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PubMed1995

Estimation of body fat and lean tissue distribution by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and abdominal body fat evaluation by computed tomography in Cushing's disease.

Body composition determined by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and the abdominal visceral fat component determined by computed tomographic scanning were examined in women with Cushing's disease and compared with those in obese women with the same anthropometric parameters and those in nonobese women. Patients with Cushing's had no increase in total body fat or the trunk region (android) component, but had a higher intraabdominal fat area compared to the obese subjects. The total lean tissue mass was slightly reduced in Cushing's compared to that in the obese subjects due to a significant decrease in the muscle of the legs and arms; the reduced amounts of fat and lean tissue masses in the arms were the most significant findings in hypercortisolism. The body mineral and bone calcium contents were slightly reduced in Cushing's compared to those in the obese controls. Thus, although obese subjects had more fat and lean tissue and mineral masses than their normal weight counterparts, the Cushing's patients, with the same total fat mass and its components (except in the arms) as obese individuals, present total lean tissue and fractions, including body mineral and bone calcium contents, similar to those in nonobese subjects due to the depletion of the protein depots, as seen in hypercortisolism.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2002

Validity of deuterium oxide dilution for the measurement of body fat among Singaporeans.

Body fat percent (BF%) was measured in 108 adult Chinese, 76 Malays, and 107 Indians in Singapore by densitometry, deuterium oxide dilution (hydrometry), dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and a chemical four-compartment model (BF%4c). The hydration of the fat-free mass (FFM) was calculated. Subjects ranged in age from 18 to 69 years and their body mass index ranged from 16 to 40 kg/m2. BF%4c for the various subgroups were: Chinese females (33.5 +/- 7.5%), Chinese males (24.4 +/- 6.1%), Malay females (37.8 +/- 6.3%), Malay males (26.0 +/- 7.6%), Indian females (38.2 +/- 7.0%) and Indian males (28.1 +/- 5.5%). Biases were found between BF%4c and BF% measured by 2-compartment models (hydrometry, densitometry, DXA), with systematic underestimation by DXA and densitometry. On a group level hydrometry had the lowest bias while DXA gave the highest bias. When validated against BF%4c, 2-compartment models were found to be unsuitable for accurate measures of body fat due to high biases at the individual level and the violation of assumptions of constant hydration of FFM and density FFM among the ethnic groups. On a group level the best 2-compartment model for measuring body fat was found to be hydrometry.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1968

Protein uptake into multivesicular bodies and storage granules in the fat body of an insect.

The fat body in Calpodes ethlius (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae) takes up protein from the blood throughout the larval stage before pupation. Depending upon the phase of development, the protein appears in multivesicular bodies, in large storage granules, and in structures of intermediate form. There are three phases in the 8 days of the last larval stage; the first devoted to growth (molting to 66 hr), the second to synthesis for storage or export (M + 66 to M + 156 hr), and the third to preparation for pupation (M + 156 to pupation at M + 192 hr). From M + O to M + 156 and from M + 180 to M + 188 hr, protein is taken up into multivesicular bodies. Larger MVB's form a continuous series with the protein granules formed from M + 162 to M + 180 hr. Blood proteins increase in concentration and amount from M + 66 to M + 156 hr at the same time as the fat body cells have a high rate of incorporation of amino acids and a structure appropriate for protein synthesis. During granule formation, both amino acid incorporation and blood protein concentration decrease. Since foreign proteins injected into the blood appear in the granules, they are probably made mainly from sequestered blood. Protein uptake involves two stages: concentration between the cells, and ingestion in pinocytotic vesicles. The vesicles fuse to become MVB's or storage granules, depending upon their rates of growth and the addition of lytic enzymes. Since MVB's do not accumulate in the fat body and since many of them contain acid phosphatase and appear empty, they are presumed to be concerned in protein turnover.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed2006

EST-based profiling and comparison of gene expression in the silkworm fat body during metamorphosis.

