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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

A transmissible avian neoplasm. (Sarcoma of the common fowl) by Peyton Rous, M.D., Experimental Medicine for Sept. 1, 1910, vol. 12, pp.696-705.

In this paper is reported the first avian tumor that has proved transplantable to other individuals. It is a spindle-celled sarcoma of the hen, which thus far has been propagated into its fourth tumor generation. This was accomplished by the use of fowls of pure blood from the small, intimately related stock in which the growth occurred. Market-bought fowls of similar variety have shown themselves insusceptible, as have fowls of mixed breed, pigeons and guinea-pigs. The percentage of successful transplantations has been small, but in the individuals developing a tumor its growth has been fairly rapid. Young chickens are more susceptible than adults. The reinoculation of negative fowls has never resulted in a growth. Throughout, the sarcoma has remained true to type. It is infiltrative and destructive. Metastasis has been observed once (to the heart). Experiments to determine whether the growth may be transmitted by cell-fragments have not yet been made. Repeated bacteriological examinations have yielded negative results. In its general behavior, so far as tested, this avian tumor closely resembles the typical mammalian neoplasms that are transplantable.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Soluble proteins from fowl feather keratin. I. Fractionation and properties.

A method is described for the fractionation of reduced and alkylated proteins of fowl feather. Fowl feather extracts were chromatographed on a Sephadex G-75 column in 4 M urea containing 1 M NaCl and separated into four fractions, GF-1, 2, 3, and 4. The elution patterns were used to compare the components of different feather parts, barbs, rachis + medulla, and calamus. In all cases, GF-3 was the main fraction and the percentages with respect to the total peak area found for barbs, rachis + medulla, and calamus were about 65%, 74%, and 93%, respectively. Each of the fractions was examined by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis and all were heterogeneous. The slowly moving bands mainly corresponded to fraction GF-1, intermediate bands to GF-2 and 3, and faster bands to GF-4. Many other polypeptide chains, which have not been found previously, were newly separated from three minor fractions of fowl body feather. The molecular weights of fractions GF-2 and 3 were estimated by calibrated gel filtration to be 33,000 and 10,500, respectively. Marked differences were found in the amino acid compositions of various fractions from fowl feather. The GF-1 fraction and insoluble residue had very similar compositions; in both cases the contents of serine, glycine, and proline were lower and those of helix-favoring amino acids, namely, lysine, tyrosine, and methionine, were higher than those found in other fractions.

Alkylation↗
PubMed1997

Determination of testis temperature rhythms and effects of constant light on testicular function in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).

There is a wide range of opinions regarding the operating temperature of the testis in the domestic fowl. We used physiological monitoring techniques to investigate testis and body temperature over daily periods and under various light regimes to elucidate body temperature gradients in the fowl. We confirm that the operating temperature of the adult fowl's testes is equivalent to core body temperature (40-41 degrees C). Long-term continuous temperature monitoring showed that there was no difference between the temperature of the testis, liver, and peritoneum during a 24-h period either in a normal light:dark cycle or under constant light conditions. However, there was a slight decrease in all temperatures at subjective night in each case, a decrease that does not appear to be sufficient to influence spermatogenesis. Birds maintained under constant light throughout two cycles of the seminiferous epithelium (28 days) still exhibited normal testis function and structure, even when "nightly" testis temperature decrease was the lowest. Thus, by undergoing spermatogenesis at an elevated temperature, the domestic fowl system is unique among the homeothermic animal systems studied to date.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Genetic control of resistance to subgroup A and subgroup C tumour viruses in Rhode Island Red fowl: evidence for linkage between the tumour virus a (tva) and tumour virus c (tvc) loci.

