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PubMed2000

Development and quality of life: a critique of Amartya Sen's Development as freedom.

Presented here is a critical analysis of some of the major theses of Amartya Sen, as presented in his seminal work Development As Freedom. The author suggests that Sen's work, while representing a major break with the dominant neoliberal position reproduced in most national and international development agencies, is insufficient to explain the key relationship between freedom and development. The absence of an analysis of the power relations that cause and reproduce underdevelopment through national and international political institutions leaves Sen's work wanting. The author shows how Sen's interpretation of events and the conclusions derived from them, such as an explanation of famine in Bangladesh, are insufficient--when not faulty. The author also critically analyzes the United Nations Development Program reports, which, while documenting the nature and consequences of underdevelopment, barely touch on the political context in which underdevelopment occurs.

Communism↗

PubMed2005

Predicting attitudes toward operation Iraqi freedom.

98 male and female college students ranging in age from 17 to 22 years (M= 19.2, SD= 1.1) were administered a questionnaire that contained Altemeyer's 20-item Right-Wing Authoritarianism Scale (RWA), questions about the legitimacy of the 2000 presidential election, Mayton's Physical Nonviolence Subscale, and a scale designed to measure attitudes toward Operation Iraqi Freedom. RWA scores, perceptions of the legitimacy of the 2000 presidential election, and scores on the Physical Nonviolence subscale were independent predictors of attitudes toward Operation Iraqi Freedom. In addition, those who had higher RWA scores were more likely to perceive the 2000 presidential election as legitimate. There was no significant correlation between RWA scores and attitudes toward physical nonviolence.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Finance issue brief: freedom of choice.

Should managed care plans have the ability to limit an individual's "freedom of choice" when it comes to selecting a provider? As part of the anti-managed care movement of the early 1990s, 22 states enacted freedom of choice laws; the majority apply only to pharmacies.

Forecasting↗

PubMed1990

AIDS and the future of reproductive freedom.

The specter of pediatric AIDS fundamentally challenges elements of the liberal ideological basis of women's reproductive freedom. Many public health officials hold that preventing transmission of HIV from mother to fetus requires efforts to discourage pregnancy by infected women. For over two decades, however, genetic counselors, feminists, and medical ethicists have stressed the importance of nondirective counseling in the context of reproductive choice. The question now confronted by American society is whether it will be possible to frame an ideology of reproductive choice that recognizes the limits of liberal individualism, while preserving the basic features of reproductive freedom.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗

PubMed2002

Finance issue brief: freedom of choice: year end report-2002.

Forecasting↗

PubMed2003

Finance issue brief: freedom of choice: year end report-2003.

Delivery of Health Care↗

PubMed2006

[Restrictions to therapeutic freedom or strengthening of medical treatment responsibility].

Freedom of therapy is an important feature of our healthcare system, but at the same time limited by (1) ethical obligations, (2) the interaction between physician and patient, (3) the quality of the professional training, and (4) the availability of resources. Freedom of therapy is less restricted if well trained physicians adhere to high quality guidelines, and hospitals or surgeries are managed efficiently.

Ethics, Medical↗

PubMed1990

[Guilt and freedom--psychiatric-psychotherapeutic and anthropologic aspects].

Guilt, freedom and responsibility are part of the personal dignity of man. The history of the conception of guilt, its modern relativations, different phenomena of guilt, and pathological guilt experience as well as ways of relief from guilt are discussed. The contemporary juridical debate on the conceptions of guilt and freedom, and problems in the judgement of criminal responsibility are described. In conclusion, the author asks for inquires as to the importance of the faculty to feel guilty and the readiness for atonement in psychotherapy and resocialization.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1978

Medical research and human freedom.

This discussion of the nature of human freedom supports the common-sense view of conscious self-determination. The capacity for self-determination is expanded by knowledge and should be optimal among medical scientists, but many such have been passive when faced by increased restrictions on inquiry. Restrictions should be guided by medical ethics defined in major part by physicians and medical scientists. They are urged to protect their freedoms more actively.

Decision Making↗

PubMed1993

The experience of struggle, freedom, and growth.

The philosophy contains both constraints and freedoms. Loss of the minority view was expressed as a struggle. Molding to fit the dominant view led to a sense of connectedness. Individuals living within the faculty circle sought both to maintain their own views and to recognize and support the needs of the group. From this struggle, feelings of freedom and growth emerged, as well as respect and support for others. Nevertheless, at the point in time captured by this study, respect for individuals was easier to achieve than respect for the diversity of ideas. In truth, these cannot be separated, and so the struggle to understand and live the philosophy is an ongoing process.