The fat body plays key roles in metabolism and sustenance of growth throughout the life of a silkworm, and thus represents a model tissue for studying development and metamorphosis. Analysis of 18,480 ESTs derived from larval and pupal fat body cDNA libraries allowed characterization of gene expression patterns in the fat body during metamorphosis. By Phrap assembling, 6,814 estimated transcription units (TUs) were generated, 2,673 of which contained 60% of the total ESTs and represented 1,366 distinctive known genes. These genes were classified into 14 categories based on their known or putative functions, and most were found to be involved in metabolism and cell defense. Further comparative analysis of the expression profiles revealed that the gene expression patterns in the larval fat body strikingly differed from those in the pupal fat body. From this, we identified a subset of genes potentially associated with metamorphic events such as the formation or destruction of specific tissues, and simultaneously confirmed the stage-specific expression patterns of several identified genes using RT-PCR examination. This work will provide a valuable resource for studying regulatory mechanisms associated with fat body developmental changes and silkworm metamorphosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Differences in body composition between female geriatric hip fracture patients and healthy controls: body fat is more important as explanatory factor for the fracture than body weight and lean body mass.

Body weight and body composition change with advancing age. In elderly women, the loss of body weight is partially due to loss of body fat. We compared the body composition of 71 healthy female hip fracture patients and 51 controls. Body composition was estimated with an electrical impedance technique. The fracture patients had lower body weight, lean body mass, body fat, body fat percentage, body mass index and age than the control group. No significant differences were found between the different fracture groups, except for a higher mean age in patients with subtrochanteric fractures. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of body composition, body mass index, and age showed that the amount of body fat, when adjusted for age, had greater explanatory value for fracture, than body weight, lean body mass, and body mass index.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2001

A novel function of 20-hydroxyecdysone: translational repression of the lysosomal protease mRNA in the mosquito fat body.

In the female fat body of the mosquito Aedes aegypti, lysosomes play important roles during the cessation of vitellogenesis by degrading the biosynthetic machinery and aiding the remodeling of the fat body cells. A detailed study of a mosquito lysosomal aspartic protease (AaLAP) has shown a unique expression pattern in the vitellogenic fat body: the level of AaLAP mRNA dramatically rises and peaks at 24 h post blood meal (PBM) correlating with the high titer of ecdysteroids; however, there is a 12 h lag before peak levels of AaLAP protein and its enzymatic activity has been observed. These observations suggest that the high titer of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) may hinder translation of the AaLAP mRNA. Here, we used an in vitro organ culture to study the effect of 20E on the protein synthesis of AaLAP in the fat body. The increase in the AaLAP protein level in the fat body, dissected at 24 h PBM and incubated for 6 or 12 h, was inhibited by the presence of 10(-5) M 20E in the medium. Incubation in the hormone-free medium did not effect accumulation of the AaLAP protein which proceeded at the levels comparable to the intact insect. Furthermore, the effect of 10(-5) M 20E on the AaLAP accumulation was reversible. These experiments support the hypothesis of the 20E-mediated repression of lysosomal protease mRNAs at the translational level in the regulation of vitellogenic and postvitellogenic events in the mosquito fat body. Analysis of the 5' and 3' -end untranslated regions (UTR) of AaLAP mRNA form secondary structures suggest that they may also contribute to mRNA stability and 20E-mediated translational inhibition.

Aedes↗
PubMed1998

Is dietary fat a major determinant of body fat?