A study, using the Rhode Island Red (RIR) strain of fowl maintained at Houghton Poultry Research Station, was made to investigate the genetic control of cellular response to infection with viruses of subgroups A and C. Family matings within the RIR strain and test-crosses between the RIR parents and White Leghorn (WL) parents of known ararcrcr genotype were set up to ascertain linkage between the tumour virus a (tva) and tumour virus c (tvc) loci. The results confirmed that in this RIR strain, the two loci, tva and tvc, control the cellular response to viruses of subgroups A and C, respectively, as reported in other breeds of fowl (WL and New Hampshire). As in WL fowl, the two loci are linked. The linkage value of 0-22 in the male sex agreed well with that reported in the WL male sex, indicating that the two loci are located in the same sites in homologous chromosomes in the two breeds. However, in the RIR strain, no sex difference in crossing over between the two linked loci was found, contrary to that reported in WL fowl where the absence of crossing over between the two loci was observed in the heterogametic female sex.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

The status of guinea fowls (Numida meleagris) in the epidemiology of infectious bursal disease (IBD) of poultry in Nigeria.

A serological survey for IBD in market guinea fowls gave a total prevalence rate of 44.3% from five different locations in Nigeria. Guinea fowl keets were susceptible to experimental IBD infection and transmitted it to in-contact sentinel chickens. The infected guinea fowl keets showed the typical clinical-pathology and seroconversion for IBD. These results suggest that guinea fowls could play an active part in the epidemiology of IBD.

Animals↗
PubMed1972

Effects of muscarine given into the brain of fowls.

1. The effects of muscarine, given intraventricularly, in adult conscious fowls (Gallus domesticus) or microinfused into various brain regions of conscious young chicks, were tested on behaviour, electrocortical activity and respiratory rate. Its effects given intraventricularly or intravenously to anaesthetized fowls were also examined.2. After intraventricular injection, muscarine elicited immediate behavioural and electrocortical arousal; body temperature was unaffected. After a delay of 30-40 min, tachypnoea developed together with postural changes which included partial abduction of the wings away from the trunk, the back and tail becoming horizontal. These effects were prevented by intravenous or intraperitoneal atropine or hyoscine, but not by pempidine or methylatropine, and were potentiated by physostigmine. Hyoscine given intraventricularly or intravenously did not affect electrocortical activity.3. Intraventricular muscarine given to anaesthetized adult fowls produced brief apnoea. On return of respiration, amplitude of respiratory excursion was diminished for about 5 min; tachypnoea did not develop. Blood pressure also rose briefly. With larger doses of intraventricular muscarine, large amplitude electromyographic potentials developed in the dorsal neck muscles followed later by side-to-side neck movements.4. Muscarine given intravenously to anaesthetized adult fowls, raised blood pressure and perfusion pressure in a perfused hind limb, an effect most likely due to secretion of adrenal medullary catecholamines; these pressor effects were prevented by pempidine and phenoxybenzamine. Given directly to the perfused hind limb, muscarine lowered perfusion pressure.5. In young chicks, muscarine microinfused into the diencephalon or myelencephalon elicited intense bilateral electrocortical alerting associated with periods of alternating violent motor activity and quiescence. Microinfusion of muscarine into the telencephalon induced ipsilateral electrocortical desynchronization without affecting behaviour. These effects of muscarine were prevented by intravenous, intraperitoneal or intracerebral hyoscine, but once its effects were established could be antagonized only with difficulty; pempidine did not prevent these effects. Microinfusions of muscarine into the brain did not affect posture, respiration or temperature.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed1966

The effects of urea and hydrochlorothiazide on the renal functions of rat and domestic fowl.

1. Rats and domestic fowls were given by stomach tube water, urea and hydrochlorothiazide, alone or in combination, in the following amounts: water, 5 ml./100 g; urea, 4 ml. of 1.5% solution + 1 ml. water/100 g; hydrochlorothiazide, 4 ml. of 1.5% urea solution + 1 ml. containing 0.1 mg hydrochlorothiazide/100 g.2. The onset of water diuresis was faster in the fowl than in the rat. It was accompanied by a lower rate of excretion of osmotically active solutes in the former than in the latter. The rate of excretion of creatinine in rats was fourfold that in birds.3. After urea administration, the amount of urea excreted by the fowl was about one fifth that excreted by the rats. While urea produced in rats an osmotic diuresis, with enhanced excretion of osmotically active solutes, in birds it had little effect on either urine flow or solutes excretion.4. Administration of hydrochlorothiazide in rats produced a moderate antidiuresis accompanied by a marked increased excretion of Na and K; in birds, a small increase in the excretion of Na and K but no effect on the urine flow.5. The differences observed between rats and birds can be attributed to the poor development of filtration rate and the absence of a well developed counter-current system in the fowl.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Angiotensin II-induced relaxation of fowl aorta.

