Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “GENES”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Interferons as gene activators. Indications for repeated gene duplication during the evolution of a cluster of interferon-activatable genes on murine chromosome 1.

We have described earlier a gene cluster, including at least six interferon-activatable genes closely linked to the erythroid alpha spectrin locus and the serum amyloid P-component locus on murine chromosome 1. Here, we report that sequences of three genes from the cluster (the 201, 202, and 204 genes) are very similar in a segment extending from at least 550 nucleotides upstream of the 3' end of the transcription initiation region to beyond the first exon intron border (96% similarity between the 202 and 204 genes and 89% similarity between the 201 and 204 genes). This region contains the following two types of interferon-responsive enhancers: a GA box and a Friedman Stark sequence. The proteins coded for by the 202 gene (51 kDa) and the 204 gene (72 kDa) are hydrophilic. The amino acids have been conserved in the two proteins in 47% of the sequence. Each protein includes two apparently contiguous, approximately 200-amino acid long segments with much sequence similarity (27% in the 202 protein and 34% in the 204 protein). These segments are preceded in the 204 protein only by a segment including four perfect and three imperfect repeats of a 7 amino acid sequence. These and other data suggest that the evolution of the gene cluster involved the duplication of a DNA segment generating a double length transcription unit and subsequent divergence and duplication of this unit giving rise to at least two interferon-activatable genes (the 202 and 204 genes).

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1982

Osmoregulation of gene expression. I. DNA sequence of the ompR gene of the ompB operon of Escherichia coli and characterization of its gene product.

The ompB region on the Escherichia coli chromosome codes for two genes, ompR and envZ, which are required for the osmolarity sensitive biosynthetic regulation of the outer membrane matrix proteins (porins), OmpF and ompC. A part of the ompB region containing the ompR gene has been cloned (Wurtzel, E. T., Movva, N. R., Ross, F. L., and Inouye, M. (1981) J. Mol. Appl. Genet. 1, 61-69). We have determined the DNA sequence, including the promoter and structural regions encompassed in a 1.3-kilobase pair Ava I-Eco RI subfragment. This fragment codes for the entire ompR gene as well as the 5' end of the envZ gene. The ompR gene codes for a protein of 32,489 daltons, consisting of 284 amino acid residues. This was confirmed by identifying the gene product by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and determining a partial amino acid sequence of the NH2-terminal region of the gene product. A sequence of 57 amino acid residues located in the COOH-terminal region of the protein is extremely basic. It contains 10 arginine plus lysine residues in contrast to 1 glutamic acid residue in this region. In vitro transcription of the DNA from this region indicates that ampR and envZ are co-transcribed as a polycistronic mRNA from a promoter located 5' to the ompR gene. Translation of the am pR gene terminates at two tandem TAS codons and translation of the envZ gene initiates 29 nucleotides downstream. Cloning of the promoter region of ompB at a site 5' to the structural portion of the beta-galactosidase gene indicates that transcription of ompB is under positive control by cAMP.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

The organization of the gene for Drosophila lamin C: limited homology with vertebrate lamin genes and lack of homology versus the Drosophila lamin Dmo gene.

Drosophila melanogaster has, in addition to the well characterized lamin Dmo, a second nuclear lamin called lamin C, which was recently defined by cDNA cloning. Here we characterize the gene encoding Drosophila lamin C. It is composed of 4 exons and 3 introns, which all interrupt the coding sequence. No intron position of the Drosophila lamin C gene has a counterpart in the Drosophila lamin Dmo gene, which has a structure unrelated to the highly conserved structures of vertebrate lamin genes. Surprisingly, however, two of the three intron positions of the Drosophila lamin C gene are also found in all currently known vertebrate lamin genes, which have an additional 8 to 9 introns. Thus, lamin genes from vertebrates and invertebrates can be more closely related in organization than earlier thought on the basis of only two invertebrate genes. The striking difference in structure of the two Drosophila lamin genes indicates that their ancestral genes separated earlier in metazoan evolution and that more than one lamin gene may also be expected in other invertebrates.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Intestinal expression of the human apoA-I gene in transgenic mice is controlled by a DNA region 3' to the gene in the promoter of the adjacent convergently transcribed apoC-III gene.

