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PubMed2004

The evidential value of cosmetic foundation smears in forensic casework.

Cosmetic foundation products are easily transferred to clothing and other surfaces as a result of contact with such objects. Examination of past cases involving cosmetics in New Zealand has shown cosmetic foundation to be one of the more common cosmetic products encountered. The aim of this research was to determine the most discriminating method for the comparison of transferred foundation with samples obtained from a known source in forensic casework. Fifty-three foundation samples were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-Ray analysis (SEM-EDX). It was found that a 5 mm2 section of a light smearing was enough to provide detectable results. The discriminating powers for FTIR, SEM-EDX and GC-FID were 98.3, 93.8, and 82.0% respectively. A combination of all three techniques provided a discriminating power of 99.7%, meaning that almost complete discrimination was achieved between the foundation samples.

Cosmetics↗
PubMed1987

Foundation care: a treatment model for nonambulatory profoundly mentally retarded persons.

Two treatment models, Intermediate Care Facilities for the Mentally Retarded (ICF/MR) and Foundation Care, were compared with respect to their use in the institutional treatment of nonambulatory profoundly mentally retarded persons. Foundation Care is focused on physical and social environmental components of caregiving through emphases on health, nourishment, nurturance, stimulation, and play, with the goal of habilitation. Subjects were randomly assigned to the treatment models. We hypothesized that when compared to ICF/MR, the Foundation Care unit would use more resident-oriented management practices, have different caregiver resident interaction, and have residents who would exhibit more behavioral complexity. Baseline, 6-month, and 1-year measurements were made. Results supported the first and third hypotheses. Caregiver resident interaction was similar for both groups; however, Foundation Care staff used more tactile modalities and contingent interaction. We conclude that Foundation Care may be an appropriate alternative level of care for the nonambulatory profoundly retarded person.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Candidate gene analysis of the Price Foundation anorexia nervosa affected relative pair dataset.

The eating disorders are severe psychiatric illnesses with significant morbidity and mortality that exhibit statistically significant familial risk and heritability, providing support for a molecular genetic approach toward defining etiological factors. An emerging candidate gene literature has concentrated on serotinergic and dopaminergic candidates. With the financial support of the Price Foundation, a group of investigators initiated an international multi-center collaboration (Price Foundation Collaborative Group) in 1995 to study the genetics of anorexia and bulimia nervosa by collecting and analyzing phenotypes and genotypes of individuals and their relatives affected with eating disorders. The first sample of families collected by this collaborative group, known as the Price Foundation Anorexia Nervosa Affected Relative Pair (AN-ARP) dataset, was ascertained on an proband affected with Anorexia Nervosa (AN), with relative pairs affected with the eating disorders AN, Bulimia Nervosa or Eating Disorders Not Otherwise Specified [1]. Biognosis U.S., Inc. was founded to identify and characterize candidate susceptibility genes for anorexia and bulimia nervosa phenotypes in the Price Foundation eating disorder datasets. During 2000-2001, Biognosis U.S., Inc. developed and implemented a research program with a focus on the analysis of candidate genes nominated by neurochemical characteristics of eating disorder patients [2], serotonergic and dopaminergic candidate gene polymorphisms [3], neuroendocrine regulation of appetite [4], and by a positional hypothesis from a linkage analysis of the AN-ARP dataset [5]. This report reviews the anorexia nervosa candidate gene literature through 2001, the candidate gene research program implemented at Biognosis U.S., Inc. and selected candidate gene findings in the AN-ARP dataset derived from that research program.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[The research course in geriatrics at the Robert Bosch Foundation--new scientific geriatric academicians from a German view].

The medical needs of the aging population, accentuated by demographic changes, are poorly reflected by the present academic medical training programs. Geriatric medicine does not receive the attention it should have to meet the rapidly increasing demands of the aging population. This is true for Germany but also for Switzerland and Austria as well as many other European countries. The Robert Bosch Foundation with the goal of improving social conditions and scientific competence through innovative projects is engaged in improving the situation of the aging population by a number of projects. Aware of the deficits in geriatric medicine and in response to the need of a training program in academic geriatric medicine, the Foundation initiated a research training program in Geriatrics in 2002 together with initially five now seven academic centers in Germany and Switzerland. The program is aimed at young researchers having graduated in medicine and interested in a career in academic geriatric medicine. Two types of grants are given: an early career award for young postdocs at the beginning of their scientific training for two years and a mid career stipend for medical scientists coming from other disciplines and interested in a career in geriatric medicine. The goal of the training program is developing competence in clinical research and in geriatric medicine. A research council advises the Foundation in the grant allocation and monitors the program as well as the individual progress of the award recipients. Currently, 10 trainees are in the program. The initiative of the Robert Bosch Foundation is an enormous help to establish academic geriatric medicine in Germany.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed1984

National Kidney Foundation revised standards for reuse of hemodialyzers.

