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PubMed1996

Elaidic and trans-vaccenic acids in plasma phospholipids as indicators of dietary intake of 18:1 trans-fatty acids.

Octadecenoic (18:1) trans-fatty acid fractions from margarine, butter and plasma phospholipids (PL) were isolated by silver ion TLC, and nine positional isomers (n-11-n-3) were identified by GC-MS based on their ozonolysis products. The GC analysis of the isolated fractions gave similar peak profiles and separated seven trans-isomers (n-11-n-6 and n-3). Without a preceding isolation step, the reproducibility of the GC method for plasma PL elaidic (18:1 n 9 trans) and trans-vaccenic acids (n-7) was 3.4 and 2.7% (R.S.D.), respectively. These trans-isomers were rapidly incorporated and cleared in plasma PL and they closely reflected both increased and decreased intake of 18:1 trans-fatty acids during moderate fat substitutions. Significant associations between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and PL elaidic and trans-vaccenic acids appeared in habitual margarine users only.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of olestra in Swiss CD-1 mice.

Two 2-yr feeding studies were conducted in Swiss CD-1 mice to evaluate the oral toxicity and carcinogenicity potential of olestra, a fat substitute consisting of a mixture of the hexa-, hepta- and octaesters of sucrose formed with long-chain fatty acids. In a dose-response study olestra was fed at 0, 2.5, 5 or 10% (w/w) of the diet. In a companion study conducted to confirm equivocal effects, olestra was fed at 0 or 10% (w/w) of the diet. Olestra-containing diets were supplemented with fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K to maintain the nutritional status of the olestra-fed mice at a level similar to that of the control mice. 100 mice/sex were placed in each group. 50 mice/sex/group were predesignated to the carcinogenicity portion of the study and all survivors were killed at 24 months. 15 mice/sex/group were predesignated to the toxicity portion of the study and were killed at 12 months. 35 mice/sex/group were included as sentinel animals to be used for monitoring nutritional status. Ophthalmoscopic examinations were conducted before the test and at 12 and 24 months. Body weights and feed consumption were determined weekly. Gross observations, clinical chemistry and haematology data were obtained on animals killed at 12 and 24 months. Complete gross post-mortem examinations, including organ weight and organ-to-body and organ-to-brain weight ratios were performed on all animals. Histopathology was conducted on a full complement of tissues from all animals allocated to the carcinogenicity portions of the studies. There were no olestra-related effects on any of the endpoints measured, including survival, time-to-tumour or tumour incidence, ophthalmology, clinical chemistry, haematology, organ weights or tissue morphology. These results indicate that olestra is not toxic or carcinogenic when fed to mice at up to 10% of the diet for 2 yr.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Consistent relationships between sensory properties of savory snack foods and calories influence food intake in rats.

OBJECTIVE: Determine the influence of experience with consistent or inconsistent relationships between the sensory properties of snack foods and their caloric consequences on the control of food intake or body weight in rats. DESIGN: Rats received plain and BBQ flavored potato chips as a dietary supplement, along with ad lib rat chow. For some rats the potato chips were a consistent source of high fat and high calories (regular potato chips). For other rats, the chips provided high fat and high calories on some occasions (regular potato chips) and provided no digestible fat and fewer calories at other times (light potato chips manufactured with a fat substitute). Thus, animals in the first group were given experiences that the sensory properties of potato chips were strong predictors of high calories, while animals in the second group were given experiences that the sensory properties of potato chips were not predictors of high calories. SUBJECTS: Juvenile and adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. MEASUREMENTS: Following exposure to varying potato chip-calorie contingencies, intake of a novel, high-fat snack food and subsequent chow intake were assessed. Body weight gain and body composition as measured by DEXA were also measured. RESULTS: In juvenile animals, exposure to a consistent relationship between potato chips and calories resulted in reduced chow intake, both when no chips were provided and following consumption of a novel high-fat, high-calorie snack chip. Long-term experience with these contingencies did not affect body weight gain or body composition in juveniles. In adult rats, exposure to an inconsistent relationship between potato chips and calories resulted in increased consumption of a novel high-fat, high-calorie snack chip premeal along with impaired compensation for the calories contained in the premeal. CONCLUSION: Consumption of foods in which the sensory properties are poor predictors of caloric consequences may alter subsequent food intake.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Sucrose polyester: a new oral contrast agent for MRI.

Sucrose polyester (a dietary fat substitute) opacifies the entire gastrointestinal tract of the rat with oral administration in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These results suggest the potential use of this material as an oral contrast agent for human abdominal MRI studies.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Observed changes in the lipid profile and calculated coronary risk in patients given dietary advice in primary care.