Angiotensin II (ANG II) decreases blood pressure of fowl. To characterize the vasodilating action of ANG II and its underlying mechanisms, we examined the effect of [Asp1, Val5]ANG II (fowl ANG II) on isometric tension of fowl aortic rings. [Val5]ANG II (10(-8) to 10(-5) M) produced rapid, reversible, dose-dependent relaxation of aortas precontracted with phenylephrine. [Sar1,Ile8]ANG II blocked ANG II-induced relaxation; propranolol, atropine, methysergid, pyrilamine, and cimetidine did not. Endothelium removal abolished relaxation responses to ANG II and acetylcholine but not to isoproterenol or sodium nitroprusside. Inhibitors of phospholipase or arachidonic acid metabolism (quinacrine, indomethacin, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, hydroquinone, metyrapone, SKF 525A) and a calcium channel blocker (verapamil) did not inhibit ANG II-induced relaxation, whereas indomethacin nearly completely blocked arachidonic acid-induced dilation of aortas with or without endothelia. Guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) levels in the aorta increased 15 s after ANG II application. Aortic relaxation was caused by 8-bromo-cGMP with or without intact endothelium. These results suggest that ANG II-induced relaxation of fowl aortas involves 1) an endothelium-dependent mechanism and 2) cGMP but not arachidonic acid metabolites.

5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic Acid↗
PubMed1990

Angiotensin II binding sites in aortic endothelium of domestic fowl.

In domestic fowl, angiotensin II (ANG II) produces a unique vasodepressor response in vivo and endothelium-dependent relaxation of aortic rings in vitro that appear to be a direct effect on vascular smooth muscle mediated through vascular angiotensin receptors. To explore the possible role of the endothelium in ANG II-induced vasodilation, ANG II binding to aortic membrane fractions and intact endothelium and prostaglandin (PG) production were examined in fowl aortas. 125I-[Ile5]ANG II binding by endothelium-intact aortic membrane fractions was consistently higher than binding by identically prepared endothelium-deleted membrane fractions at virtually all concentrations of ligand (10 pM-0.20 microM). Incubation of intact aortic rings with 125I-[Ile5]ANG II (0.50 nM) resulted in specific endothelial binding that increased linearly with time from 5.5 +/- 1.7 (SE) fmol/mg protein at 5 min to 13.7 +/- 1.8 at 30 min. Endothelial ANG II binding increased linearly with the dose of ligand, from 2.7 +/- 0.3 fmol/mg protein at 0.1 nM to 21.0 +/- 2.2 at 1.0 nM. Specific ANG II binding to aortic endothelium was competitively displaced 73 +/- 11% by unlabeled ANG II (0.1 microM) but not by bradykinin (0.1 microM). Incubation of intact aortic rings with [14C]arachidonic acid resulted in the formation of radioactive metabolites that comigrated in thin-layer chromatography with authentic PGE2 but not with 6-keto-PGF1 alpha. PGE2 production by aortic rings (44.4 +/- 4.5 ng.mg dry tissue-1.h-1) was not stimulated by addition of ANG II. These results suggest that specific receptors for ANG II exist in fowl aortic endothelium and that PGs are not involved in ANG II-induced vasodilation of the fowl aorta.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1988

Protein malnutrition in the domestic fowl induces alterations in adrenocortical cell adrenocorticotropin receptors.