The percentage of energy from dietary fat is widely believed to be an important determinant of body fat, and several mechanisms have been proposed to account for such a relation. Comparisons of both diets and the prevalence of obesity between affluent and poor countries have been used to support a causal association, but these contrasts are seriously confounded by differences in physical activity and food availability. Within areas of similar economic development, regional intake of fat and prevalence of obesity have not been positively correlated. Randomized trials are the preferable method to evaluate the effect of dietary fat on adiposity, and are feasible because the number of subjects needed is not large. In short-term trials, a modest reduction in body weight is typically seen in individuals randomly assigned to diets with a lower percentage of energy from fat. However, compensatory mechanisms appear to operate because in trials lasting > or = 1 y, fat consumption within the range of 18-40% of energy appears to have little if any effect on body fatness. Moreover, within the United States, a substantial decline in the percentage of energy from fat consumed during the past two decades has corresponded with a massive increase in obesity. Diets high in fat do not appear to be the primary cause of the high prevalence of excess body fat in our society, and reductions in fat will not be a solution.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2004

Assessment of body fatness in young children using the skinfold technique and BMI vs body water dilution.

OBJECTIVES: To compare body fatness estimated using a skinfold technique and body mass index (BMI) with body fatness estimated using the body water dilution method in healthy Swedish children 9 or 14 months of age. METHODS: Total body fat (TBF) was calculated from total body water, estimated using the doubly labelled water method, and body weight. When expressed in per cent of body weight, these estimates (%TBF-BWD) represented reference values for body fatness. Body fatness was also calculated from skinfold thickness (%TBF-SFT) and as BMI. The children were ranked and grouped into five groups with an increasing level of body fatness using BMI, %TBF-SFT and %TBF-BWD, respectively. SUBJECTS: A total of 30 infants 9 months of age and 29 children 14 months of age. RESULTS: On average, the children (n=59) had a BMI=17.5+/-1.6 kg/m(2) and contained 27.8+/-3.7 %TBF-SFT and 29.1+/-4.4 %TBF-BWD. %TBF-BWD minus %TBF-SFT was=1.35+/-4.06%. By measuring %TBF-SFT or BMI, about 35% of the children could be classified in the correct group with respect to body fatness. Serious misclassification (ie two or more groups too high or too low) was, however, more common for %TBF-SFT (29%) than for BMI (17%). CONCLUSIONS: The capacity of BMI to place children in the correct body fatness group was poor although not quite as poor as the corresponding capacity of the skinfold technique. The latter method produced inaccurate and imprecise estimates of body fatness.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1989

Body mass index as a measure of body fatness in the elderly.

Body composition was assessed in a group of 35 apparently health elderly males and 37 elderly females, aged 60-83 years, by means of anthropometry and densitometry. Mean body mass index (BMI) of the males was 25.0 +/- 2.2 kg/m2 and of the females 25.9 +/- 3.2 kg/m2, which indicates normal weight to only minor overweight. Body fat as assessed by densitometry was 31 per cent in men and 44 per cent in women, a rather high value, especially when compared to the rather low BMI. Body fat percentage as calculated from the sum of four skinfolds (bicipitalis, tricipitalis, subscapularis and supra-iliacalis) using regression equations from the literature was 27.9 +/- 2.5 per cent and 38.7 +/- 3.2 per cent for men and women respectively. These values are probably an underestimation of the body fat, due to a higher proportion of internal fat in elderly subjects, which is not measured by skinfolds. Body fat percentage as determined by the BMI has an estimation error of about 4 per cent when derived from sex- and age-specific regression equations. The body fat percentage as predicted from skinfold thicknesses had a comparable error of estimate. These prediction errors in the body fat percentage in the elderly are comparable with the prediction errors found in young and middle-aged subjects as reported in the literature.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1998

