrease the dark degree of the gland.

Acupuncture Therapy↗
PubMed1995

Postirradiated submandibular gland: a potential model to study salivary gland radioprotection and tumourigenesis.

Theoretical reserve cells located in the intercalated and excretory ducts are postulated to be responsible for salivary gland tumourigenesis, with acinar cells playing no role in this process. Animal models, one using low-dose radiation to rat submandibular glands, indicate that this hypothesis is incorrect. Few human models have been devised to demonstrate and verify this theory. Submandibular glands in the field of ionizing radiation, as external-beam radiotherapy for head and neck tumours, were examined using an immunocytochemical technique and an antibody to proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a specific marker for cycling cells. In the nonirradiated gland, nuclei positive for PCNA were seen in acinar as well as ductal cells of all types. Six months post irradiation, human submandibular glands show increased proliferative rates in both ductal and acinar cells that are significantly greater than control glands (p = .012). Based on this regenerative capacity, postirradiated human submandibular glands might serve as a model to investigate various treatment modalities for the prevention of radiation damage to acinar cells and the consequent patient morbidity that develops due to xerostomia. As well, these results suggest that even in humans, acinar cells are potential targets for carcinogenic agents and that current histogenic concepts for salivary gland tumourigenesis are incorrect.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Comparative stereological study on zonation and cellular composition of adrenal glands of normal and anencephalic human fetuses. I. Zonation of the gland.

Comparative stereological studies were performed on zonation of adrenal glands in 10 anencephalic and 11 normal fetuses, aged between 24 and 39 postovulatory weeks. The development of adrenal fetal zone (FZ) is the main factor responsible for normal adrenal gland growth during the intra-uterine life. At the end of fetal period volume of this zone attains over 8200 mm3 and constitutes 69-70% of the total gland volume, while respective values for zona glomerulosa (ZG), zona fasciculata (ZF) and medulla (M) are 1665 mm3 (14%), 833 mm3 (7%) and 1071 mm3 (9%). These data were in striking contrast with those found in adrenals of anencephalic fetuses, in which volume of the gland attained only ca 35% of that in normal fetuses. In the oldest anencephalic fetus studied (39 weeks) the volume of the fetal zone was 962 mm3 (ca 8-folds lower than in normal fetus) comprising only 25% of the total gland volume. For the remaining zones the values were: ZG-1501 mm3 (ca 90% of the normal value and 39% of the total gland volume); ZF-770 mm3 (ca 92% and 20% respectively), and M-539 mm3 (ca 50% and 14%, respectively). This stereological study provides the first systemic description of the development of adrenal gland of anencephalic fetuses in comparison with the normally developing gland. Moreover, evidence is given that the growth of adrenal medulla is also retarded in anencephaly while the growth of the zona glomerulosa remains rather unaffected.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1987

Immunohistochemistry and ultrastructure of myoepithelium and modified myoepithelium of the ducts of human major salivary glands: histogenetic implications for salivary gland tumors.

The organization of salivary gland ducts, especially the presence or absence of myoepithelial cells, is central to histogenetic approaches to the classification of salivary gland tumors. Striated and excretory ducts are reported to be devoid of myoepithelial cells but do contain basal cells. To investigate the nature of such basal cells, tissue sections of normal human salivary glands were examined by means of immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and fluorescent microscopic techniques. With the use of a mouse monoclonal anticytokeratin antibody (3 12C8-1) that, in salivary glands, is specific for myoepithelial cells, these cells associated with acini and intercalated ducts were strongly stained, as were the basal cells of striated and excretory ducts in each case. Ultrastructurally, some basal cells of both striated and excretory ducts had narrow, elongated cellular processes or the main portion of the cell containing parallel arrays of microfilaments with linear densities and micropinocytotic vesicles, whereas in other basal cells tonofilament bundles predominated. A similar range of cytoplasmic features existed in myoepithelial cells associated with acinar and intercalated duct cells. In addition, some duct basal cells have a complement of actin filaments similar to classic myoepithelium of acini and intercalated ducts. Striated and excretory ducts of human salivary glands, therefore, contain fully differentiated and modified myoepithelial cells, both of which express a specific cytokeratin polypeptide that is absent from duct luminal and acinar cells. Differentiation patterns in the intralobular and interlobular ducts suggest that these regions of salivary gland parenchyma cannot be excluded as histogenetic sites for the induction of salivary gland tumors in which neoplastic myoepithelial cells have been shown to have a major role.

Epithelium↗
PubMed2003

Structural and functional injury in minipig salivary glands following fractionated exposure to 70 Gy of ionizing radiation: an animal model for human radiation-induced salivary gland injury.

