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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Comparison of three methods of feeding colostrum to dairy calves.

Absorption of colostral immunoglobulins by Holstein calves was studied in 3 herds in which 3 methods of colostrum feeding were used. Failure of passive transfer, as determined by calf serum immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) concentration less than 10 mg/ml at 48 hours of age, was diagnosed in 61.4% of calves from a dairy in which calves were nursed by their dams, 19.3% of calves from a dairy using nipple-bottle feeding, and 10.8% of calves from a dairy using tube feeding. The management factor determined to have the greatest influence on the probability of failure of passive transfer in the herds using artificial methods of colostrum feeding (bottle feeding or tube feeding) was the volume of colostrum fed as it affected the amount of IgG1 received by the calf. In dairies that used artificial feeding methods, failure of passive transfer was infrequent in calves fed greater than or equal to 100 g IgG1 in the first colostrum feeding. In the dairy that allowed calves to suckle, prevalence of failure of passive transfer was greater than 50% even among calves nursed by cows with above-average colostral IgG1 concentration. Analysis of the effect of other management factors on calf immunoglobulin absorption revealed small negative effects associated with the use of previously frozen colostrum and the use of colostrum from cows with long nonlactating intervals.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Thin-layer chromatographic determination of monensin in feeds: screening method.

Monensin is extracted from feed with methanol and purified by solvent-partitioning solid-phase extraction. After solvent reduction, monensin is separated by thin-layer chromatography on silica gel and visualized by color development with vanillin. No false-positive results were obtained in validation studies by submitting or peer laboratories when blank samples were analyzed. Three of 20 samples spiked with 5 ppm monensin were reported as containing no monensin. All samples spiked with 10 ppm monensin were reported positive for monensin.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2005

Enhancement of cometabolic biodegradation of trichloroethylene (TCE) gas in biofiltration.

A biofilter column inoculated with Pseudomonas putida F1 was operated to study cometabolic biodegradation of trichloroethylene (TCE) gas using toluene as a primary substrate. Variations in the efficiency and capacity of TCE elimination with different inlet concentrations of toluene and TCE were investigated in order to understand the competitive inhibition between toluene and TCE. Two toluene feeding methods, stage feeding along the column and cyclic feeding, were examined as strategies to enhance TCE cometabolic biodegradation by avoiding the toluene inhibition of TCE biodegradation and the toxic effect of TCE on cells and toluene dioxygenase enzymes. It was concluded that both methods are promising and that the determination of a suitable feeding frequency, recovery period, and inlet toluene concentration was required to optimize cyclic feeding in the cometabolic biodegradation of TCE.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1995

Breastfeeding in the 1990s.

Midwives are the most important advisers on infant feeding methods. Advice on infant feeding needs to be given early. Advice on maintenance of lactation is essential. Supportive hospital surroundings are important. Change from one formula to another mirrors the change from breast to bottle. Research is needed into mothers' reasons for changing infant feeding method.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed2004

Are infant feeding options that are recommended for mothers with HIV acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable and safe? Pregnant women's perspectives.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate pregnant women's views on infant feeding options recommended for HIV-infected women. DESIGN: A structured interview survey complemented with focus group discussions. SETTING: Antenatal clinics in Moshi urban and rural districts of Tanzania. SUBJECTS: Five hundred pregnant women participated in the interview survey and 46 pregnant women participated in six focus group discussions. RESULTS: Participating women reported that they would change to an alternative infant feeding method if they were found to be HIV-infected and were advised to do so. Cow's milk was regarded as the most feasible infant feeding method for local HIV-infected mothers. Infant feeding formula was regarded as too costly, but if recommended by health workers and distributed free of charge, the majority of the women (82%) were confident that they would then choose this option. In the focus group discussions, women were less optimistic and expressed great concern for the social consequences of not breast-feeding. The safety of exclusive breast-feeding was questioned. Less common infant feeding methods, such as expressed heat-treated breast milk and wet-nursing, were not regarded as viable options. Several social barriers to replacement feeding were identified in the focus group discussions, including possible lack of support from partner and potential negative reactions from the community. CONCLUSION: Future research on infant feeding options should include the broader cultural context and the psychological stress that HIV-infected women face when choosing infant feeding methods.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Photoperiod, diet, and method of feeding on reproduction.

