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PubMedDate not supplied

Interaction of flooding and salinity stress on baldcypress (Taxodium distichum).

Coastal wetlands of the southeastern United States are threatened by increases in flooding and salinity as a result of both natural processes and man-induced hydrologic alterations. Furthermore, global climate change scenarios suggest that, as a consequence of rising sea levels, much larger areas of coastal wetlands may be affected by flooding and salinity in the next 50 to 100 years. In this paper, we review studies designed to improve our ability to predict and ameliorate the impacts of increased flooding and salinity stress on baldcypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.), which is a dominant species of many coastal forested wetlands. Specifically, we review studies on species-level responses to flooding and salinity stress, alone and in combination, we summarize two studies on intraspecific variation in response to flooding and salinity stress, we analyze the physiological mechanisms thought to be responsible for the interaction between flooding and salinity stress, and we discuss the implications for coastal wetland loss and the prospects for developing salt-tolerant lines of baldcypress.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1987

Comparison of the responses to flooding of seedlings and cuttings of Gmelina.

The effects of flooding on Gmelina arborea Roxb. seedlings and cuttings of the same parent stock were compared to determine their suitability as transplanting stock. Flooding caused reductions in stomatal conductance, xylem pressure potential and dry matter accumulation in both groups of plants. In seedlings, flooding induced formation of hypertrophied lenticels, stem hypertrophy and production of short, thick, adventitious roots in seedlings, whereas in cuttings, only thin roots and numerous smaller lenticels were induced. For 8 days after the flooding treatment ended, the flooded seedlings grew faster than control seedlings, whereas in cuttings, post-flooding growth was similar to that of control plants. It is suggested that seedlings may perform better than cuttings in very wet or saturated soil.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2002

Progress in and prospects for fluvial flood modelling.

Recent floods in the UK have raised public and political awareness of flood risk. There is an increasing recognition that flood management and land-use planning are linked, and that decision-support modelling tools are required to address issues of climate and land-use change for integrated catchment management. In this paper, the scientific context for fluvial flood modelling is discussed, current modelling capability is considered and research challenges are identified. Priorities include (i) appropriate representation of spatial precipitation, including scenarios of climate change; (ii) development of a national capability for continuous hydrological simulation of ungauged catchments; (iii) improved scientific understanding of impacts of agricultural land-use and land-management change, and the development of new modelling approaches to represent those impacts; (iv) improved representation of urban flooding, at both local and catchment scale; (v) appropriate parametrizations for hydraulic simulation of in-channel and flood-plain flows, assimilating available ground observations and remotely sensed data; and (vi) a flexible decision-support modelling framework, incorporating developments in computing, data availability, data assimilation and uncertainty analysis.

Climate↗

PubMed1986

Short-Term Flooding Effects on Gas Exchange and Quantum Yield of Rabbiteye Blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade).

Roots of 1.5-year-old ;Woodard' rabbiteye blueberry plants (Vaccinium ashei Reade) were flooded in containers or maintained at container capacity over a 5-day period. Carbon assimilation, and stomatal and residual conductances were monitored on one fully expanded shoot/plant using an open flow gas analysis system. Quantum yield was calculated from light response curves. Carbon assimilation and quantum yield of flooded plants decreased to 64 and 41% of control values, respectively, after 1 day of flooding and continued decreasing to 38 and 27% after 4 days. Stomatal and residual conductances to CO(2) also decreased after 1 day of flooding compared with those of unflooded plants with residual conductance severely limiting carbon assimilation after 4 days of flooding. Stomatal opening occurred in 75 to 90 minutes and rate of opening was unaffected by flooding.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2003

Floods and climate change: interactions and impacts.

