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PubMed2006

The fumigant and repellent activity of aliphatic lactones against Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae).

New alternative insecticides are necessary for the chemical control of head lice. In this study the fumigant knockdown time 50% (KT50) and repellency index (RI) of three aliphatic lactones was compared with two essential oils and DDVP, against permethrin-resistance Pediculus humanus capitis from Argentina. In the fumigant assay, none of the lactones were effective compared to the highest activity of eucalyptus (KT50 15.53 m). In the repellency test, the three lactones were equally or more effective (RI ranging from 60.50 to 76.68) than the positive control (piperonal). These lactones are promising as head lice repellents.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Insecticidal paint and fumigant canisters for Chagas' disease control: community acceptance in Honduras.

This study assessed public acceptance for two new vectorial control techniques for Chagas' disease: insecticidal paint and fumigant canisters. The study compared the two with traditional fenitrothion insecticide spraying. An experimental field study was performed in an endemic area of central Honduras from August to November 1992, a year after the initial application of the treatments. The objectives of the study were to determine the acceptability of the tools on the part of the population whose homes were treated, and on the part of the personnel applying the treatments. The sample size was drawn up according to a uniform protocol applied in six Latin American countries. For this study a total of 651 persons were surveyed in 15 rural communities. Along with the surveys, focus groups were used to collect information to learn the reasons for accepting or rejecting particular treatments. The survey was done with heads of households. Focus groups were done with heads of households and also with the field operators who applied the treatments. The research showed that insecticidal paint had a low level of community acceptance (28.8%). Field operators strongly disliked the paint because of problems with its transport, application, unpleasant smell, and very low effectiveness against triatomines and pest insects. The traditional insecticide was more acceptable to the community (93.9%) and to the field operators, especially for its strong effect against the triatomines and pest insects. The results showed that in order to increase the public acceptance for insecticidal paint, it would be necessary to make the paint easier to transport and apply and to increase its effectiveness. Because of their very low effectiveness, fumigant canisters did not represent an acceptable alternative for triatomine vector control. A public educational effort should be a component of any new control method developed.

Chagas Disease↗
PubMed1991

Evaluation of methyl bromide exposure on the plant quarantine fumigators by environmental and biological monitoring.

The study was undertaken to assess the potential risk of exposure to methyl bromide (MB) gas of plant quarantine fumigators who wore full facepiece gas masks with respirator canisters. The mean ambient concentrations of MB determined by a personal sampling device exceeded the TLV-ACGIH level of 5 ppm in the degassing processes at three fumigation sites except at the silos. The mean urinary bromine concentration of 379 non-MB workers was 6.3 +/- 2.5 mg/l with 95% confidence limits of 10 mg/l. There were 44.6% of 251 MB workers whose urinary bromine levels exceeded the 10 mg/l. There was a significantly positive correlation between the urinary bromine concentrations of the MB workers and the ambient MB concentrations in the degassing process. The MB levels in the workers' exhalation were positive in the degassing process, while those were below the detection limit in the dispersion process. Three possible routes through which the workers are exposed to MB gas are considered to exist: leakage through the interstice between the facepiece of a gas mask and the wearer's face, breakthrough of MB gas in the respirator canister, and percutaneous absorption of MB gas. Biological monitoring of urinary bromine and exhalatory MB as well as environmental monitoring of the ambient MB provided useful information for evaluating exposure of workers to MB.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1995

Irradiated versus fumigated spices in sausage.

The efficacy of gamma radiation and ethylene oxide fumigation as decontaminating treatments for spices used in sausages was compared. Microbial loads of sausages containing irradiated, fumigated or non-treated spices were examined over three intervals of time. No significant differences between microbial loads of Mexican sausages containing irradiated spices (10 kGy) verses ethylene oxide-treated spices were found. Mexican sausages containing treated spices had significantly lower yeast, mould and spore counts than control sausages. After 8 weeks of storage, only the microbial loads of control sausages suggested spoilage. No discernable differences in treatment efficacy were noted with respect to yeast, mould and spore counts in Italian sausages.