This study explored the feasibility of developing an animal model for radiation-induced salivary gland injury with a radiation protocol identical to current clinical practice. Three male Hanford minipigs were subjected to fractionated daily irradiation with a total dose of 70 Gy; structural and functional measures were compared with those of a control group of minipigs. We found that irradiated submandibular and parotid glands were one-third to one-half the gross size of control glands. Whereas no pathologic changes were noted in control glands, irradiated glands consistently demonstrated significant parenchymal loss with extensive acinar atrophy and interstitial fibrosis, enlarged nuclei in remaining acinar cells, and ductal dilatation and proliferation. Stimulated salivary flow was reduced by 81% in irradiated animals compared with preirradiation flow (P <.001); salivary flow in the control group increased by 30% during the same period (P <.001). The observed radiation-induced structural and functional salivary gland changes are comparable in every respect to those observed following irradiation of human salivary glands.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Immunohistochemical localization and mRNA detection of Rab3D and/or Rab3B in rat von Ebner's glands, parotid gland, pancreas, and liver.

In examining the secretory mechanism of exocrine glands, we focused on the small GTP-binding proteins, Rab3D and Rab3B, which function in the final steps of exocytosis in non-neuronal tissues. These proteins were observed in von Ebner's glands by 32P-GTP overlay. mRNA isolated from von Ebner's glands, the pancreas, parotid glands, and liver was subjected to reverse transcription PCR and probed with primers and nested primers for Rab3D and Rab3B. Rab3D was found in all three exocrine glands and the liver, while Rab3B was found in the liver. Utilizing immunofluorescence histochemistry, Rab3D was localized to hepatocytes of the liver and to secretory granules of the exocrine glands, and Rab3B to liver and pancreatic islets. Isoproterenol evoked decreases in alpha-amylase- and Rab3D-labelled parotid secretory granules, and pilocarpine stimulated decreases in secretory granules labelled for lingual lipase and Rab3D from von Ebner's glands, and amylase and Rab3D from pancreas. Neither secretagogue affected Rab3B in pancreatic islets. These observed parallel decreases in response to beta-adrenergic (parotid) or cholinergic (von Ebner's and pancreas) secretagogues indicate that the function of Rab3D in exocytosis in these exocrine organs is similar and that the type of secretagogue does not determine the function.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Effects of presence of an egg and calcium deposition in the shell gland on levels of messenger ribonucleic acid of CaBP-D28K and of vitamin D3 receptor in the shell gland of the laying hen.

Levels of calbindin-D28K (CaBP-D28K) mRNA and vitamin D3, 1 alpha, 25(OH)2D3, receptor (VDR) mRNA in the intestine and shell gland were measured in the laying hen during the ovulatory cycle by Northern and slot blot analyses. In addition, effects of presence of an egg and calcium deposition in the shell gland on the levels of both mRNAs were studied either by delay in oviposition (retaining the egg in the shell gland beyond the expected time of oviposition) or premature oviposition (emptying the shell gland and arrest of calcium deposition). During the ovulatory cycle mRNA levels of CaBP-D28K and of VDR remained relatively constant in the intestine. In contrast, both mRNA levels of the shell gland were low when there was an egg in the infundibulum, magnum, and isthmus, but significantly increased when there was an egg in the shell gland during shell formation. The im injection of indomethacin 3 hr before expected ovulation delayed oviposition but increased neither shell thickness nor mRNA levels of CaBP-D28K and of VDR. On the other hand, premature oviposition reduced mRNA levels of both CaBP-D28K and VDR in the shell gland. These results suggest that the presence of an egg and calcium deposition in the shell gland may be a stimulatory factor for synthesis and accumulation of CaBP-D28K mRNA and VDR mRNA in association with calcification.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Comparison of enzymes of tears, lacrimal gland fluid and lacrimal gland tissue in the rat.

A variety of enzymes were identified in rat tears and lacrimal gland fluid. The use of a tapered glass cannula in the opening of the excretory duct was found to be an useful method to collect samples of rat lacrimal gland fluid, i.e., the fluid directly originated from the main excretory duct of the lacrimal gland, uncontaminated by secretions from the Harderian gland and from desquamating conjunctival and corneal epithelial cells. Based upon comparison of the enzyme pattern in tears, lacrimal gland fluid and the lacrimal gland tissue, we concluded that the lacrimal gland is the primary tissue source for peroxidase (POD), amylase (AMY) and total protein in rat tears, while plasminogen activator and lactatedehydrogenase (LDH) may be present in tears primarily as secretion products from other ocular tissue sources. beta-hexosaminidase (beta-hex) is released from the lacrimal gland and from other ocular tissue sources as well.

Amylases↗