The National Kidney Foundation, Inc convened a group with expertise and experience in dialysis, including one or more physicians, nurses, consumers (patients), industry representatives, and microbiologists to formulate these standards, which were subsequently approved by the Executive Committee of the National Kidney Foundation at its December 2, 1983 meeting. The Executive Committee of the National Kidney Foundation has decided to issue these Standards for Reuse of Hemodialyzers in the interest of better patient care. These standards will be reviewed periodically as the science of dialyzer reuse develops. Accordingly, the Foundation requests comments and suggestions from all interested parties.

Ethics, Medical↗
PubMed2002

Turning point: the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's effort to revitalize public health at the state level.

The Robert Wood Johnson (RWJ) Foundation initiated Turning Point in collaboration with the W.K. Kellogg Foundation (Kellogg) in 1997. The purpose of this major national initiative was to strengthen the public health infrastructure in the United States so that states, local communities, and their public health agencies might respond to the challenge to protect and improve the public's health in the 21st century. RWJ funded 21 states and Kellogg funded 43 communities to work together to create a new way of thinking about how health could be improved and who should be involved. Although the ultimate outcome was to improve health, both foundations expected diverse partnerships to work together to create strategic health improvement plans at both the community and state levels. The foundations funded a variety of strategies within those health improvement plans during an implementation phase. The premise in funding partnerships, as opposed to a single entity, was that effective public health systems would be developed best through a shared responsibility (including the private sector) for the health of a community.

Community Health Planning↗
PubMed2001

Hospital conversion foundations. Issues in creation, operation, and evaluation.

A major healthcare transformation in the United States is the conversion of nonprofit hospitals to for-profit entities, and the creation of hospital conversion foundations for the nonprofit charitable assets, which now exceeds $9 billion. Because less than 21% of the 525 hospitals converting from nonprofit to for-profit ownership have established a hospital conversion foundation, the public's monetary losses are considerable. This article examines some of the key legal and organizational issues related to hospital conversion foundations including factors related to establishing fair value of the converting hospital, foundation mission, use of conversion revenue, governance, and evaluation.

Foundations↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Decades of focus: grant making at the John A. Hartford Foundation.

Foundation grant making can play an important role in advancing the U.S. health agenda. However, given the scale of the health care system and the intractability of many of its problems, philanthropy must be guided by strategic thinking in pursuit of realistically achievable goals. This essay describes the grant-making process at one nationally oriented foundation as an example of how these challenges might be approached. We believe that greater clarity about this process can improve collaboration among foundations, help the public appreciate foundations' work, facilitate partnerships with grantees, and, most importantly, yield sustainable improvement in the problem being addressed.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Program self-evaluation: the evolution of an injury prevention foundation.

OBJECT: Injuries are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the US. The authors provide a brief discussion of a national injury prevention foundation's self-evaluation of its efforts to decrease the incidence of traumatic injuries through educational programs, legislative efforts, and community programming. METHODS: The authors performed a literature review of evaluation studies and activities of the Think First National Injury Prevention Foundation accomplished between 1986 and 2002 and summarized their findings. Suggestions generated from research studies were incorporated into the foundation's programs. Efficacy studies show that the injury prevention programs have a significant impact on knowledge, attitudes, and practice, and demonstrate the need for injury prevention to be recognized as a valuable component of the US medical system. CONCLUSIONS: After a self-evaluation, the Think First National Injury Prevention Foundation has made strides in developing a multilevel approach to injury prevention by combining education with legislative initiatives, community-wide safety programming, and a large public presence, similar to what has been accomplished with successful smoking cessation programs and seat-belt use campaigns.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

To make a difference: the founding of the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America.

In 1965, with the help of Dr. Henry D. Janowitz, Irwin M. Rosenthal established the Foundation for Research in Ileitis, Inc., now known as the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America, Inc. He was joined shortly thereafter by William D. Modell. At that time, the entire annual NIH budget for research on inflammatory bowel disease was only $25,000. Successful fund raising made it possible to recruit a research fellow at The Mount Sinai Hospital in the Division of Gastroenterology to study ileitis. Thereafter, the efforts of the foundation expanded nationwide. It supported a nationally coordinated research program and sponsored education for physicians, patients and the public. In addition, it established support groups to help patients and their families cope with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. With the energy and philanthropy of the foundation's many lay leaders, tens of millions of dollars have been raised for research and education in inflammatory bowel disease.

Colitis↗
PubMed2001

Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the advancement of military medicine: a brief history.