Food Handling↗
PubMed1983

Control of the northern fowl mite on inanimate objects by fumigation: laboratory studies.

Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the efficacies of phosphine, methyl bromide, and sulfur dioxide as fumigants for the northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), on inanimate objects. We were able to demonstrate that either methyl bromide or sulfur dioxide could kill all physiological forms of mites within 24 hr, which would be desirable for field use. Prosphine gas, released from Phostoxin pellets, had an LD95 of 18 hr for motile forms of the mites; however, it took 30 hr to kill the mite eggs. Therefore, it would be an unsuitable fumigant for practical field usage.

Aluminum Compounds↗
PubMed2000

Effect of fumigation and juvenile hormone on oxygen consumption of the larvae of Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton).

Reduced effect of JH-I, JH-II and JH-III on oxygen consumption of II-V instars and increased effect on the oxygen consumption of VI instar larvae suggested that control of corcyra with juvenile hormones could be brought about only when applied to just emerged VI instar larvae. Similarly fumigation of juvenile hormone treated larvae could prove beneficial only at VI instar stage. The possibility of enhancing the effect of fumigant with pretreatment of JH will be futile as even only JH treated VI instar larvae develop into abnormal individuals which die later.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Decontamination by fumigation.

Since the terrorist attack on the World Trade Centre on September 11th 2001, and the subsequent deliberate release of anthrax spores into the postal system of the USA, NHS hospitals and microbiology pathology laboratories have had to consider how they would respond to a release of a hazardous biological agent. This article looks at the procedure of fumigation of a known contaminated area following spillage or handling of a biological agent, and considers the additional problems that would occur should areas outside a laboratory, such as hospital wards or ambulances, require fumigation.

Bioterrorism↗
PubMed2004

Illness associated with drift of chloropicrin soil fumigant into a residential area--Kern County, California, 2003.

Chloropicrin is the fourth most commonly used soil fumigant in California. Exposure to chloropicrin causes eye and respiratory tract irritation, vomiting, and diarrhea. This report describes an investigation by the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) and the Kern County Agriculture Commissioner (KCAC) into illnesses associated with the offsite drift of chloropicrin in Kern County. A total of 165 persons experienced symptoms consistent with chloropicrin exposure. The findings underscore health risks associated with fumigants and the usefulness of procedures adopted in California to ensure both prompt identification of exposure events and timely notification of the affected public.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Deaths associated with exposure to fumigants in railroad cars--United States.

Multiple incidents of illness and death following exposure to fumigated agricultural products in railroad cars have been reported by several states along the U.S.-Mexico border. From 1989 through 1993, the Texas Department of Health identified three incidents involving 11 exposed persons, resulting in two deaths. The California Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Pesticide Regulation, recorded two deaths in fumigated boxcars in 1989. This report summarizes the two most recent fatal incidents.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Pre- & post-fumigation bacteriological surveillance of hospital environment.

Study of bacteria in the environment and surfaces of hospital wards revealed Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus faecalis, Acinetobacter species, coagulase negative staphylococci and Serratia marcescens to be the predominant bacterial isolates. Surface sampling following fumigation showed significant reduction in most of the isolates. Bacterial counts in the air also showed considerable decline. Fumigation under proper technical supervision showed significant reduction in bacterial count as compared to that carried out without such supervision. This study highlights that certain bacterial species are predominantly found in the hospital environment and emphasises the need for frequent supervisory monitoring of hospital wards.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2005

Application of solid phase microextraction for the determination of soil fumigants in water and soil samples.

The potential of solid phase microextraction (SPME) for the determination of the soil fumigants 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-DCP) and methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) in environmental samples such as soil and water samples has been investigated. Direct immersion SPME followed by GC/ECD/NPD analysis allowed the rapid determination of the two fumigants in water samples, with very little sample manipulation, giving an LOD of 0.5 microg L(-1). Precision, calculated as relative standard deviation (RSD) for six replicates at three concentration levels, was found to be lower than 20% at the concentration levels tested. For the analysis of soil samples, headspace (HS)-SPME combined with GC/ECD/NPD analysis has been applied. Quantification using matrix-matched calibration curves allowed determination of both analytes (MITC and 1-3-DCP) with a LOD of 0.1 microg kg(-1) (RSD < 10%) for the two concentration levels assayed (0.02 and 0.2 mg kg(-1)). The HS-SPME procedure developed in this paper was applied to soil samples from experimental green house plots treated with metham-Na, a soil disinfestation agent that decomposes in soil to MITC. The absence of sample manipulation as well as the low solvent consumption in SPME methodology are among the main advantages of this analytical approach.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1979

The metabolism of the soil fumigant 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane in the rat.

