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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Specification and misspecification of theoretical foundations and logic models for health communication campaigns.

While increasingly widespread use of behavior change theory is an advance for communication campaigns and their evaluation, such theories provide a necessary but not sufficient condition for theory-based communication interventions. Such interventions and their evaluations need to incorporate theoretical thinking about plausible mechanisms of message effect on health-related attitudes and behavior. Otherwise, strategic errors in message design and dissemination, and misspecified campaign logic models, insensitive to campaign effects, are likely to result. Implications of the elaboration likelihood model, attitude accessibility, attitude to the ad theory, exemplification, and framing are explored, and implications for campaign strategy and evaluation designs are briefly discussed. Initial propositions are advanced regarding a theory of campaign affect generalization derived from attitude to ad theory, and regarding a theory of reframing targeted health behaviors in those difficult contexts in which intended audiences are resistant to the advocated behavior or message.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Analytical modeling of adaptive optics: foundations of the phase spatial power spectrum approach.

End-to-end simulation of adaptive optics (AO) systems allows high-fidelity modeling of system performance, but at the cost of long computation time. Analytical modeling, on the other hand, can provide much faster first-order performance estimates for a rapid exploration of the AO parameter space. In this paper, we present the foundations of a modeling method for the AO optical transfer function, based on an analytical description of the residual phase spatial power spectrum. The method has been implemented in an IDL-based code, PAOLA, and comparison with end-to-end simulations demonstrates the validity of the analytical approach.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1987

Foundation care: a treatment model for nonambulatory profoundly mentally retarded persons.

Two treatment models, Intermediate Care Facilities for the Mentally Retarded (ICF/MR) and Foundation Care, were compared with respect to their use in the institutional treatment of nonambulatory profoundly mentally retarded persons. Foundation Care is focused on physical and social environmental components of caregiving through emphases on health, nourishment, nurturance, stimulation, and play, with the goal of habilitation. Subjects were randomly assigned to the treatment models. We hypothesized that when compared to ICF/MR, the Foundation Care unit would use more resident-oriented management practices, have different caregiver resident interaction, and have residents who would exhibit more behavioral complexity. Baseline, 6-month, and 1-year measurements were made. Results supported the first and third hypotheses. Caregiver resident interaction was similar for both groups; however, Foundation Care staff used more tactile modalities and contingent interaction. We conclude that Foundation Care may be an appropriate alternative level of care for the nonambulatory profoundly retarded person.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Biobehavioral mechanisms of work-related upper extremity disorders: a new agenda for research and practice.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies provide support for the role of organizational and individual psychosocial stressors in work-related upper extremity disorders (WRUEDs). Despite this evidence, the biological plausibility of a relationship between exposure to various psychosocial and work organizational stressors and WRUEDs remains unclear METHODS: The Georgetown Symposium on Biobehavioral Mechanisms of Work-Related Upper Extremity Disorders was held in Washington D.C. on November 6-7, 2000 to improve the understanding of potential biobehavioral mechanisms, identify future areas for research and discuss the implications of this body of knowledge for intervention. This meeting involved presentations and discussions by researchers and clinicians from a number of disciplines (epidemiology, occupational medicine, rheumatology, orthopedics, surgery, internal medicine, psychoneuroimmunology, occupational health psychology, behavioral medicine, psychophysiology and experimental and organizational psychology). RESULTS: The symposium generated several papers addressing the following topics: definitions and job stress models; epidemiological foundations; musculoskeletal and biomechanical models; central nervous system models of recurrent and persistent clinical pain; psychophysiology of work; and implications for intervention. These papers comprise this special issue. DISCUSSION: The present paper summarizes the various contributions to this special issue and provides direction for future research on potential biobehavioral pathways.

Arm↗
PubMed2006

Probabilistic models of cognition: conceptual foundations.

Remarkable progress in the mathematics and computer science of probability has led to a revolution in the scope of probabilistic models. In particular, 'sophisticated' probabilistic methods apply to structured relational systems such as graphs and grammars, of immediate relevance to the cognitive sciences. This Special Issue outlines progress in this rapidly developing field, which provides a potentially unifying perspective across a wide range of domains and levels of explanation. Here, we introduce the historical and conceptual foundations of the approach, explore how the approach relates to studies of explicit probabilistic reasoning, and give a brief overview of the field as it stands today.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1987

The biological foundation of the Gompertz model.

The paper examines the biological reasoning of the Gompertz model for tumor growth: the increase and loss rates of the tumor volume are both proportional to the volume itself. The statement is proved mathematically. The theoretical foundation is therefore established, this ensures the application of the Gompertz model as an effective aid for the understanding of the experimental and clinical tumor process.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Model weights and the foundations of multimodel inference.