Body fat estimation in children by magnetic resonance imaging, bioelectrical impedance, skinfold and body mass index: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify the clinical method to estimate body fat which gave best correlation of total body fat and percentage body fat as measured on MRI. METHODS: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to estimate the total body fat volume and percentage body fat and this was compared with assessment by bioelectrical impedance (BEI), skinfold thickness and body mass index (BMI) in 8- to 12-year-old children. RESULTS: Total body fat measured on magnetic resonance imaging (TBF-MRI) significantly correlated with body mass index, triceps and subscapular skinfolds, and percentage body fat estimations by BEI. Multiple regression analysis showed that BMI and BEI together gave the best prediction of total body fat as measured on MRI from the equation: TBF-MRI=-25277.77+1457.61(BMI)+423.95(%fat-BEI), with R2=0.89. Percentage body fat measurement from MRI, BEI and skinfold were not significantly different but their results were not interchangeable. Linear regression of %body fat from MRI on those obtained from BEI and skinfold measurements showed a modest fit with R2=0.6973 and 0.5501, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In children 8-12 years old, BMI gives a good estimation of the total body fat as measured on MRI. The estimation will be improved when both BEI and BMI are used in the prediction. Bioelectrical impedance has a low correlation with total body fat and its use alone in estimating total body fat is not recommended. Skinfold measurement also gives a reasonably good prediction of total body fat and addition of BMI and BEI does not improve the prediction. Both BEI and skinfold measurements give a modest prediction of %body fat measured by MRI method.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1978

Hypothalamic function as related to body weight and body fat in anorexia nervosa.

Percentage body fat is predictive of the onset of menstruation at puberty. In anorexia nervosa a relationship between luteinizing hormone (LH) levels and percentage weight loss has been reported. In the current study the relationship of percentage body fat and of percentage weight loss to LH and LH reactivity was examined in anorexia nervosa. Fifteen women with anorexia nervosa were studied. The resting levels of LH were measured, and in seven of the subjects LH response to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) and clomiphene was tested. The increment in plasma LH was measured in response to a 100 microgram dose of LHRH, and also to a 5-day course of clomiphene 100 mg. The resting LH levels were found to correlate with percentage fat, body weight, and percentage weight loss. Correlations were also found between the response to either LHRH or clomiphene and percentage weight loss, percentage fat, and absolute body weight. Other pituitary hormones measured did not show a relationship to body fat or weight. It is concluded that in addition to being predictive of the onset of menstruation, percentage body fat is significantly related to resting LH and LH reactivity in anorexia nervosa. Although percentage body fat, percentage weight loss, and absolute body weight are all significant correlates of LH reactivity, we cannot at this time conclude that any one in particular is the superior.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2000

Gender differences in body fat of low- and high-body-mass children: relationship with body mass index.

The primary objective of this study was to determine gender differences in total body fat mass (TBFM) and body fat distribution (subcutaneous fat mass, SFM; and internal fat mass, IFM) in a cross-sectional sample of 280 children. Measurements of the body composition of 141 boys and 139 girls, all apparently healthy and aged 3-6 years were made using bioelectrical impedance. Determinations of impedance were made using a four-terminal impedance analyzer (TP-95K; Toyo Physical, Fukuoka, Japan). Lean body mass (LBM) was calculated using a previously published equation [Goran MI, Kaskoun MC, Carpenter WH, Poehlman ET, Ravussin E, Fontvieikke A-M (1993) Estimating body composition of young children by using bioelectrical resistance. J Appl Physiol 75: 1776-1780]. SFM was calculated using a modification of the equation derived by Skerjl [Skerjl B, Brozek J, Hunt EE (1953) Subcutaneous fat and age changes in body build and body form in women. Am J Phys Anthrop 11: 577-580] and Davies [Davies PSW, Jones PRM, Norgan NG (1986) The distribution of subcutaneous and internal fat in man. Ann Hum Biol 13: 189-192]. The main modifications of the equation in the present study were the introduction of: (1) mean thickness of adipose tissue over body surface/2, and (2) skin mass. IFM was calculated as the difference between TBFM and SFM. The body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) was calculated from the formula: body mass/height2. For each gender, the subjects in the lowest and highest 25th percentiles were designated as "low body mass" and "high body mass", respectively. In the present study, no gender differences in absolute TBFM, SFM and IFM were observed in either of these groups. In contrast, gender differences in relative TBFM (%Fat) and SFM (SFM/mass) were evident in girls. However, the four subgroups were similar in terms of relative IFM (IFM/mass). The TBFM was independently related to SFM, IFM and %Fat in both genders after adjustment for BMI; however, there was no significant association of SFM with IFM after adjustment for BMI in any group. Even after adjustment for BMI, IFM was independently related to %Fat in both genders, although SFM was not independently related to %Fat in any group except low-body-mass boys. This study shows that relative TBFM and SFM are higher in high-body-mass groups and tend to be higher in girls than in boys, and that the higher %Fat in high-body-mass girls than in high-body-mass boys appears to be associated with internal adipose tissue deposits. External adipose tissue mass does not appear to be related to the higher %Fat levels in high-body-mass girls. In addition, subcutaneous fat mass appears to be higher in low-body-mass girls than in low-body-mass boys, although this observation needs confirmation using more valid measures of subcutaneous fat such as computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1983