The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HMJFAMM) was created by Congress in 1983. This not-for-profit organization championed by Senator Henry M. Jackson was brought into being to serve as a partner with the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences to facilitate the latter's mission execution. In the foundation's 17-year history, which is discussed, it has served multiple functions. A major role has been to manage militarily relevant research. Currently, there are more than 500 research projects, and the HMJFAMM ranks in the top 10% of institutions receiving grants from the National Institutes of Health. More than 500 education funds support more than 200 education programs annually. Each year, hundreds of military physicians and research scientists are assisted in attending outside professional meetings. The Marion B. Sulzberger Chair, a stimulus that gave rise to the foundation, is among almost 50 endowments that now exist under foundation management. This not-for-profit institution currently employs more than 1,100 individuals.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed1996

[The disputes in the Nippon Medical School Foundation and the coming into being of the Tokyo Medical School].

The Nippon Medical School Foundation was an institution that developed after the closing of the Saiseigakusha Medical School, inheriting the spirit of the latter. During the period extending from 1912 to May 1916, the Ministry of education remained reluctant to approve of the Foundation as a Ministry-designated institution. Actively lobbying the Ministry were people such as Tatsukichi Irisawa, a member of the "Meiji Society of Medicine", a partisan clique of the University of Tokyo Medical School. Meanwhile within the Foundation itself, an internal strife took place between the Directors Kenzo Isobe and Taketaro Takizawa, which brought about its disintegration and collapse from within. Some four hundred and fifty students lodged their petition for official approval, sealed with blood, to the School authorities and to the Ministry. Having their petition for approval rejected, all these four hundred and fifty odd students withdrew from the School and founded within the building of the Tokyo Physics School a 'Tokyo Medical Training School'. Some forty students who did not withdraw, in collaboration with members of the teaching staff, re-established the Nippon Medical School Foundation.

Foundations↗
PubMed2006

A review of the alpha-1 foundation: its formation, impact, and critical success factors.

Patient-advocacy organizations have proliferated because they can be an effective method to advance research and clinical care for those with the index condition, and can produce substantial benefits for the affected community, especially when the condition is uncommon. To clarify critical success factors in organizing a patient-advocacy organization and to provide a blueprint for others, including the respiratory-care advocacy community, this report examines features of one highly successful organization, the Alpha-1 Foundation, which is committed to helping those with the genetic condition alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Features of the Alpha-1 Foundation that underlie its success include: consistently creating partnerships with key stakeholders, including the scientific and clinical communities, government, and pharmaceutical manufacturers; bringing passion to the cause (eg, by assuring that organizational leadership is provided by individuals affected by alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency); and developing strategic business partnerships, as with a company that administers alpha-1 antitrypsin treatment (so-called intravenous augmentation therapy) and employs individuals with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Funds allocated by the company help to underwrite the foundation's research-funding commitment. The foundation also recruits and retains talent, including alpha-1 patients, to leadership roles (eg, on the board of directors) and has a voluntary group of committed scientists and clinicians. We believe that attention to these factors can help assure the success of patient-advocacy groups.

Foundations↗
PubMed1995

The Retinal Research Team at the Eye Foundation Hospital/UAB.

The trustees of the Eye Foundation, Inc. and the Eye Foundation Hospital constitute an independent institution, which is associated with the University of Alabama at Birmingham only in research and resident training. Clarence Blair is the Chairman of the Foundation Board. Harold Skalka, M.D., F.A.C.S., is the Chairman of the Department of Ophthalmology, and his offices are in the Eye Foundation Hospital building. With funds raised largely by Alston Callahan, M.D., F.A.C.S., Director of Development, and with the assistance of fellow trustees, the retina research department has been greatly expanded in the last few years. In this article, the seven prestigious retinal investigators are introduced and short summaries of their research aims are presented. All work toward a better understanding of clinical problems which baffle ophthalmologists, as macular degeneration and diabetic eye disease.

Foundations↗
PubMed2006

Exposure data for personal care products: hairspray, spray perfume, liquid foundation, shampoo, body wash, and solid antiperspirant.