Whether the floods experienced during the last decade in Germany and in other European countries are triggered or worsened by human activities has been the subject of a great deal of debate. Possible anthropogenic activities leading to increased flood risk include river regulation measures, intensified land use and forestry, and emissions of greenhouse gases causing a change in the global climate. This article discusses the latter by reviewing the existing knowledge on the subject. First, the relevance, capabilities, and limitations of climate models for the simulation and analysis of flood risk under aspects of the anthropogenic climate change are described. Special consideration is given here to differences between the "typical" spatial scale of climate models and hydrological flood models. Second, observations of trends in climate variables relevant for river flooding issues are summarized. Special emphasis is put on the Rhine and other German catchment areas. Third, the possibilities of modeling the different parts of the "cascade of flood risk" are summarized, introducing the special features of meteorological, hydrological, and river hydraulic models.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1996

Structural vs non-structural flood-alleviation measures in the Yangtze Delta: a pilot survey of floodplain residents' preferences.

This study was initiated to test if structural flood-alleviation measures were more popular than non-structural measures among the floodplain residents of the Yangtze Delta, because of the long tradition of "living with embankments and other flood control structures'. The results of a pilot questionnaire survey among 239 respondents from four sample villages of two typical floodplains of the delta indicated that, contrary to expectations, the non-structural measure of flood insurance attracted more favourable responses (97 per cent) than any one of the structural measures, although the latter were also frequently selected by the respondents (64-92 per cent). A number of multivariate logit regressions between each of the preferred flood-alleviation measures and the respondents' flood adaptations identified some of the determinants of these preferences. For a more complete explanation of the causes of popularity of various flood-alleviation measures, further research should incorporate a behavioural model with trade-offs for alternative measures.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Flooding with L-[1-13C]leucine stimulates human muscle protein incorporation of continuously infused L-[1-13C]valine.

To investigate why flooding methods give higher rates than constant-infusion methods for muscle protein synthesis, we studied seven healthy postabsorptive male volunteers (20-42 yr; 67-74 kg) during a 7.5-h primed constant infusion of L-[1-13C]valine (99 atoms %, 1.5 mg/kg prime, 1.5 mg.kg-1.h-1); at 6.5 h they were given a flood of L-[1-13C]leucine (20 atoms %, 0.05 g/kg). Musculus tibialis anterior biopsies were taken at 0.5, 6, and 7.5 h, and blood was sampled as appropriate. The enrichment of valine and leucine in muscle protein (isotope ratio mass spectrometry of protein amino acid-derived 13CO2) was compared with the average enrichment of various amino acid pools (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). During infusion of [13C] valine the rate of muscle protein synthesis measured using alpha-ketoisovalerate (alpha-KIV) as precursor surrogate was 0.043 +/- 0.002%/h (SE). After flooding with leucine, the incorporation rate of [13C]valine increased by 70% (P less than 0.05), i.e., apparent muscle protein synthetic rate (based on alpha-[13C]KIV) increased to 0.065 +/- 0.009%/h (P less than 0.05); the rate calculated from the [13C]leucine flood was 0.060 +/- 0.005%/h (P less than 0.01). The synthetic rates calculated using the constant-infusion method were higher after flooding, irrespective of the precursor chosen, raising serious concern about the validity of the flooding-dose method.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

The effect of a disastrous flood on the quality of life in Dongting lake area in China.

We carried out an epidemiological study to assess the impact of flood on the quality of life (QOL) of residents in the affected areas in China. We used a natural experiment approach, randomly selected 494 adults from 18 villages, which suffered from flooding as a result of embankments collapsing, 473 adults from 16 villages, which suffered from, soaked flood, and 773 adults from 11 villages without flood (control group). We used the Generic QOL Inventory-74 (GQOLI-74), social support scale, and questionnaires to assess the QOL of all study participants. The QOL was significantly poorer in soaked group (58.4) and (especially) in collapsed group (55.1) than in control group (59.5, p<0.001). Adjustment for potential confounding factors did not change the results. The impact of flood on QOL was stronger among farmers, seniors, persons with introvert personality, and residents with adverse life-events, whereas social support and extrovert personalities offset the negative impact of flood on QOL.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Airborne mold and endotoxin concentrations in New Orleans, Louisiana, after flooding, October through November 2005.