BACKGROUND: Dietary advice is usually the first-line treatment for increased blood cholesterol in primary care with a reduction in levels as the expected response. In practice, the diet adopted by the patient may lead to changes in blood lipids characterised by a greater decrease in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) than total cholesterol. The ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol is an important factor in calculated coronary risk using the Framingham model, from which most risk tables currently in use have been derived. This suggests that either coronary risk may increase after dietary advice or that risk should always be assessed on measurements made before any intervention has taken place. AIM: To report observed changes in blood lipids and calculated coronary risk following dietary advice in primary care. METHOD: Subjects with at least one coronary risk factor and baseline cholesterol above 5.2 mmol/l from an inner-city general practice had cardiovascular risk factors, including fasting lipids, recorded before receiving dietary advice. At follow-up several months later, risk factor measurements were repeated. Ten-year coronary risk was calculated using the Framingham model. Lipid levels and coronary risk at baseline and follow-up were compared. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in both total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol in both sexes. However, in 56% of subjects, HDL decreased by a greater proportion than the total cholesterol. These subjects showed a highly significant increase in the total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio (median = 0.8 [semi-interquartile range = 1.5], P < 0.001, which was correlated with a change in triglycerides (rs = 0.309, P < 0.001). In those who had an increase in the total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio, calculated coronary risk increased from 5.45% (13.2) at baseline to 7.25% (15.5) (P < 0.001). In all subjects, the change in calculated coronary risk associated with dietary advice ranged from -15% to 15%. CONCLUSIONS: Low fat dietary advice in this primary care setting was frequently associated with undesirable changes in the lipid profile. The majority of subjects showed an increase in the total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio, owing primarily to a decrease in HDL. Consequently, calculated coronary risk increased in over one-half of the subjects. Owing to our incomplete understanding of HDL metabolism, it is unclear whether the fall in HDL is actually detrimental; however, it seems prudent to give dietary advice to patients to avoid excess simple carbohydrate as a fat substitute. This helps avoid a rise in triglycerides, which appears to be associated with an increase in the ratio. These results confirm that coronary risk should always be calculated using measurements made before intervention.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Olestra increases faecal excretion of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.

Two patients with chloracne had concentrations of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) of 144,000 and 26,000 pg/g blood lipids. Olestra, a non-digestible, lipophilic dietary fat substitute accelerated the patients' intestinal excretion of TCDD by eight to ten fold. This is sufficient to reduce the normally observed elimination half life of TCDD from about 7 years to 1-2 years.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed2003

Nutritional characteristics of DAG oil.

Excess calorie intake in industrialized countries has prompted development of fat substitutes and other lower-calorie dietary items to enhance health. DAG cooking oils, with a 1,3 configuration, taste and have the texture of commonly used TAG cooking oils. Because they are not hydrolyzed to 2-MAG in the gut, the absorption and metabolism of DAG oil differs from that of TAG. Among the physiological differences are lower postprandial lipemia and an increased proportion of FA being oxidized instead of stored. Preliminary studies suggest that these differences in energy partitioning between DAG and TAG may be usefully exploited to reduce the amount of fat stored from cooking oil and oil components of food items. Over 70 million bottles of DAG oil have been sold in Japan since its introduction in February 1999, and the product is being test-marketed in the United States. It is hoped that wider use of DAG oil may provide one additional means of preventing obesity.

Dietary Fats, Unsaturated↗
PubMed1992

Replacement of butter on bread by rapeseed oil and rapeseed oil-containing margarine: effects on plasma fatty acid composition and serum cholesterol.

The effects of zero-erucic acid rapeseed oil and rapeseed oil-containing margarine on plasma fatty acid composition and serum cholesterol were studied in butter users (n 43). Compliance to the substitution was followed by fatty acid analysis of total plasma and plasma phospholipids. The amount of substitute fats represented, on average, 21% of total fat and 8% of total energy intake. Changes in the relative fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipids indicated further fatty acid metabolism, and were closely related to the serum cholesterol level. The reduction in saturated fatty acids led to a significant increase in the proportion of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with the rapeseed oil diet, whereas the margarine caused a significant rise in n-6 PUFA only. The increase in the proportions of the two PUFA families occurred in accordance with their competitive order, most completely with the rapeseed oil diet. When butter was replaced by rapeseed oil, low-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol decreased by an average of 9.1% without a reduction in high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol. During margarine substitution the reduction was 5.2%, on average. Of the plasma phospholipids, alpha-linolenic acid and the linoleic:stearic acid ratio, but not oleic acid, were the components most significantly correlated with serum cholesterol levels or the decrease in these levels. The results show that rapeseed oil can act primarily as a source of essential fatty acids, rather than that of monoenes, in the diet of butter users.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Long-term denervation in humans causes degeneration of both contractile and excitation-contraction coupling apparatus, which is reversible by functional electrical stimulation (FES): a role for myofiber regeneration?