Our previous work suggests that persistent protein malnutrition in immature domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus) alters ACTH-adrenocortical cell interaction, possibly including ACTH receptors. To investigate this possibility, we measured some ACTH receptor parameters in isolated adrenocortical cells from normal and dietary protein-restricted domestic fowl. White Leghorn cockerels (2 weeks old) were fed isocaloric semipurified diets containing either 8% [low (L)] or 20% [normal (N)] soy protein for 4 weeks ad libitum. Cockerels were quickly killed by decapitation and exsanguination, and adrenal glands were removed and prepared for cell isolation. Highly enriched (greater than 80% pure) adrenocortical cells (collagenase isolated, followed by separation on a Percoll continuous density gradient) were evaluated for ACTH receptors using pharmacological and radioligand approaches. In a pharmacological approach, we measured the influence of the complete, competitive antagonist, human (h) ACTH-(7-38) on hACTH-(7-39)-induced corticosterone production by adrenocortical cells from L and N cockerels. Inhibitor constants of hACTH-(7-38), calculated from Schild plots, were 3.16 X 10(-7) and 9.82 X 10(-7) M for L and N cockerel cells, respectively, thus suggesting differences in ACTH receptor function between the two treatment groups. To characterize ACTH receptors directly, we measured the binding of a monoiodinated ACTH analog [125I-Tyr23]hACTH-(1-39) to domestic fowl adrenocortical cells. Binding was linear with cell concentration, highly specific (only ACTH peptides caused significant displacement), rapid (maximal binding by 1 h), reversible (half-time of dissociation, approximately 40 min), and saturable. Curvilinear Scatchard plots were obtained, and vectorial analysis resolved both high and low affinity sites. The concentrations (femtomoles per 50 micrograms DNA) and dissociation constants (Kd) of both classes of sites were different between N and L bird cells. Values of these receptor parameters for N and L cockerel cells were, respectively, as follows: concentrations of low affinity sites, 7.45 and 11.60; concentrations of high affinity sites, 3.16 and 5.50; Kd of low affinity sites, 2.05 X 10(-8) and 2.58 X 10(-9) M; Kd of high affinity sites, 1.01 X 10(-9) and 1.27 X 10(-10) M. Thus, the overall binding capacity of L bird cells was 65% greater than that of N bird cells. In addition, the overall affinity (1/Kd) of sites of L bird cells was 9 times that of sites of N bird cells. These data indicate that persistent protein malnutrition in the domestic fowl increased both the number and affinity of adrenocortical cell ACTH receptors.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed2005

Performance of guinea fowl Numida meleagris during jumping requires storage and release of elastic energy.

The ability of birds to perform effective jumps may play an important role in predator avoidance and flight initiation. Jumping can provide the vertical acceleration necessary for a rapid takeoff, which may be particularly important for ground-dwelling birds such as phasianids. We hypothesized that by making use of elastic energy storage and release, the leg muscles could provide the large power outputs needed for achieving high velocities after takeoff. We investigated the performance of the leg muscles of the guinea fowl Numida meleagris during jumping using kinematic and force-plate analyses. Comparison of the methods indicated that in this species the wings did not supply energy to power takeoff and thus all the work and power came from the leg muscles. Guinea fowl produced a peak vertical force of 5.3 times body weight. Despite having lower muscle-mass-specific power output in comparison to more specialized jumpers, guinea fowl demonstrated surprisingly good performance by producing muscle-mass-specific work outputs of 45 J kg(-1), a value approximately two thirds of the maximal expected value for skeletal muscle. The muscle-mass-specific peak power output during jumping was nearly 800 W kg(-1), which is more than twice the peak isotonic power estimated for guinea fowl leg muscles. To account for high power outputs, we concluded that energy has to be stored early in the jumps and released later during peak power production, presumably using mechanisms similar to those found in more specialized jumpers.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

The surface color measurement of major tissues of silky fowls and White Leghorns.

This report concerns the surface color of major organs of the silky fowl and White Leghorn chicken as measured by a color analyser. Although it is obvious that organs of the silky fowl look darker than those of the white leghorn, the color measurement of these organs has not yet been reported. The authors found that color differences between silky fowls and White Leghorns were significant in lung, brain, skin, and gluteal muscle. But the surface color of kidney and cardiac muscle of the two groups of fowl was not significantly different. The present data were represented in color charts.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Molecular characteristics and site specific distribution of the pigment of the silky fowl.