BACKGROUND: The hurricanes and flooding in New Orleans, Louisiana, in October and November 2005 resulted in damp conditions favorable to the dispersion of bioaerosols such as mold spores and endotoxin. OBJECTIVE: Our objective in this study was to assess potential human exposure to bioaerosols in New Orleans after the flooding of the city. METHODS: A team of investigators performed continuous airborne sampling for mold spores and endotoxin outdoors in flooded and nonflooded areas, and inside homes that had undergone various levels of remediation, for periods of 5-24 hr during the 2 months after the flooding. RESULTS: The estimated 24-hr mold concentrations ranged from 21,000 to 102,000 spores/m3 in outdoor air and from 11,000 to 645,000 spores/m3 in indoor air. The mean outdoor spore concentration in flooded areas was roughly double the concentration in nonflooded areas (66,167 vs. 33,179 spores/m3 ; p < 0.05) . The highest concentrations were inside homes. The most common mold species were from the genera of Cladosporium and Aspergillus/Penicillium ; Stachybotrys was detected in some indoor samples. The airborne endotoxin concentrations ranged from 0.6 to 8.3 EU (endotoxin units) /m3 but did not vary with flooded status or between indoor and outdoor environments. CONCLUSIONS: The high concentration of mold measured indoors and outdoors in the New Orleans area is likely to be a significant respiratory hazard that should be monitored over time. Workers and returning residents should use appropriate personal protective equipment and exposure mitigation techniques to prevent respiratory morbidity and long-term health effects.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗

PubMed2006

Monitoring of human enteric viruses and coliform bacteria in waters after urban flood in Jakarta, Indonesia.

Floodwaters in Kampung Melayu village, Jakarta, Indonesia, as well as river water and consumable water (including groundwater and tap water) samples in flooded and non-flooded areas, were quantitatively analysed to assess occurrence of viruses and total coliforms and E. coli as bacterial indicators after flooding event. High numbers of enterovirus, hepatitis A virus, norovirus (G1, G2) and adenovirus were detected at high concentration in floodwaters and waters sampled from Ciliwung River which runs across metropolitan Jakarta and is used widely for agriculture and domestic purposes by poor residents. One out of three groundwater wells in the flooded area was contaminated with all viruses tested while no viruses were found in groundwater samples in non-flooded areas and tap water samples. The results revealed that human enteric viruses, especially hepatitis A virus and adenovirus, were prevalent in Jakarta, Indonesia. This study suggested that flooding posed a higher risk of viral infection to the people through contamination of drinking water sources or direct contact with floodwaters.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed2000

[Risk factors for post traumatic stress symptoms five years after the 1992 flood in the Vaucluse (France)].

BACKGROUND: Natural disasters may induce post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a severe and longlasting psychopathology, in exposed populations. In France, several natural disasters occurred in the past, but epidemiological data on their psychological consequences are scarce. In September 1992, a flood affected 63 municipalities in the Vaucluse, South of France, and resulted in 38 deaths. An epidemiological study was carried out in 1997 to evaluate the potential association between the degree of exposure to the flood and PTSD symptoms as well as PTSD risk factors. METHODS: A telephone survey was carried out in Bédarrides (5000 inhabitants), one of the most affected municipalities. Subjects residing in Bédarrides and older than 18 years at the time of the disaster were included in the study. Symptoms of PTSD were assessed using a structured questionnaire based on DSM-IV criteria and a PTSD score was calculated. Individual exposure was retrospectively assessed by questionnaire. To take into account the exposure level, an indicator of cumulated exposure was established. Multiple regression analyses were performed to explain the PTSD score. RESULTS: Five hundred individuals were interviewed with a 79% response rate. A significantly higher PTSD score was observed for females, subjects older than 35 years, subjects with a monthly income lower than 9000 FF, subjects with a history of psychological disorders or life-threatening traumatic event. A significant exposure-effect relationship was observed between the level of exposure to the flood and the PTSD score which was multiplied by 3.4 in most severely exposed individuals. An increased PTSD score was also observed in subjects residing in the flooded area and in those who benefited from psychological care at the time of the flood. CONCLUSION: These results, compatible with published results, suggest a long term psychological impact of the 1992 flood on the Bédarrides population.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[PTSD as result of the 1997 flood--occurrence and display of distemper].

