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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Masculinity, femininity, and sex role attitudes in early adolescence: exploring gender intensification.

This longitudinal study of 200 young adolescent girls and boys (mean age 11.6 years in sixth grade) investigated the hypothesis that differences in masculinity, femininity, and sex role attitudes would intensify across the sixth, seventh, and eighth grades (between 11 and 13 years of age) and that pubertal timing (early, on time, late) would play a role in this intensification. Analyses revealed that sex differences in masculinity and sex role attitudes increased across grades, but not sex differences in femininity. Pubertal timing was not associated with this gender divergence, although the evidence is equivocal for boys. The results provide support for gender intensification, but the role of pubertal timing may not be as strong as previously supposed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[A new space for feminine desire].

Psychoanalitical literature evolved around the idea of a space for desire structured according to the boy-mother relationship model. Is the feminine clinical approach, together with the historical contribution of feminism, discovering a new space for feminine desire? The psychotic female, for whom the role of the father has no meaning in the mother's discourse, refuses the Law as a symbol of social authority. As for the hysteric female, she does not rely on the Father as a safeguard against the emptyness that lies behind the Laws and the beliefs of men. In its own way, feminism adopts these positions of psychotic rejection and hysteric contestation by projecting them on to the social landscape. Furthermore, feminism requires new forms of social interaction that embody the esthetical space women need to experience life as full-fledged citizens.

Cultural Characteristics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Awakening the feminine spirit in nursing.

Within each of us exists the elements of the masculine and the feminine. Carl Jung first introduced these concepts in his explanation of the components of human behavior. Marion Woodman, a Jungian analyst from Toronto, has brought our attention to the imbalance of the masculine and feminine within human nature. Her work, as well as the work of Stephen Levine, has inspired the author to direct her attention to the implications for nursing.

Female↗
PubMed1986

Jungian feminine psychology and adolescent prostitutes.

This paper explores Jungian feminine psychology and its application in the treatment of adolescent prostitutes. Wolff's (1956) work on feminine functions and Leonard's (1982) work with father-daughter wounds are discussed, and techniques for applying these concepts with adolescent prostitutes are explored.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Masculinity-femininity scale of the MMPI and intellectual functioning of female addicts.

In a group of 85 female chronic alcoholics and other addicts, scores on the Raven's Matrices and on a multiple-choice version of WAIS Vocabulary were found unrelated to the 13 standard and 4 MMPI research scales and 3 MMPI indices (average profile elevation, average elevations of the neurotic and the psychotic triad) except for the relationship of the raw scores (r = -.32) and the IQ equivalents (r = -.30) on the Vocabulary test to Masculinity-Femininity scores and of IQ equivalents on the Matrices to Barron's Ego Strength scale (r = .32): Women with more extensive vocabulary scored lower on the Masculinity-Femininity scale, and women with better visuo-spatial reasoning skills obtained higher Ego Strength scores.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Troubling femininity. On the topic of adolescence].

Adolescence is of cardinal importance for gender identity, a period of self-differentiation in which sexual identity is finally and fully established. The author proceeds from a somato-psychic relation model taking shape between mother and daughter at birth and based on unconscious projections on the part of the mother. The model centres around the contrast between the body as envelope and as (empty) cavity. In the course of adolescence, in which femininity, sexuality and motherhood are supposed to manifest themselves and unite in the female body, girls are faced with the difficult task of relinquishing the idea of their body as a cavity and identifying with the idea of physical containment. With reference to the case of a bulimic adolescent and more general remarks on anorexia, the author traces the difficulties encountered on the arduous path to the appropriation of femininity, which, if strayed from, can lead to the brink of death.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

The feminine self and penis envy.

This paper examines the integrative role of inner genitality in the formation of penis internalisations, which form part of the feminine self. Penis envy, operating simultaneously with the anxiety arising from a realisation of the introitus under the influence of inner genitality, organises functioning inner and outer female penis structures. This three-dimensionality of inner genitality, penis envy and anxiety for penetration is the condition of a functioning femininity. In the light of an analytic case history, the author follows the thawing out of a phallic defence position and the awakening of the obstructed genitality. Phallicity is seen as a traumatic defence structure, which prevents the development of functioning penis identifications. In the phallic mental world, the penis takes on an idealised and concrete meaning. Its desirability is denied, and the woman excludes her inner genitality from her relationship to it as an object. When most obstructed in her womanhood, a woman becomes a phallus herself. She lives in an imitative identity, in which the internalising psychic functions have come to a standstill. In such a mind, the ultimate purpose of defence is to avoid annihilation anxiety.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The feminine role as a determinant of mental health among the women of the general population of Cantabria].