The apoA-I gene in humans is principally expressed in liver and small intestine. Using transgenic mice, we previously showed that 256 bp of 5' flanking DNA was sufficient for liver expression, but as much as 5.5 kb of 5' and 4.0 kb of 3' DNA did not allow intestinal expression of the human apoA-I transgene. In the current study, a 10.5 kb DNA construction containing the apoA-I and the adjacent convergently transcribed apoC-III genes, which extends from 300 bp 5' to the apoA-I gene to 2.5 kb 5' to the apoC-III gene, produced high levels of apoA-I intestinal expression. A similar DNA construction ending 1.4 kb 5' to the apoC-III gene also allowed apoA-I intestinal expression. The DNA region from 0.2 to 1.4 kb 5' to the apoC-III gene was then cloned 1.7 kb 3' to the apoA-I gene in both orientations in the absence of apoC-III gene sequences. Intestinal apoA-I expression was also achieved with both of these constructions. In summary, these in vivo experiments suggest that the intestinal control region for the apoA-I gene is distinct from the liver control region, resides 3' to the gene in the promoter of the adjacent apoC-III gene, and has some properties of a tissue-specific enhancer.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

VH mutant rabbits lacking the VH1a2 gene develop a2+ B cells in the appendix by gene conversion-like alteration of a rearranged VH4 gene.

We investigated the molecular basis for the appearance of V(H)a2 allotype-bearing B cells in mutant Alicia rabbits. The mutation arose in an a2 rabbit; mutants exhibit altered expression of V(H) genes because of a small deletion encompassing V(H)1a2, the 3'-most gene in the V(H) locus. The V(H)1 gene is the major source of V(H)a allotype because this gene is preferentially rearranged in normal rabbits. In young homozygous ali/ali animals, the levels of a2 molecules found in the serum increase with age. In adult ali/ali rabbits, 20 to 50% of serum Igs and B cells bear a2 allotypic determinants. Previous studies suggested that positive selection results in expansion of a2 allotype-bearing B cells in the appendix of young mutant ali/ali rabbits. We separated appendix cells from a 6-wk-old Alicia rabbit by FACS based on the expression of surface IgM and a2 allotype. The VDJ portion of the expressed Ig mRNA was amplified from the IgM+ a2+ and IgM+ a2- populations by reverse transcriptase-PCR. The cDNAs from both populations were cloned and sequenced. Analysis of these sequences suggested that, in a2+ B cells, the first D proximal functional gene in Alicia rabbits, V(H)4a2, rearranged and was altered further by a gene conversion-like mechanism. Upstream V(H) genes were identified as potential gene sequence donors; V(H)9 was found to be the most frequently used gene donor. Among the a2- B cells, y33 was the most frequently rearranged gene.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1989

Multiple mutations of the first gene of a dimeric tRNA gene abolish in vitro tRNA gene transcription.

Eukaryotic tRNA expression initiates with transcription by RNA polymerase III and requires two additional protein factors and two regions within the tRNA gene (the 5'-internal control region (ICR) or A-box and the 3'-ICR or B-box). Using a reconstituted Saccharomyces cerevisiae RNA polymerase III system, the transcription of various 5'-ICR, 3'-ICR, and double mutation alleles of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe sup3-e dimeric tRNA gene were studied. The sup3-e tRNA locus consists of an upstream serine tRNA gene and a downstream initiator methionine tRNA gene which are transcribed as a dimeric precursor and processed to give two tRNAs. Only the ICRs of the tRNA(Ser) gene are active in directing dimeric gene transcription. Mutations in the 3'-ICR of the tRNA(Ser) gene reduce transcription of the dimer more than those in the 5'-ICR. Mutations in the 5'-ICR were found which greatly increased or decreased transcription of the dimer, while base changes in the 3'-ICR were only found to decrease transcription. This suggests a modulatory role for the 5'-ICR in transcription regulation. Mutation of the methionine tRNA gene ICR has little effect on sup3-e transcription, and no detectable transcripts initiate from the methionine tRNA gene when the tRNA(Ser) gene promoter is inactivated by mutation. Comparison with transcription studies of other mutant tRNA genes suggests that nucleotides sites within the ICRs, such as nucleotides 8, 10, 13, 18, and 19 in the 5'-ICR and 48, 53, 56, 57, and 58 in the 3'-ICR, appear to have evolved universal importance for RNA polymerase III transcription in eukaryotes. Thus these ICR sequences may play a critical role in regulation of tRNA expression.

