Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “FOOT DISEASES”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation and management of diabetic foot according to Wagner's classification. A study of 100 cases.

BACKGROUND: Wagner's classification is the most widely utilized grading system for lesions of the diabetic foot. The aim of the study was to evaluate and manage the different lesions of diabetic foot according to Wagner classification. This will help to describe the lesions we treat study and compare outcomes and also identify measures to decrease morbidity and mortality due to diabetic foot disease. METHODS: The study was conducted in surgical "c" unit of Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar from July 2002 to June 2003. 100 patients with diabetic foot disease were included in the study. Detailed history, clinical findings and investigations were recorded. Lesions were graded according to wagner classification and appropriate medical and surgical treatment carried out. RESULTS: Diabetic foot disease formed 1.04% of total admissions and 0.23% of OPD patients. 62 (62%) were males and 38 were females. Common age group was 40-60 years, 6 patients had grade 0, 14 grade 1, 25 with grade 2, 30 with grade 4 and 4 with grade 5 lesions. 17 patients were managed conservatively with antibiotics alone, 33 had incision drainage and debridement while 48 needed amputation of different types. Staphylococcus aureus was the commonest organism isolated. CONCLUSION: Majority of the diabetic foot lesions were in grade 2 to 5. Lesser grade lesions responded well to conservative treatment with antibiotics and surgical debridement while those with higher grades needed amputations. Effective glycemic control, timely hospital admissions, approximate surgical/medical treatment along with patient education in foot care can decrease morbidity and mortality due to diabetic foot disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Hand, foot and mouth disease.

BACKGROUND: Hand, foot and mouth disease is a common viral illness of infants and children. OBJECTIVE: This article aims to describe the cause, presentation, management and infectivity of this virus. DISCUSSION: Hand, foot and mouth disease is characterised by fever and vesicles in the mouth and on distal extremities. It is usually caused by coxsackie A virus and less commonly by coxsackie B and enterovirus 71. Hand, foot and mouth disease usually affects children under 10 years of age. Enteroviruses may also cause more serious disease such as meningoencephalitis and myocarditis. Treatment is symptomatic. Children are particularly infectious until the blisters have disappeared. Exclusion from school or childcare is not practical as the virus may be present in the faeces for several weeks.

Child↗
PubMed1989

[Hand-foot-mouth disease: its course in the city of Milan (1980-86). Epidemiologic study gathered from the records of the community and scholastic ambulatory services of the Istituto di Clinica Dermatologic I and Dermatologia Pediatrica of the University].

Hand-foot-mouth disease: the Authors describe the epidemiological observations in a period of seven years made in a big urban area of Milan. They point out the periodic course of hand-foot and mouth disease, which is present in particular during May and November and particularly in children under six years. The Authors point out the difference between males and females and they try to correlate their dates with those gathered from the study of the literature.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus evolution is strongly influenced by high mutation rates and a quasispecies dynamics. Mutant swarms are subjected to positive selection, negative selection and random drift of genomes. Adaptation is the result of selective amplification of subpopulations of genomes. The extent of adaptation to a given environment is quantified by a relative fitness value. Fitness values depend on the virus and its physical and biological environment. Generally, infections involving large population passages result in fitness gain and population bottlenecks lead to fitness loss. Very different types of mutations tend to accumulate in the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) genome depending on the virus population size during replication. Quasispecies dynamics predict higher probability of success of antiviral strategies based on multivalent vaccines and combination therapy, and this has been supported by clinical and veterinary practice. Quasispecies suggest also new antiviral strategies based on virus entry into error catastrophe, and such procedures are under investigation. Studies with FMDV have contributed to the understanding of quasispecies dynamics and some of its biological implications.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Development of a novel quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of all serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) spreads extremely fast and the need for rapid and robust diagnostic virus detection systems was obvious during the recent European epidemic. Using a novel real-time RT-PCR system based on primer-probe energy transfer (PriProET) we present here an assay targeting the 3D gene of FMDV. The assay was validated for the efficacy to detect all known FMDV serotypes. The test method was linear over a range of at least 7 orders of magnitude and the detection limit was below the equivalent of 10 genomic copies. Analysing recent African probang samples the method was able to detect FMDV in materials from both cattle and buffalo. When compared to traditional virus cultivation the virus detection sensitivity was similar but the RT-PCR method can provide a laboratory result much faster than virus cultivation. The real-time PCR method confirms the identity of the amplicon by melting point analysis for added specificity and at the same time allows the detection of mutations in the probe region. As such, the described new method is suitable for the robust real-time detection of index cases caused by any serotype of FMDV.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

A prospective epidemiological study on tinea pedis and onychomycosis in Hong Kong.

