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Results for “Functional anatomy”

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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Occlusal index-assisted restitution of esthetic and functional anatomy in direct tooth-colored restorations.

Restitution of the complex central sulcular portion of teeth is extremely difficult when direct tooth-colored restorative materials are used, because sculpturing of the solid polymerized mass is accomplished mechanically with burs. When the initial carious lesion presents within a shell of undermined yet intact enamel, the preoperative occlusal morphology provides an ideal index of the esthetic and functional anatomy. The preoperative occlusal morphology is recorded in a transparent registration material, and then the registration is used as an index to reproduce the preoperative occlusal morphology in the final incremental restorative layer. Photopolymerization of the restoration is initiated through the translucent index and completed with surface approximation of the light source once the index has been removed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Helical CT angiography of thoracic outlet syndrome: functional anatomy.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to determine the anatomic characteristics of the thoracic outlet in symptomatic patients before and after postural maneuver. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Seventy-nine symptomatic patients (61 female patients [group 1]; 18 male patients [group 2]; mean age, 38 years) underwent helical CT angiography of the thoracic apices in the neutral position and after a postural maneuver, enabling the evaluation of the functional anatomy of the musculoskeletal and arterial structures of the ipsilateral thoracic outlet. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference was found between the distribution of the distances (maximum and costosubclavian) measured in the neutral position and after postural maneuver in groups 1 and 2. The median value of these distances was smaller after postural maneuver in groups 1 and 2. A statistically significant difference was found between the distribution of the distances (maximum and costosubclavian) measured in patients of group 1 with arterial stenosis and in patients of group 1 without arterial stenosis. A slight indentation of the anterior wall of the subclavian artery when it arches around the anterior scalene muscle was observed in 39 patients (64%) in group 1 and in 11 patients (61%) in group 2 in the neutral position, in 19 patients (31%) in group 1 and in six patients (33%) in group 2 after the postural maneuver. The predominant positional changes of the vascular structures were the posteroanterior displacement of the subclavian vessels observed in groups 1 and 2, the arch made by the subclavian artery above the first rib in 40 patients (66%) in group 1 and nine patients (50%) in group 2, and the posterior displacement of the axillary artery observed in 36 patients (59%) in group 1 and in 12 patients (67%) in group 2. CONCLUSION: Helical CT shows significant narrowing of the costoclavicular space after postural maneuver in symptomatic patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia in X-linked recessive dystonia-parkinsonism.

Dystonia is a neurological syndrome characterized by sustained muscle contractions that produce repetitive twisting movements or abnormal postures. X-linked recessive dystonia parkinsonism (XDP; DYT3; Lubag) is an adult-onset disorder that manifests severe and progressive dystonia with a high frequency of generalization. In search for the anatomical basis for dystonia, we performed postmortem analyses of the functional anatomy of the basal ganglia based on the striatal compartments (ie, the striosomes and the matrix compartment) in XDP. Here, we provide anatomopathological evidence that, in the XDP neostriatum, the matrix compartment is relatively spared in a unique fashion, whereas the striosomes are severely depleted. We also document that there is a differential loss of striatal neuron subclasses in XDP. In view of the three-pathway basal ganglia model, we postulate that the disproportionate involvement of neostriatal compartments and their efferent projections may underlie the manifestation of dystonia in patients with XDP. This study is the first to our knowledge to show specific basal ganglia pathology that could explain the genesis of dystonia in human heredodegenerative movement disorders, suggesting that dystonia may result from an imbalance in the activity between the striosomal and matrix-based pathways.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Magnetic resonance and the human brain: anatomy, function and metabolism.

The introduction and development, over the last three decades, of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and MR spectroscopy technology for in vivo studies of the human brain represents a truly remarkable achievement, with enormous scientific and clinical ramifications. These effectively non-invasive techniques allow for studies of the anatomy, the function and the metabolism of the living human brain. They have allowed for new understandings of how the healthy brain works and have provided insights into the mechanisms underlying multiple disease processes which affect the brain. Different MR techniques have been developed for studying anatomy, function and metabolism. The primary focus of this review is to describe these different methodologies and to briefly review how they are being employed to more fully appreciate the intricacies associated with the organ, which most distinctly differentiates the human species from the other animal forms on earth.

Brain↗
PubMed2001

[Functional anatomy and kinematics of the femorotibial joint. Results of research 1836-1950].