Statistical thinking in wildlife biology and ecology has been profoundly influenced by the introduction of AIC (Akaike's information criterion) as a tool for model selection and as a basis for model averaging. In this paper, we advocate the Bayesian paradigm as a broader framework for multimodel inference, one in which model averaging and model selection are naturally linked, and in which the performance of AIC-based tools is naturally evaluated. Prior model weights implicitly associated with the use of AIC are seen to highly favor complex models: in some cases, all but the most highly parameterized models in the model set are virtually ignored a priori. We suggest the usefulness of the weighted BIC (Bayesian information criterion) as a computationally simple alternative to AIC, based on explicit selection of prior model probabilities rather than acceptance of default priors associated with AIC. We note, however, that both procedures are only approximate to the use of exact Bayes factors. We discuss and illustrate technical difficulties associated with Bayes factors, and suggest approaches to avoiding these difficulties in the context of model selection for a logistic regression. Our example highlights the predisposition of AIC weighting to favor complex models and suggests a need for caution in using the BIC for computing approximate posterior model weights.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Total quality management in healthcare. The European Foundation for Quality Management Model].

After presenting the quality model adapted by the health authorities, the authors refer to the development of quality methodology to the present day, and the importance of the self assessment of Quality focusing on the one according to the European Foundation For Quality Management (EFQM) adapted by healthcare organisations. Each criteria of the EFQM model is presented and its potential as a motivation for change by means of self assessment is discussed.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed1995

A microscopic model of enzyme kinetics.

Many in vivo enzymatic processes, such as those of the tissue factor pathway of blood coagulation, occur in environments with facilitated substrate delivery or enzymes bound to cellular or lipid surfaces, which are quite different from the ideal fluid environment for which the Michaelis-Menten equation was derived. To describe the kinetics of such reactions, we propose a microscopic model that focuses on the kinetics of a single-enzyme molecule. This model provides the foundation for macroscopic models of the system kinetics of reactions occurring in both ideal and nonideal environments. For ideal reaction systems, the corresponding macroscopic models thus derived are consistent with the Michaelis-Menten equation. It is shown that the apparent Km is in fact a function of the mechanism of substrate delivery and should be interpreted as the substrate level at which the enzyme vacancy time equals the residence time of ES-complexes; it is suggested that our microscopic model parameters characterize more accurately an enzyme and its catalytic efficiency than does the classical Km. This model can also be incorporated into computer simulations of more complex reactions as an alternative to explicit analytical formulation of a macroscopic model.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Southcentral Foundation--Dena A Coy: a model program for the treatment of pregnant substance-abusing women.

This article discusses the societal implications of substance abuse by pregnant women and women of child-bearing age and reviews their treatment needs as documented in the literature. It then provides a treatment model for pregnant women, using the Southcentral Foundation-Dena A Coy Residential Treatment Program as a model program. It outlines a number of components that are critical to successful substance abuse treatment of these women; specifically, medical interventions, social service provision, educational/vocational services, psychoeducational programs, psychotherapy, substance abuse interventions, and family preservation and involvement. These components are superimposed on a therapeutic community model that stresses gender and cultural relevance, as well as supportive structure and direction.

Aftercare↗
PubMed2004

Laying the cytotaxonomic foundations of a new model grass, Brachypodium distachyon (L.) Beauv.

Brachypodium distachyon is a ubiquitous, temperate grass species which is being developed and exploited as an alternative model to rice, in order to gain access to important syntenic regions of the genomes of less tractable relatives such as wheat. As part of this initiative, this paper describes for the first time the cytotaxonomy of members of the polyploid series of this species, and challenges the assumption that the series evolved simply by chromosome doubling. In situ hybridization using genomic DNA probes and rDNA markers uncovers a hybrid origin of several of the polyploid ecotypes, and sheds light upon the complex evolution of this species and its close relatives.

Chromosome Painting↗
PubMed2000

[The foundation of the injury model on cultured human fetal lung fibroblasts and its immunohistochemistry research].

Cultured human fetal lung Fbs was first used to study the relationship between wound age and the change of cFn synthesized by Fbs in Vitro. A sterilized injector was applied to scrap the cultured confluent Fbs and a "wound" was obtained. Fbs around the wound was seen to change from a stationary stage to an active stage. Using the method of immunochemistry and image analysis system (IAS), cFn synthesized by Fbs around the wound was observed at once, 30 min, 1 h, 3 h and 6 h after injury. It was found that cFn began to change 1 h after injury and increased continually within 6 h. It suggests that the change of cFn synthesized by Fbs is time-dependent after injury and this approach breaks a new path in the study on estimation of wound age.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed2004

Why medicine still needs a scientific foundation: restating the hypotheticodeductive model - part one.

Medical science stands accused of providing an incomplete understanding of health because it is supposedly founded on linearity, reductionism, and positivism. These criticisms misrepresent the scientific method. The alternatives offered by complexity theory, postmodernism, and qualitative research risk falling into the traps that the scientific method avoids. The hypotheticodeductive model of science provides both a coherent description of the growth of scientific knowledge and a prescription for the conduct of good science.

Biomedical Research↗