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PubMed2006

Principles and practical procedures for acute psychological first aid training for personnel without mental health experience.

Most authorities agree that mass disasters leave in their wake a need for some form of acute mental health services. However, a review of current literature on crisis intervention and disaster mental health reveals differing points of view on the methods that should be employed (Raphael, 1986; NIMH, 2002). Nevertheless, there appears to be virtual universal endorsement, by relevant authorities, of the value of acute "psychological first aid" (American Psychiatric Association, 1954; USDHHS, 2004; Raphael, 1986; NIMH, 2002; Institute of Medicine, 2003; WHO, 2003; DoD/VAPTSD, 2004; Ritchie, et al., 2004; Friedman, Hamblin, Foa, & Charney, 2004). Psychological first aid (PFA), as an acute mental health intervention, seems uniquely applicable to public health settings, the workplace, the military, mass disaster venues, and even the demands of more well circumscribed critical incidents, e.g., dealing with the psychological aftermath of accidents, robberies, suicide, homicide, or community violence. In this document, we shall introduce the notion of psychological first aid (PFA) as one aspect of a psychological continuum of care, offer a rudimentary definition of PFA, and provide the reader with a practicalframework for its implementation utilizing the individual psychological first aid (iPFA)format. The goal of this paper is to better prepare public health, public safety, and other disaster response personnel who do not possess formal clinical mental health degrees or specialized training to provide iPFA services to primary and secondary disaster victims.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2003

[Use of lavage fluid containing diphoterine for irrigation of eyes in first aid emergency treatment].

PURPOSE: Eye irrigation is a widely accepted therapeutic must in first aid treatment. The burning agent is removed, diluted, and if possible neutralized. Usually water, NaCl 0.9%, Ringer's lactate or phosphate buffer are the most accepted rinsing solutions. We present a relatively new substance called Previn (Diphoterine in countries other than Germany). It is a hypertonic, polyvalent, and amphoteric substance. Its binding energy for acids, bases, reducers, and oxidation is stronger than the binding energy of biological compounds for these burning agents. Concerning its compatibility with the eye and its efficacy, we compare Previn to the rinsing solutions in general use. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The first experiment (I) shows the effects of ocular rinsing with 500 ml Previn in ten healthy human subjects compared with phosphate buffer rinsing. Evaluation is done by slit lamp examination and confocal microscopy. An experimental study (II) compares in vitro buffering capacity (a) of Previn to other rinsing solutions and shows (b) in vivo efficacy of rinsing with Previn versus other rinsing solutions by pH measurements on the corneal surface and anterior chamber of rabbits after a 30-s burn with 1 N sodium hydroxide. RESULTS: (I) No harmful effect of irrigation with Previn could be found. Its compatibility with the eye is comparable to phosphate buffer rinsing. (II a) Buffering capacity was found to be stronger for Previn in acids and bases compared to phosphate buffer or Ringer's lactate. (II b) The in vivo study on rabbits proved Previn effect onaqueous pH comparable to phosphate buffer in buffering 1 N NaOH, whereas NaCl showed no buffering effect at all. CONCLUSION: The above studies have shown that Previn (Diphoterine) is comparable to other rinsing solutions concerning its compatibility with the human eye. Its buffering capacity is comparable to phosphate buffer. Previn and phosphate buffer should only be used in first aid treatment and not for continued rinsing therapy.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

First aid treatment of burns.

A burn refers to the damage caused to the skin, and sometimes deeper structures, by heat (flame, scald, contact, electricity), chemical agents or radiation. Methods of first-aid treatment of burns are varied, imprecise and sometimes harmful. This article deals with the major principles involved in first-aid, which when implemented will limit the damage created by the burn. The medical profession must be aware of what can be achieved and the necessary steps in the initial treatment of the burn. The profession is called upon to offer first-aid, to give advice and to lecture on accidents in our community, so it is necessary to have a clear plan of treatment.

Analgesics↗
PubMed1994

Administration of first-aid and prevention of injuries in Kenyan soccer.

Appropriate scientific training demands the cooperation of the coach, player, doctor and physiotherapist. The training process involves the medical examination before a competitive season, the diagnosis and treatment of injuries when they occur, the prevention of injuries and the rehabilitation of the injured back into competitive play. It is in these respects that a coach requires the services of a doctor and/or a physiotherapist on the technical bench. This study therefore attempted to establish whether the soccer coaches were benefiting from the professional support of the doctors. The study sought the views of the Kenyan soccer coaches on the administration of first-aid and the preventive measures against injuries. Specifically, the study attempted to find out whether the Kenyan soccer clubs employed team doctors, whether the coaches had adequate knowledge in first-aid, the injury prevention measures that the coaches enforced, etc. A questionnaire was administered to 42 individual soccer coaches who were attending an advanced Confederation Africaine de Football (CAF) coaching course in Nairobi. Thirty-three (78.57%) were used in the study. The participants were drawn from all the provinces of Kenya except North Eastern. The findings were that 13 (39.4%) of the clubs represented did not have a qualified medical attendant; that in the absence of a team doctor, it is the coach who mostly administered first-aid (42.4%); that out of all the coaches only 15 (45.5%) were well versed in first-aid procedures, among others.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1996

Practical application of a first-aid treatment for burns and scalds.