Effects of two lighting programs and three methods of feeding on semen production of Large White turkey males were investigated. Lighting programs of 14L:10D and 8L:16D were used during the reproduction period. The feeding programs consisted of: 1) a low protein ration (10% FF) containing 3,250 kcal ME/kg fed ad libitum, 2) a high protein ration (15% FF) fed ad libitum, and 3) a restricted intake high protein ration (15% R). The latter two diets contained 3,000 kcal ME/kg. Body weight, semen volume, and semen quality (sperm and seminal plasma protein concentrations) were measured weekly throughout the reproductive cycle from 26 to 52 weeks. There was no significant difference in the rate of weight gain of turkeys kept on 8L:16D and 15% FF from 16 to 52 weeks compared to those on 14L:10D and 15% FF. Decreasing protein from 15 to 10% and increasing energy levels of the diet decreased consumption significantly (P less than .05) from 16 to 52 weeks of age regardless of the light treatment. Mortality was lowest in the 10% FF and highest in the 15% R. Lighting treatment of 14L:10D significantly (P less than .05) increased semen volume and sperm concentration vs. the 8L:16D regimen. All the groups of males given 8L:16D had an endemic yellow semen syndrome (YSS) characterized by a combination of an elevated seminal plasma protein concentration (an average of 12.85 g/100 ml), abnormal spermatozoa, and numerous macrophages. Previous work is confirmed (Cecil, 1981) that low dietary protein can be used as a means of controlling body weight without any adverse effect on semen production or semen quality of Large White turkey breeder males.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Attitudes and subjective norms of male and female adolescents toward breastfeeding.

There is a lack of information regarding the attitudes of Québec's adolescents about breastfeeding and how others influence their opinions. The present study aims to describe attitudes and subjective norms of adolescent males and females toward breastfeeding and to determine whether these are related to gender, age, secondary education level, mother tongue, country of origin, feeding method as an infant, feeding method of siblings, and exposure to breastfeeding. Adolescents (N = 439) answered a questionnaire based on the theory of reasoned action. Both genders showed an overall positive attitude but negative subjective norms toward breastfeeding. Gender differences and relationships with external variables in terms of attitudes as well as subjective norms are presented. Possible avenues to promote breastfeeding are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: a review of indications, complications and outcome.

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) was first described in 1980 as an effective method of feeding via the stomach in situations where oral intake is not possible. Its simplicity has led to its potential use in areas of dubious clinical benefit. Our unit has faced a major increase in referrals for PEG insertion over the last 2 years. For this reason we decided to audit our PEG insertion procedures with regard to indications, complications, outcome and follow up. We studied 168 patients who had an initial PEG insertion during the period 1 February 1996-31 January 1998. The medical records of these patients were reviewed with regard to the procedure, antibiotic use and complications. All patients (or carers or next of kin) were contacted by telephone to provide details regarding late complications and follow up. There were 87 females and 81 males (aged 16-98 years, median age 70 years). At 2 years, 67% were alive. The most frequent indication for PEG insertion was a neurological condition, the commonest being stroke. Most patients received either ticarcillin/clavulanic acid or cephazolin antibiotic prophylaxis before and after the procedure. In six patients (3.6%) infection at the PEG site required intravenous antibiotics. Four of these six patients did not have antibiotic prophylaxis. Only two deaths could be directly related to the procedure. Three died within 7 days of the procedure due to unrelated medical complications. Sixteen patients died within 1 month, the majority of these patients did not leave hospital. One-fifth of the patients (35/168) had their PEG removed due to the re-establishment of oral feeding, with median time of use, 4.3 months. It is a safe, effective feeding method in the elderly, but experience with case selection, the procedure and careful follow up remain essential. The use of prophylactic antibiotics resulted in few significant infections of the PEG site. Up to one-fifth of patients will require their PEG only for a short term.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A basis for the nursing management of feeding the premature infant.

Adequate nutrition for the premature infant is often very difficult to achieve. The subject of nutritional management also is complicated by policies and techniques, such as feeding methods and feeding of ventilated infants, that vary between institutions. Basic facts about premature infant development, requirements, and metabolism of nutrients have been presented, however, to give the nurse the basis upon which to make decisions. With this knowledge, the nurse can continue to emerge as a central figure in the management of feeding the premature infant.

Digestive System↗
PubMed2002

Preterm infant temperature circadian rhythm: possible effect of parental cosleeping.

The purpose of this study was to describe the circadian rhythm of abdominal skin temperature and explore factors related to the timing of circadian rhythm acrophase. Thirty-four preterm infants (gestational age 26 to 33 weeks) were studied in the home environment at 44 to 46 weeks postconceptional age. Insulated abdominal skin was monitored continuously, and parents recorded sleep/wake activity over a 24-h period. Circadian rhythm was analyzed using cosinor analysis. Using MANCOVA, the effects of cosleeping, feeding method, night feeding, hospital stay, time home, and illness on acrophase were determined. Infants demonstrated evidence of developing circadian rhythm of temperature. Cosleeping and length of hospital stay were significantly related to acrophase. The mean acrophase for cosleeping infants was 07:44 (95% confidence interval = 05:12, 11:08), whereas that for non-cosleeping infants was 22.05 (95% confidence interval = 17:31, 01:42). Proximity with parents during nighttime hours may serve to entrain preterm infant circadian rhythm.