Cloning, Molecular↗
PubMed2005

Clustering of MAL genes in Hansenula polymorpha: cloning of the maltose permease gene and expression from the divergent intergenic region between the maltose permease and maltase genes.

Hansenula polymorpha uses maltase to grow on maltose and sucrose. Inspection of genomic clones of H. polymorpha showed that the maltase gene HPMAL1 is clustered with genes corresponding to Saccharomyces cerevisiae maltose permeases and MAL activator genes orthologues. We sequenced the H. polymorpha maltose permease gene HPMAL2 of the cluster. The protein (582 amino acids) deduced from the HPMAL2 gene is predicted to have eleven transmembrane domains and shows 39-57% identity with yeast maltose permeases. The identity of the protein is highest with maltose permeases of Debaryomyces hansenii and Candida albicans. Expression of the HPMAL2 in a S. cerevisiae maltose permease-negative mutant CMY1050 proved functionality of the permease protein encoded by the gene. HPMAL1 and HPMAL2 genes are divergently positioned similarly to maltase and maltose permease genes in many yeasts. A two-reporter assay of the expression from the HPMAL1-HPMAL2 intergenic region showed that expression of both genes is coordinately regulated, repressed by glucose, induced by maltose, and that basal expression is higher in the direction of the permease gene.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

Expression of a fusion gene consisting of the mouse growth hormone-releasing hormone gene promoter linked to the SV40 T-antigen gene in transgenic mice.

Limited information is available concerning the regulation of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) gene expression in the hypothalamus, largely because of the lack of a suitable cellular model. In an attempt to immortalize hypothalamic GHRH-producing neurons, we have generated a transgenic mouse model which expresses the simian virus 40 (SV40) T-antigen gene (Tag) under the control of the GHRH gene promoter. The transgene contains approximately 5 kb of mouse GHRH gene sequences, including 3.5 kb of the 5'-flanking region, the entire hypothalamic exon 1 and 1.5 kb of intron 1, fused to the SV40 Tag gene. This construct was microinjected into fertilized oocytes. Fourteen of 96 mice born had integrated the transgene. These mice were fertile and showed no signs of central or peripheral tumors. The pattern of expression of the SV40 Tag gene was analyzed in four different transgenic lines by RT-PCR. The tissues tested include: hypothalamus, pituitary, cortex, cerebellum, spinal cord, adrenal, testis, spleen and lung. Transgene expression was consistently detected in the hypothalamus of all lines. In addition, SV40 Tag expression was also detected in the hypothalamus by Northern blot analysis in two of the transgenic lines. SV40 Tag expression was also detected in the testis of all transgenic lines by RT-PCR. This result was not expected since the GHRH gene sequences present in the transgene do not include the testis-specific transcription initiation site previously described. This suggests that GHRH gene expression in the mouse testis can be directed by regulatory sequences located downstream of the testis specific transcription start site. We conclude that the promoter region of the GHRH gene included in this construct contains the regulatory elements necessary to drive hypothalamic and testis expression in vivo. In addition, all mice from one of the transgenic lines developed cataracts in both eyes. SV40 Tag expression was detected not only in eyes with cataracts, but also, to a lesser extent, in eyes from other transgenic lines. Furthermore, the endogenous GHRH gene was found to be expressed in the eyes of normal mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Characterization of the pectin methylesterase-like gene AtPME3: a new member of a gene family comprising at least 12 genes in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Pectin demethylesterification appears to be catalysed by a number of pectin methylesterase (PME) isoenzymes in higher plant species. In order to better define the biological role of these isoenzymes in plant cell growth and differentiation, we undertook molecular studies on the PME-encoding genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. In this paper, we report the characterization of AtPME3, a new PME-related gene of 4kb in length that we have mapped on Chromosome III. AtPME3 encodes a putative mature PME-related isoenzyme of 34kDa with a basic isoelectric point. Since the extent of the gene family encoding PME in higher plant species is still unknown, we resorted to the use of degenerate primers designed from several well-known consensus regions to identify new PME-related genes in the genome of Arabidopsis. Our results, in combination with several known expressed sequences tags (ESTs), indicate that the Arabidopsis genome contains at least 12 PME-related genes. Consequently, a method of systematic gene expression analysis has been applied in order to discern the expression pattern of these 12 genes throughout the plant at the floral stage. Whereas most of these genes appeared to be more or less ubiquitously expressed throughout the plant, several genes are distinguishable by their strikingly specific expression in certain organs. The present data bring a new insight into the role of specific PME-related genes in flower and root development.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Gene expression profile by blocking the SYT-SSX fusion gene in synovial sarcoma cells. Identification of XRCC4 as a putative SYT-SSX target gene.