Silky fowl, a breed of chicken, is hyperpigmented in its various internal tissues. The pigment was extracted from various tissues of two strains of Silky fowl to determine its molecular structure and internal distribution. Analysis by infrared spectroscopy showed two spectrum patterns of the pigment in Silky fowl; one is from ovary and testis, the other is from periosteum and feather. The difference between the two spectra is possibly due to the sulfur contents of melanin. Especially, the spectra of the pigments from feather and periosteum shared the characteristics of synthesized melanin spectrum in common, which indicates that the melanocytes dispersed in these tissues were functionally the same. According to our quantitative analysis, the tissues examined were classified significantly in the order of the pigment content (p<0.05): periosteum > gonads (ovary or testis) = trachea > or = heart, liver, gizzard, cecum, muscles (Pectoralis and Supracoracoideus) and skin. In addition, the specific regions of embryonic neural crest derived cells, such as cardiac artery and various parts of cephalic tissues, were found to be locally hyperpigmented. These data suggest that hyperpigmentation (fibromelanosis) in Silky fowl chicken occurs in a tissue- and organ-specific manner, which is strongly related to neural crest cell development. It is hypothesized that neural crest cells of the bird, containing melanocyte progenitors, acquire unusual ability to differentiate into melanocytes excessively, and to extend the distribution of their descendant along the destinations of neural crest derivatives.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Nonsuppurative myocarditis associated with so-called fowl glioma.

C/O specific pathogen-free White Leghorn chickens were intracerebrally inoculated at one day of age with a brain homogenate of Japanese bantams (Gallus gallus domesticus) affected with fowl glioma. Histologically, six of eight inoculated chickens developed nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis in cerebrum and two of them had the characteristic lesions of fowl glioma. Hyperplastic lymphoid foci concomitantly developed in many organs of these birds, especially in the heart. Apart from these lymphoid foci, lymphocytic myocarditis was observed in all inoculated birds. Matrix inclusions were also noted in myocardial cells. Immunohistochemically, avian leukosis virus antigens were detected in reticular cells in the lymphoid foci, mesangial cells of the kidney, smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels, and myocardial cells. Of these tissues, the myocardium of all inoculated birds consistently showed strong reactivity for this antigens. The matrix inclusions were also positive for the antigens. These results suggest that the causal virus of fowl glioma has a high propensity to replicate, especially in myocardium and nonsuppurative myocarditis occurs associated with so-called fowl glioma.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Stimulation of sperm motility and oxygen consumption of fowl spermatozoa by a low molecular weight fraction of seminal plasma.

Washed fowl spermatozoa were incubated in a phosphate buffer containing various concentrations of fowl seminal plasma at 41 degrees C, normal body temperature, and the motility and oxygen consumption of spermatozoa were determined. Immediately after the incubation, spermatozoa showed good motility in the various diluents. However, with concentrations of seminal plasma at or below 20%, spermatozoa quickly became immotile. In contrast, at concentrations higher than 40% seminal plasma, spermatozoa were motile even after 15 min. As the concentration of seminal plasma was increased, oxygen consumption of spermatozoa also increased. A filtrate of the seminal plasma, obtained by passing the fluid through an Amicon YM-2 ultra-filtration membrane (Mr less than 1000), also stimulated the motility and oxygen consumption of spermatozoa. These results suggest that some low molecular weight factor(s) in fowl seminal plasma stimulated motility and oxygen consumption of fowl spermatozoa at 41 degrees C. A physiological role of this factor(s) may be to assist passage of spermatozoa through the vagina after natural mating.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Protein phosphatase-type 2B is involved in the regulation of the acrosome reaction but not in the temperature-dependent flagellar movement of fowl spermatozoa.

The motility and acrosomal integrity of fowl spermatozoa in TES/NaCl buffer, with or without homogenized inner perivitelline layers (IPVL) prepared from laid fowl eggs, was almost negligible at 40 degrees C. However, motility became vigorous even at 40 degrees C when 2 mmol CaCl2/l was added, and the acrosome reaction was also stimulated in the presence, but not in the absence, of IPVL. The presence of deltamethrin or fenvalerate, specific inhibitors of protein phosphatase-type 2B (PP2B), did not permit the restoration of motility at 40 degrees C but, in the presence of IPVL, these compounds stimulated the acrosome reaction in a dose-dependent manner in the range of 1-1000 nmol/l. These results suggest that IPVL is necessary for the activation of the acrosome reaction in fowl spermatozoa and that Ca2+ plays an important role in the stimulation of motility and acrosomal exocytosis. Furthermore, it appears that the intracellular molecular mechanisms for the regulation of the acrosome reaction of fowl spermatozoa are different from those for the restoration of motility, i.e. protein dephosphorylation by PP2B in the former but not in the latter case.