Ever since the investigations of the Weber brothers in 1836, on the mechanics of the walking implements of humans, several others, like von Meyer (1853), Langer (1858), Robert (1855), Albert (1878), Bougnion (1892), Fischer (1907), Zuppinger (1904), A.E. Fick (1877), R. Fick (1911), Strasser (1917), Tretter (1944), and Knese (1959), have presented a vast amount of literature on the kinematics and functional anatomy of the knee joint which continue to be a source of inspiration even for contemporary international research work. This literature has been reviewed and is now presented in short form, not only because of its historical value, but to stimulate further research activity in this field. Furthermore, possible application of the kinematics of the physiological knee joint in orthotics and prosthetics is indicated.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1990

Focal functional anatomy of dorsolateral frontocentral seizures.

We compared 6 patients with dorsolateral frontocentral seizures to 7 patients with temporal lobe seizures. We determined general seizure location by structural lesions in 7 patients, bilateral depth electrodes in 4, and EEG and semiology in 2. We then mapped seizure cortex and essential cortex using chronic ECoG arrays. Two ECoG patterns were similar in frontal and temporal seizures. Focal patterns were near lesions and resections. Regional patterns were distant from lesions but not associated with worse surgical outcome. "Dipolar" seizure patterns occurred in one-half of frontal patients with maps like somatosensory evoked responses, consistent with focal seizure anatomy and involvement of sensorimotor cortex. Dipole location estimates were near centers of seizure cortex determined by lesions, semiology, and outcome. Six temporal patients had focal excisions that gave significant seizure reduction in all. All frontocentral patients had focal excisions that significantly reduced seizures except in 1 patient with progressive disease. We conclude that dorsolateral frontocentral seizures have focal functional anatomy that can be predicted by ictal ECoG.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of Ailurus fulgens (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas.

Both the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) and the red panda (Ailurus fulgens) possess a 'false-thumb', actually an enlarged radial sesamoid bone, which contributes to the gripping action of the hand. These species are not closely related, however, as one is an ursid and the other an ailurid, so the fact that they share this adaptation implies a remarkable convergence. We studied the functional anatomy of this structure in the red panda, comparing it with existing descriptions of the grasping mechanism in both pandas. Previous interpretations of the radial sesamoid in Ailurus as a rod-like structure without direct articulation to the wrist bones are inaccurate. There are various important differences between the red panda and the giant panda. In the former, the lesser development of the radial sesamoid, its connection with the flexor retinaculum, the presence of an insertion of the muscle abductor pollicis longus in the first metacarpal, which enhances its supinatory action, and the presence of a muscle flexor brevis digitorum manus point to thin-branch climbing features serving as an exaptation to the more recent role of the red panda hand in the manipulation of bamboo.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

[Functional anatomy of the human spleen].

For surgery of the spleen the variability of the splenic artery and the lack of major intrasplenic anastomoses are important. The latter enables segmental resections. Lymphocyte subsets, macrophages and dendritic cells, which are necessary for immune responses of the spleen, show a specific localisation in the splenic compartments. The spleen is the most important organ for lymphocyte recirculation. Intracellular particles and membrane defects of red cells are removed from the erythrocytes as they pass through the pulp cords of the red pulp. A knowledge of the functional anatomy of the spleen helps to interpret the effects of splenectomy and splenic transplantation.

Dendritic Cells↗
PubMed2003

Why does surgery fail to cure limbic epilepsy? Seizure functional anatomy may hold the answer.

Surgery for the mesial temporal lobe epilepsy syndrome is highly effective in controlling seizures in as many as 80% of the patients who undergo this procedure. However, the majority of the patients with successful operations still require medications to control their seizures. Only a small minority are able to stop medications and remain seizure free, patients who would be considered cured. Why are so few patients cured by this procedure? The answer may lie in the relation of the critical seizure circuits to the tissue that is actually resected. In this paper we will discuss two hypotheses for the functional anatomy of limbic epilepsy in light of what is known about the pathology and physiology of limbic epilepsy. Combining the clinical and scientific observations with these constructs for seizure initiation may lead us to a better understanding of this particular epilepsy syndrome as well as to more effective surgical approaches.

Epilepsy↗
PubMed2001

Cupular response and functional anatomy to pressure application in the pigeon.