Body Temperature Regulation↗
PubMed1999

[Preventing and treating effect of total oil of Microula sikkimensis (Hemsl.) on experimental hyperlipemia in rats].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of the total oil of Microula sikkimensis on an experimental hyperlipemia model of rat. METHOD: Using feeding method to set up the experimental hyperlipemia model and determining the biochemical criteria. RESULT: The total oil of Microula sikkimensis significantly decreased the contents of cholesterol, triglyceride and MDA in blood serum, and increased the rate between total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein. CONCLUSION: The study provides an important basis for exploiting and utilizing the total oil of Microula sikkimensis.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Home parenteral nutrition in children.

From 1985 to 1994, home parenteral nutrition (HPN) was used as the method of feeding nine pediatric patients. Indications for HPN included congenital or acquired short bowel syndrome. Crohn's disease, chronic intractable diarrhea, chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction and Hirschsprung's disease. During the period, two patients died; one of sepsis and the other from hepatic failure. Three of the remaining patients have since moved on to oral feeding, but four patients continued on HPN. The majority of these patients have attained a normal weight and height for age while receiving HPN. All patients were fed via an implanted silicone catheter. Catheters were removed and replaced due to complications including nine episodes of infection, four episodes of occlusion, three episodes of breakage and two episodes of dislodgement. Catheter-related sepsis was the most common cause of morbidity and hospital readmission in patients receiving HPN, but was acceptably rare. Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently cultured organism from either the catheter tip or the blood. HPN is a relatively safe feeding method for patients who would otherwise remain hospitalized for prolonged periods on parenteral nutrition for permanent or prolonged intestinal failure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Infant feeding decisions among pregnant women from a WIC population in Georgia.

A survey comparing the anticipated choice of feeding method with attitudinal, social influence, and psychological variables was conducted in a WIC population (no. = 120) in the East Central Health District of Georgia. Attitudinal variables had a stronger relationship with the choice of feeding method than either the social influence or psychological variables. When all the variables that were associated with choice of feeding method were analyzed with multiple regression analysis, the positive attitudes toward breast feeding scale had the strongest impact on choice of method, followed in order by method preferred by the father, the positive attitudes toward formula scale, and the knowledge about breast feeding scale. The regression model consisting of those four variables explained 64% of the variation in choice of feeding method and correctly classified the women's feeding method choice in 82% of the cases. These findings suggest that breast-feeding promotion interventions should be provided by health care professionals at critical times during the prepartum period and that fathers should be included in the discussion of the infant feeding decision.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Health of infant is the main reason for breast-feeding in a WIC population in Hawaii.

OBJECTIVE: To determine factors influencing infant feeding method choices among women who received services from the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) during pregnancy in Hawaii. DESIGN: A retrospective survey mailed to all resident mothers who had live births in Hawaii between January 1, 1989, and March 31, 1989, and who received WIC services during pregnancy. SETTING: The state of Hawaii. SUBJECTS: The subjects were 322 mothers who received WIC services during pregnancy for whom data were complete, taken from a sample of 2,013 women who had live births in the state of Hawaii (51% response rate) between January 1, 1989, and March 31, 1989, of whom 324 participated in WIC during pregnancy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Infant feeding method (exclusive breast, exclusive formula or mixed) at hospital discharge. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: The chi 2 analysis for differences among feeding method groups and multiple logistic regression to calculate odds ratios for independent effects of maternal characteristics and other influences on feeding method choice. RESULTS: Reasons for infant feeding choice, timing of the choice, maternal age, parity, and place of residence were the main factor influencing infant method choice. Health of the infant was the primary reason for choice of feeding method and was the strongest determinant of exclusive breast-feeding (odds ratio = 23.99; confidence interval = 9.75-59.02; P < .0001) and was negatively related to the choice to formula-feed (odds ratio = 0.03; confidence interval = 0.01-0.08; P < .0001). APPLICATIONS: Relationship between WIC and hospital lactation consultants could enhance follow up in the hospital and after returning home with WIC mothers who prenatally state an intention to breast-feed. Convenience and bonding are aspects of breast-feeding enjoyed by WIC mothers in Hawaii that could be used in breast-feeding promotion efforts.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

[Application of the bio-feed-back-method in asthmatic patients (author's transl)].

Principle and research with the bio-feed-back-method, their relations to the techniques of relaxation and possibilities of the therapeutical use in the clinic were described. The practical importance of this method is based on the possibility to measure the ability to relax and their degree and to mediate the relaxation more rapidly. For this purpose a bio-feed-back-apparatus (electromyograph) was the best. Studies were carried out with a mini-suit-case-apparatus. The first experiences with this method were described.

Asthma↗