Reliable exposure information for cosmetic and other personal care products and ingredients is needed in order to conduct safety assessments. Essential information includes both the amount of product applied, and the frequency of use. To obtain current data, studies to assess consumer use practices were undertaken. Six widely used personal care product types were included in the studies. Five of the products were cosmetics (spray perfume, hairspray, liquid foundation, shampoo, body wash) and one product was a cosmetic/over-the-counter drug product (solid antiperspirant). Three hundred and sixty women, ages 19-65 years, who regularly use the products of interest, were recruited at 10 different geographical locations within the US. The number of recruits was chosen to ensure a minimum of three hundred completed responses per product type. Subjects were provided with a new container of the brand of product they normally use and kept diaries and recorded detailed daily usage information over a two week period. Products were weighed at the start and completion of the study in order to determine the total amount of product used. Statistical analyses of the data were conducted to derive summary distributions of use patterns. The geometric mean and median usage per application, respectively, for the six product types were: spray perfume, 0.33 g and 0.23 g; hairspray, 2.58 g and 1.83 g (aerosol); 3.64 g and 2.66 g (pump); liquid foundation, 0.54 g and 0.36 g; shampoo, 11.76 g and 9.56 g; body wash, 11.3g and 9.5 g; and solid antiperspirant, 0.61 g and 0.45 g. The mean and median usage per day for the six product types were: spray perfume, 0.53 g and 0.34 g; hairspray, 3.57 g and 2.71 g (aerosol); 5.18 g and 3.74 g (pump); liquid foundation, 0.67 g and 0.45 g; shampoo, 12.80 g and 10.75 g; body wash, 14.5 g and 12.9 g; and solid antiperspirant, 0.79 g and 0.59 g. The mean number of applications per day for spray perfume, hairspray, liquid foundation, shampoo, body wash, and solid antiperspirant was 1.67, 1.49 (aerosol) and 1.51 (pump), 1.24, 1.11, 1.37, and 1.3, respectively. This study provides current exposure information for commonly used products which will be useful for risk assessment purposes.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2005

Spores of Ascosphaera apis contained in wax foundation can infect honeybee brood.

Chalkbrood disease in honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) is caused by an infection with Ascosphaera apis. Disease expression requires the consumption of fungal spores and a predisposing condition in the susceptible brood. A. apis spores within sheets of wax foundation could be a source of inoculum leading to chalkbrood, but it is also possible that these spores remain confined in the wax and do not contribute to disease. We have resolved this topic by chilling susceptible brood within wax combs built on contaminated foundation (using treatments of spores from 1 mummy and spores from 10 mummies) versus uncontaminated foundation. We found significantly higher levels of chalkbrood in brood exposed to the higher dosage. Our results demonstrate that foundation wax contaminated with spores of A. apis spores may be a source of chalkbrood in honeybee colonies.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Foundation restorations in fixed prosthodontics: current knowledge and future needs.

PURPOSE: The Ad Hoc Committee on Research in Fixed Prosthodontics established by the Academy of Fixed Prosthodontics publishes a yearly comprehensive literature review on a selected topic. The subject for this year is foundation restorations. METHODS: Literature of various in vitro and in vivo investigations that included technical and clinical articles was reviewed to provide clinical guidelines for the dentist when selecting methods and materials for restoration of structurally compromised teeth. Topics discussed and critically reviewed include: (1) desirable features of foundation restorations, (2) foundations for pulpless teeth, (3) historic perspectives, (4) cast posts and cores, (5) role of the ferrule effect, (6) prefabricated posts, (7) direct cores, (8) foundation restorations for severely compromised teeth, (9) problems and limitations, (10) future needs, and (11) directions for future research. CONCLUSION: This comprehensive review brings together literature from a variety of in vitro and in vivo studies, along with technique articles and clinical reports to provide meaningful guidelines for the dentist when selecting methods and materials for the restoration of structurally compromised teeth.

Dental Casting Technique↗
PubMed2003

Pavlov and the foundation of behavior therapy.

The foundation, achievements, and proliferation of behavior therapy have largely been fueled by the movement's foundation in behavioral principles and theories. Although behavioral accounts of the genesis and treatment of psychopathology differ in the extent to which they emphasize classical or operant conditioning, the mediation of cognitive factors, and the role of biological variables, Pavlov's discovery of conditioning principles was essential to the founding of behavior therapy in the 1950s, and continues to be central to modern behavior therapy. Pavlov's reliance on a physiological model of the nervous system, sensible in the context of an early science of neurology, has had an implication for behavior therapists interested in the study of personality types. However, Pavlov's major legacy to behavior therapy was his discovery of "experimental neuroses," shown by his students Eroféeva and Shenger-Krestovnikova, to be produced and eliminated through the principles of conditioning and counter-conditioning. This discovery laid the foundation for the first empirically-validated behavior therapy procedure, systematic desensitization, pioneered by Wolpe. The Pavlovian origins of behavior therapy are analyzed in this paper, and the relevance of conditioning principles to modern behavior therapy is demonstrated. It is shown that Pavlovian conditioning represents far more than a systematic basic learning paradigm. It is also an essential theoretical foundation for the theory and practice of behavior therapy.

Animals↗