Variability of water content of lean tissue of pregnant and nonpregnant rats and its effect on body fat estimation.

In humans, body fat is often estimated from body water. Measurements of the body water and estimates of the percent water in the lean tissue (WLT) are used to calculate the lean tissue which is then subtracted from body weight to estimate the quantity of body fat. The reliability of this method and the effect that pregnancy, obesity, fasting, and food restriction have on the body fat estimate derived from the mean WLT were assessed. Pregnant and nonpregnant rat carcasses were analyzed gravimetrically for water and for hexane extractable fat and the WLT was calculated. Mean WLT values differed significantly in pregnant and nonpregnant groups. In pregnant animals, prior food restriction or fasting significantly lowered the mean WLT. Estimates of individual fat content derived from the appropriate mean WLT varied from 63 to 332% of assay values. Thus body fat estimates derived from the mean WLT may be very inaccurate, particularly in fasted individuals.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2002

Pubertal alterations in growth and body composition. VI. Pubertal insulin resistance: relation to adiposity, body fat distribution and hormone release.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the independent influence of alterations in fat mass, body fat distribution and hormone release on pubertal increases in fasting serum insulin concentrations and on insulin resistance assessed by the homeostasis model (HOMA). DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: Cross-sectional investigation of pre- (n=11, n=8), mid- (n=10, n=11), and late-pubertal (n=10, n=11) boys and girls with normal body weight and growth velocity. MEASUREMENTS: Body composition (by a four-compartment model), abdominal fat distribution and mid-thigh interfascicular plus intermuscle (extramyocellular) fat (by magnetic resonance imaging), total body subcutaneous fat (by skinfolds), mean nocturnal growth hormone (GH) release and 06:00 h samples of serum insulin, sex steroids, leptin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). RESULTS: Pubertal insulin resistance was suggested by greater (P<0.001) fasting serum insulin concentrations in the late-pubertal than pre- and mid-pubertal groups while serum glucose concentrations were unchanged and greater (P<0.001) HOMA values in late-pubertal than pre- and mid-pubertal youth. From univariate correlation fat mass was most related to HOMA (r=0.59, P<0.001). Two hierarchical regression models were developed to predict HOMA. In one approach, subject differences in sex, pubertal maturation, height and weight were held constant by adding these variables as a block in the first step of the model (r(2)=0.36). Sequential addition of fat mass (FM) increased r(2) (r(2)((inc)remental)=0.08, r(2)=0.44, P<0.05) as did the subsequent addition of a block of fat distribution variables (extramyocellular fat, abdominal visceral fat, and sum of skinfolds; r(2)(inc)=0.11, r(2)=0.55, P<0.05). Sequential addition of a block of hormone variables (serum IGF-I and log((10)) leptin concentrations; r(2)(inc)=0.04, P>0.05) did not reliably improve r(2) beyond the physical characteristic and adiposity variables. In a second model, differences in sex and pubertal maturation were again held constant (r(2)=0.25), but body size differences were accounted for using percentage fat data. Sequential addition of percentage body fat (r(2)((inc)remental)=0.11, r(2)=0.36, P<0.05), then a block of fat distribution variables (percentage extramyocellular fat, percentage abdominal visceral fat, and percentage abdominal subcutaneous fat; r(2)(inc)=0.08, r(2)=0.44, P=0.058), and then a block of serum IGF-I and log((10)) leptin concentrations (r(2)(inc)=0.07, r(2)=0.51, P<0.05) increased r(2). Mean nocturnal GH release was not related to HOMA (r=-0.04, P=0.75) and therefore was not included in the hierarchical regression models. CONCLUSION: Increases in insulin resistance at puberty were most related to FM. Accumulation of fat in the abdominal visceral, subcutaneous and muscular compartments may increase insulin resistance at puberty beyond that due to total body fat. Serum concentrations of leptin and IGF-I may further modulate HOMA beyond the effects of adiposity and fat distribution. However, the results are limited by the cross-sectional design and the use of HOMA rather than a criterion measure of insulin resistance.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