This study examined the use of a first-aid treatment for burns and scalds sustained at The Fire Service College in Gloucestershire. One hundred and eight treatments were carried out. Questionnaires and assessments were completed for each patient and used to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment. The results suggest that the product used is a practical and effective first-aid treatment for burns.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2003

Feasibility of life-supporting first-aid (LSFA) training as a mandatory subject in primary schools.

BACKGROUND: Life-supporting first-aid (LFSA) training in primary schools might prove a useful means of increasing cardiac arrest survival rates. We thus studied the feasibility of introducing first-aid training to 6-7-year old primary school children. METHODS AND RESULTS: During 1 week medical students and emergency physicians provided LSFA training to 47 first- and second-year pupils, including semi-automatic defibrillation. A course assessment was made using cartoon-style questionnaires for the pupils, video tapes of the training and telephone interviews with the children's parents. Prior to training, only eight pupils (17%) were able to place in the correct sequence a series of pictures illustrating the various stages of the procedure of semi-automatic defibrillation. After training that figure rose to 24 (51%). Using a semi-automatic defibrillator, excellent performances were recorded by video camera in eight pupils. Post-training telephone interviews were conducted with 34 parents (79%), 28 (82%) of whom now considered their children capable of reacting properly in an emergency situation. The children had been given stickers displaying the European Emergency Call Number 112 together with a set of brochures. In 25 cases (74%), the children applied the stickers to their parents phones at home. CONCLUSIONS: LSFA training is a feasible proposition for 6-7-year olds who might well be in a position to save the lives of cardiac-arrest victims. Future training sessions should determine the impact of repeat courses and the findings should be used to convince politicians and administrators of the need of LSFA training as a mandatory subject in schools.

Austria↗
PubMed1987

Effects of assertion training and first aid instruction on children's autonomy and self-care agency.

Strategies for promoting autonomy and a self-care agency in children were investigated in this study. Ninety-two fifth grade students were randomly assigned to one of four learning groups: assertion training; first aid instruction; assertion/first aid; and control. Results showed mixed support for autonomy being higher where either or both assertion training and first aid instruction had occurred, and support for self-care agency being higher where first aid instruction had occurred.

Assertiveness↗
PubMed1995

[Education of the medical student in first aid, emergency and disaster medicine--the Graz model].

In Austria emergency and disaster medicine is a young interdisciplinary subject. It is only a borderline discipline encompassing different medical subjects and was subdivided into emergency medicine for medical doctors only and first-aid for lay people and emergency technicians. In fact, since emergency medicine without first-aid can't be successful, the Department of Anaesthesiology at the University of Graz let all students of the medical faculty have a comprehensive education in the treatment of injured of acutely ill patients. According to the three steps of the study lectures and practices, all parts of first-aid, emergency and disaster medicine were offered. In spite of the short time since this has been running, we found a good acceptance and we hope to increase the interest evinced by medical students in our training programme.

Austria↗
PubMed1993

Assessment of physical education faculty students' knowledge about first aid.

The Physical Education Faculty students are highly exposed to different types of accidents, mainly fracture, sprains, strain, cramp, bleeding and wounds. The present study revealed that more than half of the students had correct knowledge about first aid of three injuries only out of eight namely fracture, cramp and bleeding. Lack of knowledge noted regarding cut wound, penetrating wound, falling, sprains and epistaxis. It is recommended that first aid course should be taught by specialized medical personal and the course content should include theoretical knowledge plus clinical practice of first aid in correct ways.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed1998

Industrial burns in Jamshedpur, India: epidemiology, prevention and first aid.

Industrial burn injuries result in significant morbidity, infrequent mortality and man-hour loss, leading to loss of productivity. With a view to study the epidemiology of industrial burns in Jamshedpur and first aid awareness, we analysed 815 patients (142 inpatients and 673 outpatients) with industrial burns seen by us during the period from January 1993 to December 1996. 69% of these injuries were caused by contact with hot objects, while the rest were caused by flame, electrical and chemical agents. Our audio-visual awareness promotion programme for burns safety and first aid awareness amongst our officers and employees at various levels, has been successful in reducing the incidence of burns. The campaign has also popularised the use of cool water as the best first aid measure.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Prehospital care of victims of traffic accidents (First Aid Medical Service of the Highway Development Corp.)].

The University of São Paulo School of Medicine was the pioneer in the emergency attendance of traffic accident victims first at the Santa Casa de Misericordia Emergency Ward and later at the Emergency Ward of the Hospital das Clínicas. The University of São Paulo School of Medicine has also inaugurated the pre-hospital medical management of traffic accident victims through the DERSA First Aid Medical Service that operates permanent ambulance units staffed with a driver and a first aid medical technician working in 8 hours shifts, located at every 30 to 40 km on highways under DERSA jurisdiction. Once this mobile unit is summoned it takes an average of 3 to 8 minutes to reach the accident site where the first aid medical technician gives the initial medical assistance, being the victim thereafter removed to a hospital facility in about 6 to 14 minutes. An analysis of the evolution during the hospitalization of traffic accident victims showed that 86.3% of the patients were discharged after the initial attendance and 13.7% remained hospitalized. In the next section the authors present the "working philosohy" and report on the facilities available for assistance of politraumatized patients on the higways under DERSA jurisdiction (Anchieta-Imigrantes; Anhanguera-Bandeirantes and Trabalhadores Systems) within São Paulo state.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2004

Mental health first aid training in a workplace setting: a randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN13249129].