Curriculum↗

PubMed1996

[Freedom versus safety].

Nurses maintain frequently that freedom and safety are, to a great extent, mutually exclusive in the care of elderly patients. On hand of reflected personal experience and an analysis of literature this article will show 1. how painful limiting restrictions, and especially restraining measures, can be for patients, relatives and nurses, and 2. that modern nursing has various instruments and methods to ensure almost invariably freedom and safety.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2005

Estimation of the absolute internal-rotation entropy of molecules with two torsional degrees of freedom from stochastic simulations.

A method of statistical estimation is applied to the problem of evaluating the absolute entropy of internal rotation in a molecule with two torsional degrees of freedom. The configurational part of the entropy is obtained as that of the joint probability density of an arbitrary form represented by a two-dimensional Fourier series, the coefficients of which are statistically estimated using a sample of the torsional angles of the molecule obtained by a stochastic simulation. The internal rotors in the molecule are assumed to be attached to a common frame, and their reduced moments of inertia are initially calculated as functions of the two torsional angles, but averaged over all the remaining internal degrees of freedom using the stochastic-simulation sample of the atomic configurations of the molecule. The torsional-angle dependence of the reduced moments of inertia can be also averaged out, and the absolute internal-rotation entropy of the molecule is obtained in a good approximation as the sum of the configurational entropy and a kinetic contribution fully determined by the averaged reduced moments of inertia. The method is illustrated using Monte Carlo simulations of isomers of stilbene and halogenated derivatives of propane. The two torsional angles in cis-stilbene are found to be much more strongly correlated than those in trans-stilbene, while the degree of the angular correlation in propane increases strongly on substitution of hydrogen atoms with chlorine.

Journal Article↗

PubMedDate not supplied

"Reflexes of purpose and freedom" in the comparative physiology of higher nervous activity.

The most complex unconditioned "reflexes of aim and freedom," discovered by I.P. Pavlov, are compared with the "competence drive" and the "motivation of the resistance to coercion," respectively, described by contemporary ethologists. On the basis of the unconditioned "reflex of purpose," conditioned reflexes were developed in which positive emotions arising in connection with the perfection of a skill, irrespective of its pragmatic significance at a given moment, serve as the reinforcement. The unconditioned "reflex of freedom" is regarded as a phylogenetic precursor of the will, and its acute extinction as the physiological mechanism of hypnosis. It was demonstrated experimentally that the appearance of the state of "animal hypnosis" (immobilization catatonia) in rabbits is accompanied by the predominance of electrical activity and heat production in the right hemisphere, i.e., by symptoms which are found in hypnosis in man.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Coordinating degrees of freedom during interceptive actions in children.

The aim of the experiment was to examine how children coordinate the degrees of freedom of the arm and trunk when performing interceptive actions that correspond to daily life activities. For that purpose, children were required to reach and grasp a stationary ball while standing (condition C1), a stationary ball while walking (C2), and a moving ball while standing (C3). The resulting movements were measured in world-centered and body-centered coordinates, and then subjected to three-dimensional kinematic analysis. The different coordinate frames of reference were used to determine the interaction between arm and trunk movements. Children adapted their coordination in the two moving conditions (C2 and C3) by decelerating longer towards the ball and exhibiting more interaction between the arm and trunk movements than in the stationary condition (C1). These results indicate that, like adult participants, children adapt to the constraints imposed by complex, interceptive actions by recruiting additional degrees of freedom of the trunk, which are coordinated with the hand to produce a movement that preserves an appropriate level of impact at hand/object collision.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2000

Protein-induced bilayer deformations: the lipid tilt degree of freedom.