The soil fumigant 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (I) undergoes hydrolysis in the rat to a series of epoxide metabolites. Alkylation of glutathione by these epoxides produces 2 urinary metabolites identified as the mercapturic acids VI (R=COCH3) and VII (R-COCH3). Hydrolysis of the epoxides produces the male antifertility agents alpha-chlorohydrin (IX, X-Cl) and alpha-bromohydrin (IX, X-Br) which are oxidatively metabolized to oxalic acid (XII), thus causing renal damage. These metabolic pathways can explain the toxic nature of the fumigant as a carcinogen, a male chemosterilant and as an agent causing kidney damage.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Exposure to methyl bromide during greenhouse fumigation on Crete, Greece.

In agricultural areas where greenhouses and dwellings are intermixed, the general population as well as the professional applicators may be exposed to pesticides. In a field study on Crete, exposure to methyl bromide during soil fumigation was assessed. Exposure of applicators (both contractors and farmers) were measured with personal air sampling equipment. Environmental monitoring inside and outside greenhouses combined with meteo data formed the basis for calculating the exposure of the general population with a computer aided dispersion model. Exposure of contractors exceeded the TLV value. The safe limit for the general population living close to a fumigated greenhouse is also exceeded.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1991

Effect of surface sterilization, fumigation and gamma irradiation on the microflora and germination of barley seeds.

Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and mercuric chloride (HgCl2) surface sterilization, methyl bromide and propylene oxide fumigation and gamma irradiation treatments were compared for their effectiveness in killing microorganisms on or within barley seeds. Surface sterilization with 12.5, 25 or 50% (v/v) NaOCl for 5, 15 or 30 min, decreased Fusarium spp., Epicoccum purpurascens, and Bacillus spp. but did not kill Alternaria alternata. However, surface sterilization with 0.1 or 0.2% (w/v) HgCl2 for 3 min significantly decreased A. alternata, Fusarium spp. and E. purpurascens but Bacillus spp. were only killed by 0.3% (w/v) HgCl2 used for 10 min, which also decreased seed germination. Aspergillus flavus inoculated onto barley seeds as spores, was completely killed by surface sterilization with NaOCl but not with HgCl2, while Fusarium culmorum was killed by both NaOCl and HgCl2 treatments. Fumigation with methyl bromide yielding a concentration-time product of 3000 mg h l-1 or with propylene oxide giving a concentration-time product of 2400 mg h l-1 eliminated all filamentous fungi but Bacillus spp. and yeasts survived, and both treatments adversely affected seed germination. Gamma irradiation at a dose of 4 kGy eliminated most Alternaria, Fusarium and Epicoccum spp. but a dose of 12 kGy was required to kill Bacillus spp., yeasts and Aureobasidium pullulans. Germination was improved slightly up to a dose of 8 kGy but gradually decreased with increase in dosage to 15 kGy of gamma irradiation.

Alternaria↗
PubMed1989

Nitrate reductase activity of needles of Norway spruce fumigated with different mixtures of ozone, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide.

Four-year-old spruce clones (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) cultivated in sand and provided with a complete nutrient solution, or a solution deficient in magnesium and calcium, were exposed to the pollutant mixtures SO(2)/NO(2), O(3)/NO(2), and O(3)/SO(2)/NO(2), at realistic concentrations for 32 weeks. Fumigation caused a slight increase of total N contents in current year needles, whereas in one-year-old needles N concentrations did not change. The response of nitrate reductase activity to pollutant stress depended on needle age and nutrient supply, respectively. In one-year-old needles fumigation resulted in a significant inhibition of enzyme activity, particularly in Mg and Ca deficient trees. The combination of all three components proved to be most effective in causing a decrease by 60% compared to the control. In contrast, nitrate reductase activity was stimulated in current year needles, especially by O(3)/NO(2) and O(3)/SO(2)/NO(2). Changes in the activity of nitrate and nitrite reductases are considered as a factor contributing to the high phytotoxic potential of pollutant combinations with NO(2).