BACKGROUND: The Mental Health First Aid training course was favorably evaluated in an uncontrolled trial in 2002 showing improvements in participants' mental health literacy, including knowledge, stigmatizing attitudes, confidence and help provided to others. This article reports the first randomized controlled trial of this course. METHODS: Data are reported on 301 participants randomized to either participate immediately in a course or to be wait-listed for 5 months before undertaking the training. The participants were employees in two large government departments in Canberra, Australia, where the courses were conducted during participants' work time. Data were analyzed according to an intention-to-treat approach. RESULTS: The trial found a number of benefits from this training course, including greater confidence in providing help to others, greater likelihood of advising people to seek professional help, improved concordance with health professionals about treatments, and decreased stigmatizing attitudes. An additional unexpected but exciting finding was an improvement in the mental health of the participants themselves. CONCLUSIONS: The Mental Health First Aid training has shown itself to be not only an effective way to improve participants' mental health literacy but also to improve their own mental health. It is a course that has high applicability across the community.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

First aid treatment of jellyfish stings in Australia. Response to a newly differentiated species.

Vinegar has been shown to inhibit neomatocyst discharge in Chironex fleckeri, the deadly north Australian box-jellyfish, and application of vinegar has become accepted first aid, not only for box-jellyfish stings, but also for stings by other Australian jellyfish. However, in a newly differentiated species of Physalia in Australian waters, which causes severe envenomation, vinegar was found to cause discharge in up to 30% of neomatocysts. In treating these stings, the use of vinegar is not recommended as it may increase envenomation. Stings from the single-tentacled Physalia utriculus (the "bluebottle") are not severe, tentacles with unfired nematocysts rarely adhere to the victim's skin and vinegar dousing is not required. Vinegar treatment is therefore an unnecessary step in the first aid management of any Physalia sting but remains an essential first aid treatment for all cubozoan (box) jellyfish tested to date.

Acetates↗
PubMed1999

[Surgical care for the wounded in an armed conflict: the organization and support of first aid, prehospital and initial medical care (1)].

The article is devoted to surgical care organization to the battle casualties in Northern Caucasus, analysis of size and structure of "sanitary losses" (wounded in actions), questions of rendering first aid, battalion medical specialist aid and initial physician care. Gunshot wounds prevailed (64.1%) in the structure of battle surgical casualties. The blunt traumas and non-gunshot injuries have made of 33.2%, burns--4.1%, frost-bites--1.3%. The efficiency of medical care in this armed conflict is investigated on the own experience and retrospective analysis of graduated care to the 1030 casualties. Significance of duly rendering of the first aid to battle casualties is shown: the morality in this group had made 1.3%. Among wounded, which the first aid did not appear, the morality was of 7.0%.

First Aid↗
PubMed1980

Local inactivation of funnel-web spider (Atrax robustus) venom by first-aid measures: potentially lifesaving part of treatment.

Venom of the male Sydney funnel-web spider was injected subcutaneously into the limbs of monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), and the central movement of venom was delayed by first-aid treatment. This treatment consisted of the application of firm pressure over the site of injection and immobilization of the limb. It was found that quantities of venom as high as 2 mg were inactivated when the first-aid procedures were maintained for 24 hours. Over a six-hour period, 0.5 mg of venom could be inactivated. Since the amount of venom injected by the spider into a human victim is unlikely to exceed 0.2 mg, these findings have immediate application both to the first aid and to actual medical management of human victims.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[It is not always necessary to establish a "first aid station" at mass gatherings. Cutty Sark Tallships Race 1993].

Previous studies from outdoor music festivals have recommended medical service facilities at first-aid stations. The Cutty Sark Tallships Race was a large outdoor event that took place over four days in Esbjerg harbour with about 500,000 participants and spectators. A total of 68 patients were treated, 28 in the first-aid station at the harbour and 40 at the nearby located hospital. The disease and injuries presented were not severe. The orthopaedic casualties dominated (82%), wounds, contusions and fractures being the most common ones. Only seven casualties were related to alcohol abuse. No casualties were related to drug abuse. The economic expense was estimated to DKK 14,676. Thus, at outdoor mass gatherings of a nature like the Cutty Sark Tallships Race, located near a hospital, first-aid stations are not necessary.

Denmark↗
PubMed2000

Ink used as first aid treatment of a scald.

We report here a case of a childhood scald injury where immediate first aid consisted of the application of fountain pen ink. Continuing education is required to inform parents of the use of cold water in the immediate first aid treatment of scalds.

Burns↗