Increasing evidence suggests that the SYT-SSX fusion gene plays an important role in synovial sarcoma development and progression. However, very little is known about the downstream targets of SYT-SSX. In this study, we used antisense oligonucleotides to block the expression of the SYT-SSX fusion gene in synovial sarcoma cells. By comparing SYT-SSX inhibited cells with noninhibited cells, the gene expression profile was analysed using cDNA microarray and established by real-time PCR. Herewith, using a filter containing 1176 cancer-relevant genes, we found that the DNA repair gene XRCC4 and the DNA mismatch repair gene MSH2 were downregulated, whereas the gene encoding for the serine/threonine protein kinase PRK (also known as CNK), and the macrophage inhibitory cytokine MICI (also known as PLAB) were upregulated after the inhibition of SYT-SSX. In comparison, expression of the XRCC4 gene was undergoing the strongest alteration. Consistently, the protein expression of XRCC4 was found to be decreased after SYT-SSX inhibition, whereas there were no detectable changes for the other gene products. Our study provides some clues to elucidate the signaling pathways of the SYT-SSX fusion gene, as well as it demonstrates a valuable model system for search for other SYT-SSX targets.

DNA-Binding Proteins↗
PubMed2005

Gene targeting using a promoterless gene trap vector ("targeted trapping") is an efficient method to mutate a large fraction of genes.

A powerful tool for postgenomic analysis of mammalian gene function is gene targeting in mouse ES cells. We report that homologous recombination using a promoterless gene trap vector ("targeting trapping") yields targeting frequencies averaging above 50%, a significant increase compared with current approaches. These high frequencies appear to be due to the stringency of selection with promoterless constructs, because most random insertions are silent and eliminated by drug selection. The promoterless design requires that the targeted gene be expressed in ES cells at levels exceeding a certain threshold (which we estimate to be approximately 1% of the transferrin receptor gene expression level, for the secretory trap vector used here). Analysis of 127 genes that had been trapped by random (nontargeted) gene trapping with the same vector shows that virtually all are expressed in ES cells above this threshold, suggesting that targeted and random trapping share similar requirements for expression levels. In a random sampling of 130 genes encoding secretory proteins, about half were expressed above threshold, suggesting that about half of all secretory genes are accessible by either targeted or random gene trapping. The simplicity and high efficiency of the method facilitate systematic targeting of a large fraction of the genome by individual investigators and large-scale consortia alike.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Finding prokaryotic genes by the 'frame-by-frame' algorithm: targeting gene starts and overlapping genes.

MOTIVATION: Tightly packed prokaryotic genes frequently overlap with each other. This feature, rarely seen in eukaryotic DNA, makes detection of translation initiation sites and, therefore, exact predictions of prokaryotic genes notoriously difficult. Improving the accuracy of precise gene prediction in prokaryotic genomic DNA remains an important open problem. RESULTS: A software program implementing a new algorithm utilizing a uniform Hidden Markov Model for prokaryotic gene prediction was developed. The algorithm analyzes a given DNA sequence in each of six possible global reading frames independently. Twelve complete prokaryotic genomes were analyzed using the new tool. The accuracy of gene finding, predicting locations of protein-coding ORFs, as well as the accuracy of precise gene prediction, and detecting the whole gene including translation initiation codon were assessed by comparison with existing annotation. It was shown that in terms of gene finding, the program performs at least as well as the previously developed tools, such as GeneMark and GLIMMER. In terms of precise gene prediction the new program was shown to be more accurate, by several percentage points, than earlier developed tools, such as GeneMark.hmm, ECOPARSE and ORPHEUS. The results of testing the program indicated the possibility of systematic bias in start codon annotation in several early sequenced prokaryotic genomes. AVAILABILITY: The new gene-finding program can be accessed through the Web site: http:@dixie.biology.gatech.edu/GeneMark/fbf.cgi CONTACT: mark@amber.gatech.edu.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1999

Evolution of class I alcohol dehydrogenase genes in catarrhine primates: gene conversion, substitution rates, and gene regulation.