Rapid growth among term children whose birth weight was appropriate for gestational age has a longer lasting effect on body fat percentage than on body mass index.

BACKGROUND: It is not clear whether and how rapid growth in infancy, a risk factor for later obesity, differentially affects growth and body-composition development throughout childhood in term children with an appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA) birth weight. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to examine the effect of rapid growth in infancy on body mass index SD score (BMI SDS) and body fat percentage (%BF) trajectories until age 7 y. DESIGN: This analysis included 206 (50.5% female) AGA term participants of the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study. Repeated anthropometric measurements were obtained between 0.5 and 7 y of age. RESULTS: Fifty-nine of the 206 children (28.6%) displayed rapid growth (an increase in SDS for weight of >0.67 between birth and age 2 y). From 6 mo of age, their growth trajectories diverged from normal growers, and by age 7 y they had a higher BMI, more fat mass, and a higher risk of overweight (odds ratio: 6.2; 95% CI: 2.4, 16.5; P = 0.0002). Multilevel model analyses showed that the differences in BMI were achieved within the first 2 y of life [beta (+/-SE) SDS: 1.22 +/- 0.13], after which they persisted at this level until the age of 7 y, whereas differences in %BF, which were also already discernible by age 2 y (1.52 +/- 0.34%), became progressively larger over the next 5 y (adjusted difference: 0.23 +/- 0.11%/y; P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Rapid growth in infancy and early childhood results in an increased BMI and %BF throughout childhood and an increased risk of overweight at age 7 y among AGA children. Rapid growth in AGA children has a more pronounced effect on %BF than on BMI.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2000

Healthy percentage body fat ranges: an approach for developing guidelines based on body mass index.

BACKGROUND: Although international interest in classifying subject health status according to adiposity is increasing, no accepted published ranges of percentage body fat currently exist. Empirically identified limits, population percentiles, and z scores have all been suggested as means of setting percentage body fat guidelines, although each has major limitations. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine a potential new approach for developing percentage body fat ranges. The approach taken was to link healthy body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) guidelines established by the National Institutes of Health and the World Health Organization with predicted percentage body fat. DESIGN: Body fat was measured in subjects from 3 ethnic groups (white, African American, and Asian) who were screened and evaluated at 3 universities [Cambridge (United Kingdom), Columbia (United States), and Jikei (Japan)] with use of reference body-composition methods [4-compartment model (4C) at 2 laboratories and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at all 3 laboratories]. Percentage body fat prediction equations were developed based on BMI and other independent variables. RESULTS: A convenient sample of 1626 adults with BMIs < or =35 was evaluated. Independent percentage body fat predictor variables in multiple regression models included 1/BMI, sex, age, and ethnic group (R: values from 0.74 to 0.92 and SEEs from 2.8 to 5.4% fat). The prediction formulas were then used to prepare provisional healthy percentage body fat ranges based on published BMI limits for underweight (<18.5), overweight (> or =25), and obesity (> or =30). CONCLUSION: This proposed approach and initial findings provide the groundwork and stimulus for establishing international healthy body fat ranges.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