AIM: The occurrence and course of PTSD in the countryside environment as the result of flood in 1997 has been described. The research was experimented around four villages by Nysa Kłodzka river-basin; the area was affected by disaster unexpectedly and extremely hard. METHOD: 97 people have been tested as the straightforward witnesses of flood. They had never been treated by a psychiatrist before 1997 and they haven't experienced any other stressful event that might have been an independent reason of the occurrence PTSD. The extent of trauma, risk of shock and the length of time that those examined were in danger was identical. None of the studied had received psychological or psychiatric support after the disaster. The research was carried out by one investigator (psychiatrist) 60-63 months after the flood at the victims' houses (the psychiatrist's visit was preceded by the phone appointment). The research instrument--Composite International Diagnostic Interview CIDI: section A (referred to demographic dates) and section N (referred to PTSD). RESULTS: PTSD diagnosis was made in 30.9% of the examined group. The distempered people are mostly educated at the lowest level (49.9% with the ground education) or unemployed (39.2%). Older people were more susceptible to PTSD. PTSD diagnosis was made more often for men (39.5%) than for women (25.4), what is directly related to the lower education and a worse material status of the examined men. Full symptomatic PTSD, remaining up to 60-63 months after the flood, was confirmed in 15.5% of the studied group. CONCLUSION: The frequency and profile of PTSD occurrence (lower educated, older and the poor people) in the examined group is consistent with the other studies done. The fact that PTSD diagnosis was more frequent amongst men (39.5% vs. 25.4% in women) has been mentioned and explained above. No person in the group has confirmed the short (lasting only up to one month) term of persistence of the symptoms what is tantamount to no acute stress disorder right after the flood. It might be probably caused by the permanence of flood destruction and the prolonged exposure to the stress factor.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Flood-related mortality--Missouri, 1993.

Public health surveillance documented the impact of flood-related morbidity following the floods in the midwestern United States during the summer of 1993 (1,2). Because of extensive flooding of the Missouri and Mississippi rivers and their tributaries, the Missouri Department of Health (MDH) initiated surveillance to monitor flood-related mortality. This report summarizes epidemiologic information about deaths in Missouri that resulted from riverine flooding and flash flooding during the summer and fall of 1993.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2026

Watershed-scale risk assessment of cadmium contamination in Chinese cropland soils: Dual pathways of irrigation input and flood-driven transport.

Irrigation and flood events serve as critical pathways for the transport of cadmium (Cd) from industrial sources into cropland soils at the watershed scale, constituting a major driver of widespread Cd contamination in China's cropland soil. This study evaluated the risk of Cd contamination in cropland soils across China's nine major river basins at the watershed scale, focusing on the contributions of irrigation and flood events, and conducted a sensitivity analysis of key risk factors. The assessment was conducted within a framework that considered factors including hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. The results revealed that numerous watersheds in southeastern China are exposed to dual pressures of Cd contamination risks in cropland soils, driven by both irrigation practices and flood events. Watersheds categorized as High-High, High-Moderate, or Moderate-High risk, reflecting combined Cd contamination risks from irrigation and flood, are vital to China's grain production, contributing 67.1 % of the national cropland area and 66.4 % of the grain yield. The study suggests localized strategies for managing cropland soils Cd contamination risks from irrigation and flood at the watershed scale in China, alongside strengthened cross-regional collaboration in southeastern China.