Over the last 30 years there has been considerable interest in the use of functional electrical stimulation (FES) to restore movement to the limbs of paralyzed patients. Spinal cord injury causes a rapid loss in both muscle mass and contractile force. The atrophy is especially severe when the injury involves lower motoneurons because many months after spinal cord injury, atrophy is complicated by fibrosis and fat substitution. In this study we describe the effects of long-term lower motoneuron denervation of human muscle and present the structural results of muscle trained using FES. By means of an antibody for embryonic myosin, we demonstrate that many regenerative events continue to spontaneously occur in human long-term denervated and degenerated muscle (DDM). In addition, using electron microscopy, we describe i) the overall structure of fibers and myofibrils in long-term denervated and degenerated muscle, including the effects of FES, and ii) the structure and localization of calcium release units, or triads; the structures reputed to activate muscle contraction during excitation-contraction coupling (ECC). Both apparatus undergo disarrangement and re-organization following long-term denervation and FES, respectively. The poor excitability of human long-term DDM fibers, which extends to the first periods of FES training, may be explained in terms of the spatial disorder of the ECC apparatus. Its disorganization and re-organization following long-term denervation and FES, respectively, may play a key role in the parallel disarrangement and re-organization of the myofibrils that characterize denervation and FES training. The present structural studies demonstrate that the protocol used during FES training is effective in reverting long-term denervation atrophy and dystrophy. The mean fiber diameter in FES biopsies is 42.2 +/- 14.8 SD (p < 0.0001 vs DDM 14.9 +/- 6.0 SD); the mean percentile of myofiber area of the biopsy is 94.3 +/- 5.7 SD (p < 0.0001 vs DDM 25.7 +/- 23.7 SD); the mean percentile fat area is 2.1 +/- 2.4 SD (p < 0.001 vs DDM 12.8 +/- 12.1 SD); and the mean percentile connective tissue area is 3.6 +/- 4.6 SD (p < 0.001 vs DDM 61.6 +/- 20.1 SD). In DDM biopsies more than 50% of myofibers have diameter smaller than 10 microm, while the FES-trained subjects have more that 50% of myofibers larger than 30 microm. The recovery of muscle mass seems to be the result of both a size increase of the surviving fibers and the regeneration of new myofibers.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1990

Effects of partial replacement of dietary fat by olestra on dietary cholesterol absorption in man.

Olestra, a nonabsorbable fat substitute comprising long-chain fatty acid esters of sucrose, had been previously shown to reduce cholesterol absorption in humans when ingested at a level of 50 g/d. To determine whether or not a lower level of dietary olestra would also reduce cholesterol absorption, we studied the effect of 7 g of olestra twice a day in 20 normocholesterolemic male inpatients in a double-blind, crossover trial. Two 6-day diet treatment and stool collection periods were separated by a 14-day washout period. Half of the subjects received butter, and half, a butter-olestra blend during each treatment period according to a crossover design. All subjects ingested trace amounts of 3H-cholesterol and 14C-beta-sitosterol with the butter or the butter-olestra blend. Cholesterol absorption was determined from the 3H/14C ratios in the diet and in saponified and extracted stools according to previously validated methodology. Cholesterol absorption during the butter regimen was significantly greater than that during the olestra regimen (56.1% +/- 1.6% v 46.7% +/- 1.1%, P less than .01).

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Degradation of olestra, a non caloric fat replacer, by microorganisms isolated from activated sludge and other environments.

Olestra is a non-caloric fat substitute consisting of fatty acids esterified to sucrose. Previous work has shown that olestra is not metabolized in the gut and is excreted unmodified in human feces. To better understand the fate of olestra in engineered and natural environments, aerobic bacteria and fungi that degrade olestra were enriched from sewage sludges, soils and municipal solid waste compost not previously exposed to olestra. Various mixed and pure cultures were obtained from these sources which were able to utilize olestra as a sole carbon and energy source. The fastest growing enrichment was obtained from activated sludge and later yielded an olestra-degrading pure culture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This mixed culture extensively degraded both 14C-fatty acid labeled olestra and 14C-sucrose labeled olestra during 8 days of incubation. Longer-term incubation with pure cultures of P.aeruginosa demonstrated that > 98% of 14C-sucrose labeled olestra and > 72% of 14C-fatty acid labeled olestra was mineralized to CO2 after 69 days. These results indicate that olestra degraders are present in environments not previously exposed to olestra and that olestra can serve as a sole carbon and energy source. Furthermore, a common bacterial species was isolated from activated sludge and shown to have the ability to degrade olestra.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed2002

Effects of incorporation of interesterified plant oils on quality and fatty acid composition of Turkish-type salami.