This paper tries to analyse the relationship between traditional feminine role (marriage, motherhood and housing) and mental health in spanish women. The General Health Questionnaire 60-items (GHQ-60) was used to define "cases" in a random sample of the general population of Cantabria consisting of 630 women aged 17 and over. The rate of probable prevalence of psychiatric disorders was 26.4%. In contrast to previous studies, motherhood and traditional feminine role correlated with the lowest GHQ-60 mean scores. Occupational status was not related to mental health. Women living with husband, children, parents and/or parents-in-law scored lower on GHQ-60 than those living with husband and children. These results are discussed in the light of previous findings in the literature. At least, they reconfirm the importance of socio-cultural factors in community psychiatric disorder.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Breastfeeders versus bottlefeeders: differences in femininity perceptions.

Fifty-eight primiparous women were studied to explore perceived differences in femininity between women who chose to breastfeed and women who chose to bottlefeed. A demographic questionnaire and a sex role inventory were administered to the sample. Although breast and bottlefeeders did not differ significantly in their perceived levels of femininity, analysis of the data revealed that women who had no clear cut sense of identity were more likely to bottlefeed.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Unconscious representation of femininity.

This paper sets out some of the main differences in approaches to the study of female sexuality, in particular in terms of the place of the body and biology in the construction of femininity. It illustrates a dual aspect of femininity in its reference to lack and in its more immediate bodily reality, suggesting that it is the interplay of these two which traces a woman's sexual position.

Female↗
PubMed1996

Beyond the he and the she: toward the reconciliation of masculinity and femininity in the postoedipal female mind.

This paper concerns a postoedipal psyche organization in the female mind whereby early overinclusive body-ego representations and cross-sex identifications are recuperated symbolically in the context of a differentiated female identity. This reintegration allows the female to symbolize what has been "lost" upon awareness of sex differences, play out masculine aspects without there being a threat to her core, primary feminine identity, and by linking rather than prohibiting cross-gender representations, provide imaginative elaboration and empathic access to another as a subject. This state does not reflect a denial of difference; rather, it reflects a psychic organization that uses symbolization to play with differences. Bisexual conflict can be mastered rather than repressed. Such mastery transcends normative, rigid, polarized sexual positions and gender conformity, perversions, and disturbed gender identity. Within the classical discourse, this mastery is suggested as an expansion of our limited and archaic notions of a genital stage specifically for the female. A new elaboration of a specific female genital stage can deepen our understanding of adult femininity and the development of cross-gender transference.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Personal experiences--professional interests: Joan Riviere and femininity.

The author proposes that the subject chosen for psychoanalytical investigation bears a relationship to autobiographical experiences. Aspects of the life of the British psychoanalyst, Joan Riviere (1883-1962), are examined and related to her investigation into a form of pathological femininity presented in her paper 'Womanliness as a masquerade'. Information about her formative years is gained from a diary kept by her mother that gives details of Joan Riviere's early months and years as well as further information about her as a young adult. Riviere's own diary, which lists events and activities in which she took part throughout more than a decade before she became a psychoanalyst, gives valuable insights into her life at that time. The author examines the descriptions of the patient in Riviere's paper and relates it to many facets of the latter's life. The defensive femininity shown by her patient is characterised by appeasement and denial of intellectual and professional attributes to escape detection and the retribution feared as a consequence of having, in phantasy, stolen potency from men. It is suggested that Riviere's own life experiences, particularly in relation to men, are represented in her paper.

Career Choice↗
PubMed1976

[Sexual education and contentment with the feminine sexual role (author's transl)].

The correlation of sexual education during childhood and the later contentment with the feminine sexual role was quantitively tested for its statistical significance. The data were collected for 386 women with a questionnaire and psychometric testing. Contentment with the feminine sexual role showed correlations to the age of the first sexual education (p smaller than 0.01), to the quality of the sexual education (p smaller than 0.05) and to the experience of the individual sexuality during adolescence (p smaller than 0.05). The earlier and the more positive the sex education the higher was the contentment with the own sexual role. Women who were most content with their presently experienced sexuality were also most content with their social role (p smaller than 0.01). Of importance in the discussion of the results were relationships between the contentment with the sexual role and the age (p smaller than 0.05), neurotic personality traits (p smaller than 0.01), obesity (p smaller than 0.01), psychosomatic complaints (p smaller than 0.05) and the present state of health (p smaller than 0.001). These results are of practical importance for sexual councelling in gynaecology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

A factorial structure of the dimensions of femininity in alcoholic, schizophrenic and normal populations .