Cadmium↗

PubMed1996

Seasonal Denitrification in Flooded and Exposed Sediments from the Amazon Floodplain at Lago Camaleao

Denitrification processes were measured by the acetylene-blockage technique under changing flood conditions along the aquatic/terrestrial transition zone on the Amazon floodplain at Lago Camaleao, near Manaus, Brazil. In flooded sediments, denitrification was recorded after the amendment with NO3- (100 μmol liter-1) throughout the whole study period from August 1992 to February 1993. It ranged from 192.3 to 640.7 μmol N m-2 h-1 in the 0- to 5-cm sediment layer. Without substrate amendment, denitrification was detected only during low water in November and December 1992, when it occurred at a rate of up to 12.2 μmol N m-2 h-1. Higher rates of denitrification at an average rate of 73.3 μmol N m-2 h-1 were measured in sediments from the shallow lake basin that were exposed to air at low water. N2O evolution was never detected in flooded sediments, but in exposed sediments, it was detected at an average rate of 28.3 μmol N m-2 h-1 during the low-water period. The results indicate that under natural conditions there is denitrification and hence a loss in nitrogen from the Amazon floodplain to the atmosphere. Rates of denitrification in flooded sediments were one to two orders of magnitude smaller than in temperate regions. However, the nitrogen removal of exposed sediments exceeded that of undisturbed wetland soils of temperate regions, indicating a considerable impact of the flood pulse on the gaseous turnover of nitrogen in the Amazon floodplain.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1994

Development and distribution of bovine trichostrongyle infective larvae on a pasture irrigated by flooding or by spraying.

To compare the ecological effects of irrigation of a pasture, by flooding or by spraying, on the gastro-intestinal parasites of calves, two contiguous plots, one flooded and the other sprayed, were grazed for 10 days by naturally infected animals. Faeces, grass and soil under pats were sampled for 17-20 weeks for larval counts. The experiment was performed once in the spring and once in the summer. In the spring the maximal development rates in sprayed and flooded plots were 7.8 and 12.6 stage 3 larvae (L3)/100 eggs, respectively, for Cooperia and 3.5 and 3.2 L3/100 eggs, respectively for Ostertagia. During the summer, development rates were less than 1%. The main differences were found in the vertical distribution of the larvae: spraying favoured migration on grass and flooding favoured migration in soil, this finding being similar for both genera. The spatial distribution, studied by dividing each plot into 18 subplots, was a little more regular on grass in the sprayed plot. We conclude that the infection risk for calves is lower in flooded pasture than in sprayed pasture.

Animal Husbandry↗

PubMed1999

Hemodynamics and gas exchange during experimental one-lung fluid flooding in pigs.

One-sided fluid flooding of the lung after intubation with a double-lumen tube facilitates pulmonary sonography during surgery. Arterial blood pressure, cardiac index, and heart rate remained unchanged during one-lung fluid flooding in healthy animals. The arterial PO(2) was greater by about 100 mmHg after flooding one lung with 15 ml/kg fluid and ventilation with a FiO(2) of 1.0 compared with total atelectasis. This seems to be identical to a continuos positive airway pressure level of 5 cm H(2)O with pure oxygen on the nonventilated lung. The one-sided fluid flooding induced a statistically significant increase in pulmonary artery pressures and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. In comparison with total atelectasis, fluid flooding in tendency reduced the pulmonary right-left shunt and increased the arterial PO(2).

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Effects of flooding on lead and cadmium speciation in sediments from a drinking water reservoir.

Rímov water reservoir on the river Malse is the main source of drinking water for the town of Ceské Budejovice and for the majority of inhabitants in the South Bohemian region, Czech Republic. Changes in cadmium and lead contents in bottom sediments before and after an extensive flood on the river Malse in August, 2002 were therefore determined. A five-step sequential extraction procedure was used in order to obtain more detailed information about the influence of the flood on heavy metal retention. In order to determine the mobility of lead and cadmium, the mobility factor (MF) for these heavy metals was calculated. The mobility factor of cadmium showed a significant decrease in the upper parts of the sediment profiles after the flood (e.g., from 59.4% to 49.1%) caused by a release of cadmium especially from the exchangeable fraction. There were no significant changes in the lead mobility factor after the flood, but a decrease of lead concentration in the exchangeable fraction was observed. Presented results show that the flood led to a leaching of the heavy metals present in bottom sediments into the environment.

Cadmium↗