Acrosome Reaction↗
PubMed1985

Plasma concentrations of somatomedin-C in hypophysectomized, dwarf and intact growing domestic fowl as determined by heterologous radioimmunoassay.

The application of a human somatomedin-C radioimmunoassay for the determination of somatomedin-C in chicken plasma has been examined. Parallel inhibition of binding of 125I-labelled somatomedin-C to antisera raised against somatomedin-C was observed with acid-treated human and chicken plasma. The concentration of immunoreactive (IR)-somatomedin-C in the plasma of the domestic fowl appears to be GH dependent. Plasma concentrations of IR-somatomedin-C were reduced after hypophysectomy and partially restored by replacement therapy with chicken GH. The age/development pattern of circulating concentrations of IR-somatomedin-C has been determined in normal and dwarf strains of domestic fowl. Increases in the plasma concentration of IR-somatomedin-C were observed between 1 and 6 weeks of age in control male domestic fowl of either heavy (broiler type) or light (White Leghorn) strains. Thereafter, the plasma concentrations of IR-somatomedin-C remained constant in the heavy strain birds but declined in White Leghorn chicks. Plasma concentrations of IR-somatomedin-C were reduced in sex-linked dwarf chickens, in both light and heavy strains of fowl, but were unaffected in autosomal dwarf chickens.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Fowl cholera.

Pasteurella multocida subspecies multocida is the most common cause of fowl cholera, although P. multocida subspecies septica and gallicida may also cause fowl cholera-like disease to some extent. However, the virulence properties of the different subspecies for various hosts have not been elucidated. The severity and incidence of P. multocida infections may vary considerably depending on several factors associated with the host (including species and age of infected birds), the environment and the bacterial strain. No single virulence factor has been associated with the observed variation in virulence among strains. Possible virulence factors include the following: the capsule, endotoxin, outer membrane proteins, iron binding systems, heat shock proteins, neuraminidase production and antibody cleaving enzymes. No RTX toxins (repeats in toxin) appear to be produced by P. multocida, but P. multocida exotoxin (PMT) could contribute to virulence in some avian infections. The epidemiology of fowl cholera appears complex. Traditional serotyping systems are only of limited use in epidemiological studies. In recent years, molecular typing methods have been applied to avian strains of P. multocida of different origin. The results obtained using these newer methods indicate that wild birds may be a source of infection to commercial poultry. Documentation suggesting that mammals play a similar role is not as comprehensive, but the possibility cannot be excluded. Carrier birds seem to play a major role in the transmission of cholera. Surviving birds from diseased flocks appear to represent a risk, but more recent investigations indicate that carriers of P. multocida may exist within poultry flocks with no history of previous outbreaks of fowl cholera. The significance of this awaits further investigation. The site of infection for P. multocida is generally believed to be the respiratory tract. The outcome of infections may range from peracute/acute infections to chronic infections. In the former type of infections, few clinical signs are observed before death and the lesions will be dominated by general septicaemic lesions. In chronic forms of P. multocida infections, suppurative lesions may be widely distributed, often involving the respiratory tract, the conjunctiva and adjacent tissues of the head. Diagnosis is always dependent upon isolation of the organism. For the detection of subclinical infections, mouse passage of relevant samples is recommended, but polymerase chain reaction and isolation attempts on selective media may represent alternatives. Confinement is probably the most effective way to prevent introduction of P. multocida. However, extensive management systems dominate in many parts of the world, and under such circumstances vaccination is recommended as a preventive measure. Unfortunately, the development of safe and efficient live vaccines still poses problems. As a result, control remains dependent on bacterins which exhibit significant disadvantages compared to live vaccines.

Animals↗