The three class I alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) in humans comprise homo- and heterodimers of three subunits (alpha, beta, and gamma) with greater than 90% sequence identity. These are encoded by distinct genes (ADH1, ADH2, and ADH3, respectively) and are all expressed in the liver. In baboons, only the beta ADH subunit is expressed in liver. A second class I ADH is expressed in the kidney; we isolated, cloned, and sequenced the cDNA corresponding to this ADH and conclude that it is of the gamma ADH lineage. We also amplified and sequenced the 5' noncoding regions of all three class I baboon ADH genes and the rhesus monkey ADH1 gene and compared their nucleotide sequences with the corresponding human sequences. There is clear evidence that the evolution of these genes has been reticulate. At least three gene conversion events, affecting the coding and 3' noncoding regions of the genes, are inferred from compatibility and partition matrices and phylogenetic analysis of the sequences. Our estimation of the evolutionary history of these genes provides a framework for the investigation of relative substitution rates and functional variation among the sequences. Relative-rate tests, designed to account for the reticulate evolution of these genes, indicate no difference in substitution rate either between genes encoding different subunits or between human and Old World monkey lineages. The human and baboon gamma ADH sequences do not show clear differences at functionally important sites within the coding region, but they do differ at a number of sites in regions previously proposed to be regulatory sites for transcriptional control. This variation may explain the different patterns of gene expression in humans and baboons.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed1998

Alternative gene form discovery and candidate gene selection from gene indexing projects.

Several efforts are under way to partition single-read expressed sequence tag (EST), as well as full-length transcript data, into large-scale gene indices, where transcripts are in common index classes if and only if they share a common progenitor gene. Accurate gene indexing facilitates gene expression studies, as well as inexpensive and early gene sequence discovery through assembly of ESTs that are derived from genes that have not been sequenced by classical methods. We extend, correct, and enhance the information obtained from index groups by splitting index classes into subclasses based on sequence dissimilarity (diversity). Two applications of this are highlighted in this report. First it is shown that our method can ameliorate the damage that artifacts, such as chimerism, inflict on index integrity. Additionally, we demonstrate how the organization imposed by an effective subpartition can greatly increase the sensitivity of gene expression studies by accounting for the existence and tissue- or pathology-specific regulation of novel gene isoforms and polymorphisms. We apply our subpartitioning treatment to the UniGene gene indexing project to measure a marked increase in information quality and abundance (in terms of assembly length and insertion/deletion error) after treatment and demonstrate cases where new levels of information concerning differential expression of alternate gene forms, such as regulated alternative splicing, are discovered. [Tables 2 and 3 can be viewed in their entirety as Online Supplements at http://www.genome.org.]

Alternative Splicing↗
PubMed1996

Fermentative arginine degradation in Halobacterium salinarium (formerly Halobacterium halobium): genes, gene products, and transcripts of the arcRACB gene cluster.

Fermentative growth via the arginine deiminase pathway is mediated by the enzymes arginine deiminase, carbamate kinase, and catabolic ornithine transcarbamylase and by a membrane-bound arginine-ornithine antiporter. Recently we reported the characterization of catabolic ornithine transcarbamylase and the corresponding gene, arcB, from Halobacterium salinarium (formerly Halobacterium halobium). Upstream of the arcB gene, three additional open reading frames with halobacterial codon usage were found. They were identified as the arcC gene coding for carbamate kinase, the arcA gene coding for arginine deiminase, and a gene, tentatively termed arcR, coding for a putative regulatory protein. The identification of the arcC and arcA genes was verified, respectively, by heterologous expression of the enzyme in Haloferax volcanii and by protein isolation and N-terminal sequence determination of three peptides. The gene order arcRACB differs from the gene order arcDABC in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the only other organism for which sequence information is available. Transcripts from H. salinarium cultures grown fermentatively or aerobically were characterized by Northern (RNA) blot and primer extension analyses. It was determined (i) that monocistronic transcripts corresponding to the four open reading frames exist and that there are three polycistronic transcripts, (ii) that the level of induction during fermentative growth differs for the various transcripts, and (iii) that upstream of the putative transcriptional start sites for the three structural genes there are sequences with similarities to the halobacterial consensus promoter. The data indicate that expression of the arc gene cluster and its regulation differ in H. salinarium and P. aeruginosa.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

Transcriptional analysis of essential genes of the Escherichia coli fatty acid biosynthesis gene cluster by functional replacement with the analogous Salmonella typhimurium gene cluster.