In this study, horizontal semicircular canal of the pigeon was inserted with a microfill, 164 micrometers in outer diameter, to gauge the pressure change in the canal and to clarify two things. One is whether the endolymph passes through the crista ampullaris or not. The other is as to the space where the endolymph passes through in the crista ampullaris if the endolymph goes through the crista. The pressure applications were performed by using Evans blue solution and as a result three pressure groups, i.e., 1) high, 2) moderate and 3) low were discriminated. Our results suggest that the endolymphatic fluid passes through the subcupular space or the top of the crista ampullaris when the pressure is enough small like the head rotates in daily life. Accordingly we present a new hypothesis as to the functional anatomy of the cupula in contrast to current hypotheses e.g. drum membrane or revolving door.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Functional anatomy of pentylenetetrazol and electroshock seizures in the rat brainstem.

The ability of discrete brainstem injections of gamma-vinyl-gamma-aminobutyric acid (GVG), an irreversible inhibitor of gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase, to prevent pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) seizures and maximal electroshock seizures (MES) was studied and compared in rats. PTZ seizures were prevented by GVG injections in the anterior thalamus, the caudal hypothalamus, the superior colliculus, cerebellar nuclei, and in a large area of the medial medullary, pontine, and mesencephalic tegmentum encompassing the vestibular nuclei, the reticular formation, and portions of the central gray. GVG injections in the substantia nigra did not protect against PTZ seizures. In contrast, tonic hindlimb extension in MES was prevented consistently by injections in the substantia nigra. A minority of injections in the vestibular nuclei, cerebellar nuclei, and parts of the reticular formation also protected against tonic hindlimb extension of MES. These results indicate a striking difference in the functional anatomy of PTZ-induced seizures and MES. PTZ seizures appear to be mediated by an extensive system involving the reticular formation, diencephalic regions in the vicinity of the anterior medial thalamus and caudal hypothalamus, and bulbar regions which give rise to descending motor pathways to the spinal cord. In contrast to PTZ seizures, MES appears to be mediated by a different neuroanatomical substrate with the present data implicating only the substantia nigra definitely in that process.

Aminocaproates↗
PubMed1999

Functional anatomy of mitral regurgitation: accuracy and outcome implications of transesophageal echocardiography.

OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to determine the accuracy and outcome implications of mitral regurgitant lesions assessed by echocardiography. BACKGROUND: In patients with mitral regurgitation (MR), valve repair is a major incentive to early surgery and is decided on the basis of the anatomic mitral lesions. These lesions can be observed easily with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), but the accuracy and implications for outcome and clinical decision-making of these observations are unknown. METHODS: In 248 consecutive patients operated on for MR, the anatomic lesions diagnosed with TEE were compared with those observed by the surgeon and those seen on 216 transthoracic echocardiographic (TTE) studies, and their relationship to postoperative outcome was determined. RESULTS: Compared with surgical diagnosis, the accuracy of TEE was high: 99% for cause and mechanism, presence of vegetations and prolapsed or flail segment, and 88% for ruptured chordae. Diagnostic accuracy was higher for TEE than TTE for all end points (p < 0.001), but the difference was of low magnitude (<10%) except for mediocre TTE imaging or flail leaflets (both p < 0.001). The type of mitral lesions identified by TEE (floppy valve, restricted motion, functional lesion) were determinants of valve repairability and postoperative outcome (operative mortality and long-term survival; all p < 0.001) independent of age, gender, ejection fraction and presence of coronary artery disease. CONCLUSIONS: Transesophageal echocardiography provides a highly accurate anatomic assessment of all types of MR lesions and has incremental diagnostic value if TTE is inconclusive. The functional anatomy of MR defined by TEE is strongly and independently predictive of valve repairability and postoperative outcome. Therefore, the mitral lesions assessed by echocardiography represent essential information for clinical decision making, particularly for the indication of early surgery for MR.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Functional anatomy and imaging of the foot.

