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Participative style of management in a family planning program.

In 1973, a small-scale project to involve family planning staff in program management was introduced in the Sangam primary health center in Andhra Pradesh by the Adminstrative Staff College of India, Hyderabad. Through group meetings, involving all levels of health center personnel, problem areas were identified and analysed and solutions sought. On the basis of recommendations made by the groups, a work plan was drawn up. Monthly review meetings were held to discuss progress in implementing the plan. The project was found to have a positive effect on staff morale and commitment, and program acceptance levels increased. In light of the success of the project at Sangam, a proposal has been submitted to the government to expand the project to other primary health centers in the district.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

Improving management through evaluation: techniques and strategies for family planning programs.

Evaluation aimed at providing managers with the information needed for day-to-day decision making has generally received less emphasis in family planning programs than evaluation of long-term programmatic and demographic achievements. A series of evaluation techniques are reviewed that are applicable to the key management areas of operational target setting, administrative monitoring, measuring interim achievements, and cost concerns. Barriers to such evaluation inherent in the training of and relationship between managers and evaluators are reviewed, and means to ease the barriers are proposed.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗

Breastfeeding in family planning programs: a help or a hindrance?

Breastfeeding is a major contributor to child spacing and reproductive health, and as such, is a vital women's issue. Further, if breastfeeding levels were to decline, the increase in family planning services that would be required to replace the lost fertility impact would be prohibitive, both in terms of cost and difficulty. This concern places breastfeeding centrally as a family planning policy issues as well. This paper discusses how breastfeeding contributes to child spacing and reduced fertility; the appropriate and timely introduction of complementary family planning methods during breastfeeding; issues and controversies in the support of breastfeeding as a family planning issue in the context of women's concerns, including the concept of exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months, the encouragement and support to maintain breastfeeding after 6 months, and the use of the Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM) and other family planning methods in the early postpartum period; and the role of family planning programs in supporting women's informed reproductive health choices.

Amenorrhea↗