The theory of hydrophobic interaction between a transmembrane protein and a lipid bilayer is reinvestigated. The protein is modeled as a cylindrically symmetric rigid inclusion, residing in a symmetric, tension-free lipid bilayer. The hydrophobic coupling between the inclusion and the lipids may induce an elastic bilayer deformation, which is commonly described in terms of stretching (or compressing) the hydrocarbon chains of the lipids. In the present work, we additionally include the possibility of the average lipid director to tilt with respect to the normal direction of the hydrocarbon-water interface. The corresponding membrane deformation energy is expressed using both a phenomenological description of elastic lipid layer perturbations and employing a specific molecular lipid model. The molecular lipid model accounts for head group repulsions, interfacial tension, and the chain conformational free energy. Assuming incompressibility of the hydrocarbon chains, we estimate and compare typical membrane deformation energies induced by single gramicidin A channels, with and without the lipid tilt degree of freedom taken into account. The membrane deformation energies are conveniently expressed using a spring constant. We argue that the consideration of the lipid tilt degree of freedom leads to a severalfold reduction of the spring constant and should thus not be excluded from the description of protein-induced membrane deformations. Possible limits of membrane elasticity-based theories for lipid-protein interactions are discussed. Finally, we calculate inclusion-induced deformations of electrostatically charged bilayers, illuminating the coupling between electrostatic and elastic energies in charged membranes.

Elasticity↗

PubMed2005

Treatment of the stress casualty during operation Iraqi freedom one.

INTRODUCTION: Service members with mental health issues during Operation Iraqi Freedom receive evaluation and treatment at different echelons of care. Mental health teams consist of professionals and paraprofessionals assigned to Combat Stress Control units, Division Mental Health Sections, and Combat Support Hospitals. METHODS: Army doctrine for mental health care is delineated and examples describing how mental health personnel must be flexible in this challenging environment and are useful mental health tools for commanders in the operational environment are presented. DISCUSSION: Specific treatment issues related to the combat environment during Operation Iraqi Freedom are discussed in relation to each team and in light of doctrine.

Combat Disorders↗

PubMed1993

Adjuvant irradiation after radical prostatectomy for adenocarcinoma of prostate: analysis of freedom from PSA failure.

A total of 84 consecutive men with extracapsular disease after radical prostatectomy who received postoperative irradiation and no adjuvant endocrine therapy were analyzed. Failure was defined as the development of clinical disease recurrence either locally or at a distant site, the development of detectable prostate-specific antigen (PSA) when postoperatively it had been undetectable, or any rise in PSA when postoperatively it still had been detectable. Sixteen of the 84 men had nodal disease. Overall, five-year actuarial freedom from relapse was 60 percent. For node-negative men, it was 64 percent and for node-positive men 43 percent. For the 68 men with pathologic Stage T3N0 disease, five-year freedom from relapse was 73 percent when seminal vesicles were negative and 43 percent when involved. Tumor grade also predicted the likelihood of recurrence. In a multivariate analysis the time interval from surgery to radiation and the level of postoperative PSA (detectable versus undetectable) did not influence the likelihood of relapse nor the median time to relapse. Fourteen separate patients treated with radiation alone for palpable tumor recurrence were also analyzed. Fewer than 40 percent were disease-free only two years after irradiation. We conclude that when treatment failure is defined in biochemical as well as clinical terms postoperative irradiation reduces the rate of relapse at five years relative to recently reported series in which adjuvant irradiation was not given. The additional morbidity is low. Whether or not this will translate into an overall cause-specific survival gain is currently unclear.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1991

The Space Station Freedom Flight Telerobotic Servicer: the design and evolution of a dexterous space robot.

The Flight Telerobotic Servicer (FTS) Project at the Goddard Space Flight Center is developing an advanced telerobotic system to assist in and reduce crew extravehicular activity (EVA) for Space Station) Freedom (SSF). The FTS will provide a telerobotic capability to the Freedom Station in the early assembly phases of the program and will be employed for assembly, maintenance, and inspection applications throughout the lifetime of the space station. Appropriately configured elements of the FTS will also be employed for robotic manipulation in remote satellite servicing applications and possibly the Lunar/Mars Program. In mid-1989, the FTS entered the flight system design and implementation phase (Phase C/D) of development with the signing of the FTS prime contract with Martin Marietta Astronautics Group in Denver, Colorado. The basic FTS design is now established and can be reported on in some detail. This paper will describe the FTS flight system design and the rationale for the specific design approaches and component selections. The current state of space technology and the nature of the FTS task dictate that the FTS be designed with sophisticated teleoperation capabilities for its initial primary operating mode. However, there are technologies, such as advanced computer vision and autonomous planning techniques currently in research and advanced development phases which would greatly enhance the FTS capabilities to perform autonomously in less structured work environments. Therefore, a specific requirement on the initial FTS design is that it has the capability to evolve as new technology becomes available. This paper will describe the FTS design approach for evolution to more autonomous capabilities. Some specific task applications of the FTS and partial automation approaches of these tasks will also be discussed in this paper.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