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Investigations on the photosynthetic system of spruce affected by forest decline and ozone fumigation in closed chambers.

Investigations using chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics provide the parameters Rfd, L, and Ap to characterize different specifications of the photosynthetic system (PS). The application of ozone, with concentrations between 100 microg m(-3) and 2000 microg m(-3) to spruce in closed chambers yields a reduction of Rfd between 6% and 23% for the current year's needles, which indicates a reduced potential photosynthetic capacity. Further measurements on the current year's needles of spruce of the damage classes S0/S1, S2 and S3 show also a reduction of Rfd of between 7% and 14% in 2 successive years. In addition, the parameter L increases for damaged trees by between 11% and 49%, indicating a change of the chlorophyll content and of the internal energy distribution between PSI and PSII. As no effect of L can be observed with ozone fumigation, it is concluded that the change of some specifications of the PS can be simulated well by ozone fumigation (e.g. Rfd) while other specifications cannot (e.g. L).

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Effects of ozone fumigation on epiphytic macrolichens: ultrastructure, CO2 gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence.

The lichen species Anaptychia ciliaris, Collema nigrescens, Evernia prunastri, Hypogymnia bitteri, Lobaria pulmonaria, Pseudevernia furfuracea and Usnea rigida s.l. were fumigated with site-relevant concentrations (for Central Europe) of ozone over 80 days (180 microg m(-3) during daytime, 80 microg m(-3) during the night). Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements revealed a significant reduction of Fv/Fm after ozone fumigation in five of the species investigated, indicating severe stress on photosystem II due to ozone. The physiological impairment paralleled our fine structural investigations, revealing a significantly higher percentage of collapsed photobiont cells. This indicates that the effects of ambient ozone concentrations under experimental conditions included biophysical and physiological, as well as structural impairment in the lichens studied.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Revised estimates for continuous shoreline fumigation: a PDF approach.

A probability density function (PDF) fumigation model is presented here to study the dispersion of air pollutants emitted from a tall stack on the shoreline. This work considers dispersion of the pollutants in the stable layer and within the thermal internal boundary layer (TIBL) proceeds independently. The growth of TIBL is considered parabolic with distance inland. Turbulence is taken as homogeneous and stationary. Dispersion of particles (contaminant) in lateral and vertical directions is assumed independent of each other. This assumption allows us to consider the position of particles in both directions as independent random variables. The lateral dispersion distribution within the TIBL is considered as Gaussian and independent of height. A skewed bi-Gaussian vertical velocity PDF is used to account for the physics of dispersion due to different characteristics of updrafts and downdrafts within the TIBL. We have used Weil (J.C. Weil, A diagnosis of the asymmetry in top-down and bottom-up diffusion using a Lagrangian stochastic model, J. Atmos. Sci., 47 (1990) 501-515) solutions to find out the parameters of this PDF. Incorporating finite Lagrangian integral time scale for the vertical velocity component, it is observed that it reduces the vertical dispersion in the beginning and moves the point of maximum concentration further downwind. Due to little dispersion in the beginning, there is more plume to be dispersed causing higher concentrations at large distances. The model has considered Weil and Brower's (J.C. Weil, P.R. Brower, Estimating convective boundary layer parameters for diffusion applications, Maryland Power Plant Siting Program Rep. PPSP-MP-48, Department of Natural Resources, Annapolis, MD, 1985, 37 pp.) convective limit to analyze dispersion characteristics within TIBL. The revised model discussed here is evaluated with the data available from the Nanticoke field experiment on fumigation conducted in summer of 1978 in Ontario, Canada. The results of revised model are in good agreement with the observed data.

Air Pollutants↗