Application of interesterified plant oils (IPOs) prepared from palm, cottonseed and olive oil (IPaO, ICO and IOO, respectively) have been studied in Turkish-type salamis. Beef fat (10%) was replaced by one of the IPOs for 20, 60 or 100%. Incorporation of IPO was well reflected in fatty acid composition and saturated fatty acids/unsaturated fatty acids (SFA/UFA) ratios of the lipid fraction of all batches. Significant differences in appearance, color, texture, flavour or total score were not found among the control and Turkish-type salamis with different types and levels of IPO. We conclude that IPOs may be successfully applied as beef fat substitutes in Turkish-type salami.

Consumer Behavior↗
PubMed1994

Characterization of fat replacers.

Effects of commercial fat replacers on rheological properties of emulsions have been studied under a second-order design. The corresponding functions of regression have been calculated to describe the measured effects mathematically. On the basis of a figured three-dimensional plan of response, combinations of variables (fat, fat replacer, water) could be determined showing a similar consistency to the corresponding full-fat foodstuff.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1993

Are we really fixing up the food supply?

Twenty years ago, in response to a general conviction that nutrition education had failed, many nutrition professionals supported fortification of the food supply with vitamins and minerals. Although the nutrition problems of most concern today are the result of macronutrient excesses, not micronutrient deficiencies, once again there is an effort to correct these problems by altering the food supply. This article reviews the arguments used to justify widespread micronutrient fortification in the years after World War II. Micronutrient fortification was undertaken without sufficient evidence of need; however, evidence is lacking that it was ineffective nutritionally. Assuming that the goal of the dietetics profession is to teach the public to select healthful diets, the energy-reduced fat substitutes, designer starches, nonnutritive sweets, and various fibers now being added to the food supply are unlikely to help nutritionists achieve that goal.

Feeding Behavior↗
PubMed1995

Information needed to support hazard identification and risk assessment of toxic substances.

Today pharmacokinetic data are not routinely required for food safety evaluation. The new Red Book, the Center's outline of animal testing protocols, does suggest some pharmacokinetic studies, but their use is still limited. Primarily this is because of our current reliance on animal studies only and the use of safety factors (SFs) to bridge the human to animal response. But the situation is changing and the role of pharmacokinetics and physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling will probably increase for several reasons. (1) The increasing role of quantitative risk assessment and regulations acknowledging and permitting some level of risk. This places a demand of greater quantitation of risk and emphasizes the need for better measurement of effective dose. We made need to consider more carefully the possible nonlinear pharmacokinetic effects in high-to-low dose extrapolation. (2) The increasing need to understand more about a chemical's mechanism of action prior to a major corporate commitment. The increasing cost of mistakes in judgement regarding a chemical's prospects in the commercial and regulatory arena are demanding a better and deeper understanding of possible toxic effects. (3) The increasing desire to expand the use of a successful additive beyond the spectrum of the uses covered in the original approval. This usually means the request for a higher ADI. This must be based on more refined toxicity testing and better estimate of effective dose in order to permit the reduction of the SF. (4) The advent of novel foods for which conventional toxicological methods are inappropriate. For example, noncaloric fat substitutes that may comprise a large portion of the daily diet cannot adequately be tested in conventional animal studies. The doses cannot be exaggerated enough to permit a large enough SF. These substances may well require human clinical investigations similar to those used for drugs.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Membrane perturbing properties of sucrose polyesters.

Sucrose polyester (SPE), in the form of sucrose octaesters and sucrose hexaesters of palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1cis), and linoleic (18:2cis) acids, have many uses. Applications include: a non-caloric fat substitute, detoxification agent, and oral contrast agent for human abdominal (MRI) magnetic resonance imaging. However, it has been shown that the ingestion of SPE was shown to generate a depletion of physiologically important lipidic vitamins and other lipophilic molecules. In order to better understand, at the molecular level, the type of interaction between SPE and lipid membrane, we have, first synthesized different type of labelled and non-labelled SPEs. Secondly, we have studied the effect of SPEs on multilamellar dispersions of dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DEPE) and dipalmitoylphosphocholine (DPPC) as a function of temperature, SPE composition and concentration. The effects of SPEs were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction, 2H and 31P NMR spectroscopy. At low concentration (< 1 mol%) all of the SPEs lowered the bilayer to the inverted hexagonal phase transition temperature of DEPE and induced the formation of a cubic phase in a composition dependent manner. At the same low concentration, SPEs in DPPC induce the formation of a non-bilayer phase as seen by 31P NMR. Order parameter measurements of DPPC-d62/SPE mixtures show that the SPE effect on the DPPC monolayer thickness is dependent on the SPE, concentration, chains length and saturation level. At higher concentration (> or = 10 mol%) SPE are very potent DEPE bilayer to HII phase transition promoters, although at that concentration the SPE have lost the ability to form cubic phases. SPEs have profound effects on the phase behaviour of model membrane systems, and may be important to consider when developing current and potential industrial and medical applications.

1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine↗