The Femininity Study was administered tl 31 alcoholic females, 146 college females, and 152 female schizophrenic patients. The data were factor analyzed: five major factors were identified: (1) heterosexual social role inadaptability; (2) parental role inadaptability; (3) homemaker role inadaptability; (4) general affective (neurotic) instability; and (5) maternal role inadaptability. The institutionalized women showed much greater incidence of all types of inadaptability.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Comparative study of the factorial composition of femininity in alcoholic, schizophrenic and normal populations.

The Femininity Study (Thorne, 1965) was administered to a total of 329 women, which included alcoholic females, Skidmore College students, University of Alberta students, and institutionalized chronic undifferentiated schizophrenics. In the alcoholic women, the first five factors were labeled high interpersonal adaptability, heterosexual role inadaptability, female role ambivalence, female identification problems, and maternal role inadaptability. In the Skidmore College population, the first five factors were heterosexual role inadaptability, general female role inadaptability, physical and/or psychosomatic disabilities with low female self-concepts, positive female self-concepts and interests, and emancipated female role concepts. In the University of Alberta women, the first five factors were heterosexual and general social inadaptability, heterosexual interests and adaptability, homosexual tendencies, conflictual sexuality, and emancipated female role concepts. In the institutionalized schizophrenics, the five factors were homosexual conflicts, heterosexual adaptability, rejection of parental-caretaker roles, promiscuity, and negative sexual self-concepts.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1995

Sexual preference and feminine and masculine sexual behavior of male rats prenatally exposed to antiandrogen or antiestrogen.

Male rats were prenatally (Day 10-19 of pregnancy) exposed to an antiestrogen, nitromifene citrate (CI628, 1 mg/rat), or an antiandrogen, cyproterone acetate (CA, 10 mg/rat), and in adulthood were examined for their exhibition of male-typical and female-typical behavior pattern. Treatment with CI628 abolished the capacity of the adult intact male to ejaculate, enhanced his potential to exhibit feminine sexual behavior, and decreased the intensity of the level of female-oriented behavior in a two-choice stimulus situation (estrous female vs active male). The administration of testosterone (T) did not alter these behaviors. Males exposed to CA showed low levels of lordosis behavior and normal levels of female-oriented preference. Further, they showed increased frequency of mounts and decreased number of intromissions, and only a few males ever ejaculated. Macroscopic inspection of the genital organs of the CI628-treated males revealed complete absence of the prostate. The dissections of the CA-treated males revealed a poorly developed penis and a blind-ending vagina. It was concluded that prenatal estrogen (E) is involved (1) in determining the development of mechanisms destined to mediate the display of male-typical behaviors in adulthood, (2) in suppressing the development of mechanisms of female-typical behaviors, and (3) seems to stimulate neural mechanisms influencing sexual preference behavior in the adult.

Androgen Antagonists↗
PubMed1986

A follow-up study of 10 feminine boys.

Ten subjects who exhibited feminine behavior and cross-dressing as young boys are described. At follow-up, 8 to 10 years later, 4 are heterosexual, 2 are homosexual, 1 is transsexual, and the outcome is uncertain in 3. Of the eight who met DSM III criteria when evaluated, three are heterosexual, two are homosexual, one is transsexual, and the outcome is uncertain for two. Gender dysphoria appears to be a necessary but not sufficient factor in a transsexual outcome. The strength, rigidity, and persistence of cross-gender behavior through latency may be a good predictor of transsexual outcome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Subnormal concentrations in the feminine profile of circulating growth hormone enhance expression of female-specific CYP2C12.

When newborn female rats were treated with monosodium glutamate, 4 mg/g body weight, on days 1 and 3 of life, circulating growth hormone concentrations were permanently reduced 75-85% in adulthood, whereas the feminine secretory profile characterized by frequent growth hormone pulses, separated by short-lived, measurable troughs, persisted. Associated with this reduction in growth hormone secretion was a mild obesity and a slight depression in peripubertal body weight. In contrast, expression of growth hormone-dependent, female-specific CYP2C12 was increased by almost 100% when measured at both its protein and mRNA levels. In agreement, this supraphysiological expression of CYP2C12 was reflected at a pharmacologic level by a simultaneous elevation in in vitro and in vivo hexobarbital metabolism. When growth hormone secretion was pulsatile (i.e. masculine) or was eliminated from the circulation (i.e. hypophysectomy), hepatic CYP2C12 protein and mRNA were undetectable. The present findings suggest that the normal levels of plasma growth hormone found in female rats are not necessarily optimum for the expression of female-specific CYP2C12.

Animals↗