The foot is constituted from a series of small bones making a segmented structure with multiple joints, likened to a dome, in contact with the ground in three points: posteriorly the calcanear tuberosity; anteriorly and medially the head of 1st metatarsum, and anteriorly and laterally the head of 5th metatarsum. In fact, each foot presents a semi-arch whose base is represented by the lateral border and the summit by the medial border of the foot. The foot has been likened to a half-dome, so that when the medial borders of the two feet are placed together, a complete dome is formed. In the foot are present two longitudinal arches: the medial consists of the calcaneus, the talus, the navicular, the three cuneiform bones and the first three metatarsal bones. It is more arcuated and elastic then the lateral, that consist of the calcaneus, the cuboid and the 4th and 5th metatarsus. This is flattened and in contact with the ground. We can identify two transverse arches between longitudinal arches, extending from the medial to the lateral borders of the foot: the first is a lancet dome, between midfoot and forefoot, at the tarsometatarsal joint level; it consists of the bases of the metatarsal bones and the cuboid and the three cuneiform bones; the second is at flat dome, in correspondence of forefoot, at the metatarsophalangeal joint level; it consists of the bases of the proximal phalanges of the fingers and the head of five metatarsal bones. Longitudinal and transversal arches are supported from: the shape of stones of the structure (foot bones); the long and short plantar ligaments, larger and stronger than the dorsal ligaments, tie together the lower edges of the bones; a beam (the plantar aponeurosis and the plantar muscles and tendons) connecting the ends of the bridge effectively prevents separation of the pillars and consequent sagging of the arch; the maintenance of the arch depends on multiple support (ligaments, tendons of extrinsic muscles of the foot) suspending the arch from a cable above the level of the bridge. In this manner, we obtain a "functional unit" with two important aims: to support the body weight (static foot), and to serve as a lever to propel the bodies forward in walking and running (dinamic foot). Imaging techniques are able to provide further data on functional anatomy of the foot; in particular, these techniques show the bones structures, ligaments, muscles and tendons, taking part to the arch setting. Routine x-ray examinations precise information about the bone-shape and their relationship. The short and long ligaments, the tendons and the suspending the arch from above are instead successfully valuable using ultrasonography, CT and MR.

Foot↗
PubMed1998

Reopening the mental imagery debate: lessons from functional anatomy.

Over the past few years, the neural bases of mental imagery have been both a topic of intense debate and a domain of extensive investigations using either PET or fMRI that have provided new insights into the cortical anatomy of this cognitive function. Several studies have in fact demonstrated that there exist types of mental imagery that do not rely on primary/early visual areas, whereas a consensus now exists on the validity of the dorsal/ventral-route model in the imagery domain. More importantly, these studies have provided evidence that, in addition to higher order visual areas, mental imagery shares common brain areas with other major cognitive functions, such as language, memory, and movement, depending on the nature of the imagery task. This body of recent results indicates that there is no unique mental imagery cortical network; rather, it reflects the high degree of interaction between mental imagery and other cognitive functions.

Brain Mapping↗
PubMed1994

Functional anatomy of tendons and ligaments in the distal limbs (manus and pes).

Tendons and ligaments of the equine distal limbs have a prominent anatomic, functional, and clinical importance. This article reviews the descriptive and topographic anatomy of these structures in details. Special information is given about the mechanical properties and functional anatomy of the flexor tendons, accessory ligaments, and third interosseous muscle, as well as about their roles during the standing position and gaits.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Functional anatomy of object recognition in humans: evidence from positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging.

The ability to recognize elements of the environment as familiar objects, events, or classes underlies virtually all human cognition. Positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of the recognition of visually presented objects suggest that several brain areas crucially support this function. However, a review of these findings reveals great variability in the cortical localization of object recognition in humans. Although there is converging evidence for the importance of the temporal and occipitotemporal cortex in object recognition, a consistent picture of the functional organization within these areas and their relation to function in other cortical regions has not yet emerged from brain imaging studies.

Arousal↗
PubMed1991

The functional anatomy of recovery from brain injury.

The functional neuroanatomical basis for recovery from ischaemic brain injury is not known. We have used positron emission tomography (PET) to study changes in the functional organization of the brain in patients recovering from striatocapsular motor strokes. Significant changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) were found during repetitive sequential opposition movements of the fingers in normal subjects and in patients with recovery from motor deficits. There was a difference in the pattern of cerebral activation when patients performed the motor task with the unaffected hand (when the activation was lateralized to contralateral sensorimotor and premotor cortex and ipsilateral cerebellum) and when the task was performed with the recovered, previously plegic hand (when the activation was bilateral and involved novel areas of cortex, especially area 40). Comparisons of rCBF maps at rest in the patient group and in normal subjects showed areas with significantly decreased rCBF in the patients (contralateral to the plegic hand in the basal ganglia, thalamus, insular cortex, brainstem and ipsilateral cerebellum), which reflected the distribution of dysfunction caused by the ischaemic lesions. A significantly increased activation over and above that in normal subjects was found in patients during movement of the recovered fingers in ipsilateral premotor cortex and bilateral frontal opercular/insular regions and area 40, the ipsilateral basal ganglia (the ischaemic lesion lying contralaterally) and the contralateral cerebellum. We postulate that these findings may be explained by the generation of movements by pathways that are different from those that normal subjects use to perform what are ordinarily fairly simple, automated tasks. We suggest that this is a direct demonstration of cerebral plasticity resulting in the resolution of acquired motor deficits.

Brain Ischemia↗