The genes encoding several key fatty acid biosynthetic enzymes (called the fab cluster) are clustered in the order plsX-fabH-fabD-fabG-acpP-fabF at min 24 of the Escherichia coli chromosome. A difficulty in analysis of the fab cluster by the polar allele duplication approach (Y. Zhang and J. E. Cronan, Jr., J. Bacteriol. 178:3614-3620, 1996) is that several of these genes are essential for the growth of E. coli. We overcame this complication by use of the fab gene cluster of Salmonella typhimurium, a close relative of E. coli, to provide functions necessary for growth. The S. typhimurium fab cluster was isolated by complementation of an E. coli fabD mutant and was found to encode proteins with > 94% homology to those of E. coli. However, the S. typhimurium sequences cannot recombine with the E. coli sequences required to direct polar allele duplication via homologous recombination. Using this approach, we found that although approximately 60% of the plsX transcripts initiate at promoters located far upstream and include the upstream rpmF ribosomal protein gene, a promoter located upstream of the plsX coding sequence (probably within the upstream gene, rpmF) is sufficient for normal growth. We have also found that the fabG gene is obligatorily cotranscribed with upstream genes. Insertion of a transcription terminator cassette (omega-Cm cassette) between the fabD and fabG genes of the E. coli chromosome abolished fabG transcription and blocked cell growth, thus providing the first indication that fabG is an essential gene. Insertion of the omega-Cm cassette between fabH and fabD caused greatly decreased transcription of the fabD and fabG genes and slower cellular growth, indicating that fabD has only a weak promoter(s).

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed2005

Discovery of highly differentiative gene groups from microarray gene expression data using the gene club approach.

MOTIVATION: It is commonly believed that suitable analysis of microarray gene expression profile data can lead to better understanding of diseases, and better ways to diagnose and treat diseases. To achieve those goals, it is of interest to discover the gene interaction networks, and perhaps even pathways, underlying given diseases from such data. In this paper, we consider methods for efficiently discovering highly differentiative gene groups (HDGG), which may provide insights on gene interaction networks. HDGGs are groups of genes which completely or nearly completely characterize the diseased or normal tissues. Discovering HDGGs is challenging, due to the high dimensionality of the data. RESULTS: Our methods are based on the novel concept of gene clubs. A gene club consists of a set of genes having high potential to be interactive with each other. The methods can (i) efficiently discover signature HDGGs which completely characterize the diseased and the normal tissues respectively, (ii) find strongest or near strongest HDGGs containing any given gene, and (iii) find much stronger HDGGs than previous methods. As part of the experimental evaluation, the methods are applied to colon, prostate, ovarian, and breast cancer, and leukemia and so on. Some of the genes in the extracted signature HDGGs have known biological functions, and some have attracted little attention in biology and medicine. We hope that appropriate study on them can lead to medical breakthroughs. Some HDGGs for colon and prostate cancers are listed here. The website listed below contains HDGGs for the other cancers. AVAILABILITY: HDGG is implemented in C++ and runs on Unix or Windows platform. The code is available at: http://www.cs.wright.edu/~gdong/hdgg/.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2001

A novel cluster of lectin-like receptor genes expressed in monocytic, dendritic and endothelial cells maps close to the NK receptor genes in the human NK gene complex.

The NK gene complex is a region on human chromosome 12 containing several families of lectin-like genes including the CD94 and NKG2 NK receptor genes. We report here that the region telomeric of CD94 contains in addition to the LOX-1 gene the novel human DECTIN-1 and the CLEC-1 and CLEC-2 genes within about 100 kb. Sequence similarities and chromosomal arrangement suggest that these genes form a separate subfamily of lectin-like genes within the NK gene complex. DECTIN-1 is selectively expressed in dendritic cells and to a lower extent in monocytes and macrophages. mRNA forms with and without a stalk exon are observed. During functional maturation of dendritic cells the level of DECTIN-1 mRNA is down-regulated several-fold. CLEC-1 is found to be not only expressed in dendritic cells, but also in endothelial cells and in the latter aspect resembles the LOX-1 gene. Whereas recombinant full-length DECTIN-1 and LOX-1 are transported to the cell surface, CLEC-1 proteins accumulate in perinuclear compartments. We propose that this family of lectin-like genes encodes receptors with important immune and/or scavenger functions in monocytic, dendritic and endothelial cells.

Amino Acid Sequence↗