OBJECTIVE: To study the epidemiology of foot diseases, including tinea pedis and onychomycosis in clinic attendees in Hong Kong. METHODS: Two groups were included: the institutional group consisted of clinical evaluation and mycological investigations by dermatologists; and the private group consisted of clinical evaluation only by the private physicians. Patients who had a regular visit to the clinics were randomly invited to have a clinical examination of their feet. RESULTS: A total of 1014 patients were studied. The prevalence rate of foot disease, fungal infections, tinea pedis and toe nail onychomycosis were respectively 50.7%, 26.9%, 20.4% and 16.6%. More male and elderly patients were affected except that the sex prevalence in toe nail onychomycosis was not shown to be significant. Vascular disease, diabetes mellitus and obesity were the three most prevalent predisposing factors in foot disease, fungal disease and fungal nail disease. Dermatophytes, in particular Trichophyton rubrum, were shown to be the most common pathogen in both skin and nail infections. CONCLUSIONS: Foot diseases, especially tinea pedis and toe nail onychomycosis, are common in patients attending local clinics in Hong Kong. Both physicians and patients should be more aware of foot problems and have more active approaches and management strategies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is the most economically important veterinary pathogen due to its highly infectious nature, ability to cause persistent infections and long term effects on the condition and productivity of the many animal species it affects. Countries which have the disease have many trade restrictions placed upon them. In the last 15 years there have been significant advances in the understanding of FMD epidemiology. These have largely been due to the application of the molecular biological techniques of polymerase chain-reaction amplification and nucleotide sequencing. In the World Reference Laboratory for FMD (Pirbright, UK), a large sequence database has been built up. This database has been used to aid in the global tracing of virus movements. It has been possible to genetically group many FMDV's based on their geographic origin and this has led to their being referred to as topotypes. The implications of this are that inter-regional spread of viruses can often be easily recognised and any evolutionary changes which subsequently occur can be monitored. Using these techniques, for the first time, we have been able to unequivocally show the recent pandemic spread of a FMDV type O strain through the whole of Asia and into Africa and Europe. This type of surveillance will become increasingly important as further globalisation of markets occurs. An increased understanding of how FMDV strains move between geographic regions will play a pivotal role in the development of future disease control strategies.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Amputation and the diabetic foot: learning from a case study.

Diabetic foot disease causes more amputations than any other lower limb disease. Management of the diabetic foot requires a thorough knowledge of the risk factors for ulceration and amputation, the most common of which are neuropathy, ischaemia and infection. Amputations are not inevitable, however; early detection and appropriate treatment of ulcers can prevent up to 85% of amputations. This has been demonstrated in the formation of multidisciplinary diabetic foot clinics, which have been shown to reduce the number of amputations across the world. Adherence to a systematic regime of organization, education, screening and intervention can improve communication between patients, GPs, community nursing and diabetes sub-specialists to facilitate appropriate treatment and prevention of complications. The case discussed here demonstrates how inadequate and disjointed management through lack of communication, education and knowledge of diabetic foot disease can lead to complications requiring amputation and debridement.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1992

A review of foot and mouth disease in Nepal.

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) causes substantial economic losses to the predominantly agricultural community of the Kingdom of Nepal. FMD is endemic in the country and four of the seven serotypes of FMD virus have been isolated (O, A, C and Asia 1). The epidemiology of FMD and the factors which play a role in its prevalence and spread are outlined. The National Epidemiological Laboratory for FMD has been established in Kathmandu and its diagnostic capabilities and activities are described. The important points to be considered in the formulation of any future regional or national control programme for FMD in Nepal are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Modelling the spread of foot-and-mouth disease virus.

Foot-and-mouth disease is an economically important viral disease in animals. It is shown that airborne diffusion is one of the main sources of contamination between animals and between herds. Epidemiological data linked to viral particle excretion can thus be used in a predictive model, added to meteorological data related to the few days before the slaughter of animals. The model computes, on a 10 km radius around the outbreak and in every space direction, the quantity of viral particles that a sensitive animal could have breathed. The aim is to define a risk area, and, according to the number and size of farms in the surrounding, to give arguments for the best sanitary decision within the emergency plan.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed2003

Induction of lymphopenia and inhibition of T cell function during acute infection of swine with foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV).

Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a picornavirus that causes an acute vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed animals. This virus continues to be a threat to livestock worldwide with outbreaks causing severe economic losses. The present study shows an analysis of immune system phenotype and function during the acute phase of FMDV infection in swine. In the first days of infection, a significant lymphopenia is observed that involves all T cell subsets, CD4(+), CD8(+), and CD4(+)/CD8(+). This marked lymphopenia is not a result of active infection of PBMC with the virus. Further, the response of residual peripheral blood T cells to the mitogen, Concanavalin A (ConA) is significantly reduced and occasionally eliminated. Animals usually resolve clinical signs of disease and develop antigen specific T cell responses to the virus and recover ConA reactivity. These characteristics of acute phase infection likely play an important role in viral pathogenesis, propagation and shedding of viral particles and may be targeted as a way of improving vaccine formulations.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Microarray-based detection and typing of foot-and-mouth disease virus.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the most economically important veterinary pathogen because of its highly infectious nature and the devastating effects the virus has on the livestock industry. Rapid diagnostic methods are needed for detection and typing of FMDV serotypes and differentiation from other viruses causing vesicular diseases. We developed a microarray-based test that uses a FMD DNA chip containing 155 oligonucleotide probes, 35-45 base pair (bp) long, virus-common and serotype-specific, designed from the VP3-VP1-2A region of the genome. A set of two forward primers and one reverse primer were also designed to allow amplification of approximately 1100 bp of target sequences from this region. The amplified target was labelled with Alexa-Fluor 546 dye and applied to the FMD DNA chip. A total of 23 different FMDV strains representing all seven serotypes were detected and typed by the FMD DNA chip. Microarray technology offers a unique capability to identify multiple pathogens in a single chip.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Studies of quantitative parameters of virus excretion and transmission in pigs and cattle experimentally infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) can be spread by a variety of mechanisms and the rate of spread, the incubation period and the severity of disease depend on a multitude of parameters, including the strain of virus, the dose received, the route of introduction, the animal species and the husbandry conditions. More knowledge with regard to these parameters is urgently needed to improve resource-efficient disease control. This report describes detailed studies of FMDV load, excretion and transmission in pigs infected with FMDV O UKG 2001, O TAW 1997 and C Noville virus and in cattle infected with the O UKG 2001 virus to facilitate use of a "FMDV load framework" for the assessment of transmission risks. Virus replicated rapidly in pigs and cattle exposed by direct contact. The mean incubation period was around 3-4 days for cattle-to-cattle and 1-3 days for pig-to-pig transmission, depending on the intensity of contact. The results confirmed that a strong relation exists between dose and length of incubation period. Clinical disease was severe in pigs but relatively mild in inoculated cattle; contact infection of cattle appeared to increase the severity of lesions. FMDV RNA was recovered in nasal and mouth swabs from inoculated animals soon after they developed a viraemia and probably reflected the early production and excretion of virus. FMDV RNA in nasal and mouth swabs from contact animals could be detected several days before they showed other signs of infection, indicating the possibility of detecting exposed animals during the incubation period. FMDV RNA could also be detected in swab samples after the viraemic phase. This may have represented background environmental virus that had been trapped in the respiratory tract and mouth. Alternatively, it may have indicated a somewhat slower clearance or half-life of viral RNA or an extended low level of FMDV replication at these sites. The pattern of FMDV RNA concentrations in pigs was closely similar to that in cattle, but the amounts of FMDV RNA were higher.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Introduction and history of foot-and-mouth disease virus.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) has been recognized as a significant epidemic disease threatening the cattle industry since the sixteenth century, and in the late nineteenth century it was shown by Loeffler and Frosch to be caused by a submicroscopic, filterable transmissible agent, smaller than any known bacteria. The agent causing FMD was thus the first virus of vertebrates to be discovered, soon after the discovery of tobacco mosaic virus of plants. It was not until 1920 that a convenient animal model for the study of FMD virus was established by Waldmann and Pape, using guinea-pigs, and with the later development of in vitro cell culture systems for the virus, the chemical and physical properties of FMD virus were elucidated during the remainder of the twentieth century, culminating in 1989 with a complete description of the three-dimensional structure of the virion. FMD virus is classified as a species in the Aphthovirus genus of the family Picornaviridae. The virus is acid labile, and the genome RNA contains a characteristic tract of polyC located about 360 nucleotides from the 5' terminus. Seven main serotypes exist throughout the world, as well as numerous subtypes. The World Reference Laboratory for FMD is located at Pirbright, Surrey, UK and undertakes surveillance of FMD epidemics by serotyping as well as by genotyping isolates of the virus. A major epidemic of FMD occurred in the UK in 2001 and was caused by a virulent strain of FMD virus with origins in Asia. The advantages and some disadvantages of controlling FMD outbreaks by vaccination are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Impairment of thymus-dependent responses by murine dendritic cells infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a cytopathic virus that experimentally infects mice, inducing a thymus-independent neutralizing Ab response that rapidly clears the virus. In contrast, vaccination with UV-inactivated virus induces a typical thymus-dependent (TD) response. In this study we show that dendritic cells (DCs) are susceptible to infection with FMDV in vitro, although viral replication is abortive. Infected DCs down-regulate the expression of MHC class II and CD40 molecules and up-regulate the expression of CD11b. In addition, infected DCs exhibit morphological and functional changes toward a macrophage-like phenotype. FMDV-infected DCs fail to stimulate T cell proliferation in vitro and to boost an Ab response in vivo. Moreover, infection of DCs in vitro induces the secretion of IFN-gamma and the suppressive cytokine IL-10 in cocultures of DCs and splenocytes. High quantities of these cytokines are also detected in the spleens of FMDV-infected mice, but not in the spleens of vaccinated mice. The peak secretion of IFN-gamma and IL-10 is concurrent with the suppression of Con A-mediated proliferation of T cells obtained from the spleens of infected mice. Furthermore, the secretion of these cytokines correlates with the suppression of the response to OVA, a typical TD Ag. Thus, infection of DCs with FMDV induces suppression of TD responses without affecting the induction of a protective thymus-independent response. Later, T cell responses are restored, setting the stage for the development of a long-lasting protective immunity.

Animals↗