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PubMed1996

Population growth in the 21st century: cause for crisis or celebration?

Between now and the end of the next century, the population of the planet is projected to grow from 5.7 billion to somewhere between 9 and 16 billion. In the next 25 years, continued rapid growth is inescapable because of the youthful age structures of many countries. Beyond that point much depends on fertility trends in the coming decades. Continued population growth does not make inevitable any global catastrophe but it will exacerbate greatly problems of underemployment. The prognosis for further fertility declines is good, because the communications revolution is hastening the spread of new ideas and political attitudes are becoming favourable.

Developed Countries↗
PubMed1976

The psychological effects of vasectomy for American men.

Evidence concerning the psychological effects of vasectomy for American men was reviewed. Surveys of postoperative sexual behavior, satisfaction, and/or happiness suggest that the effects of vasectomy are generally positive. Data from studies employing clinical interviews and/or psychological tests, however, support a very different conclusion. These investigations which are generally superior in methodology and measurement techniques to the survey studies indicate that (a) although men in general verbally express satisfaction with vasectomy, many men are probably describing feelings which have been distorted as part of an attempt to cope with their private concerns about the consequences of the operation; and (b) many men experience some difficulty in adjusting to the psychological consequences of vasectomy. Implications for future research are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1984

Man's man/ladies' man: motifs of hypermasculinity.

Hypermasculine character styles are commonly encountered in clinical practice, popular media imagery and, indeed, in everyday life. Such "hypermasculinity" is readily recognized as an exaggeration and distortion of traditionally masculine traits, and has been studied by Adler (1923), Freud (1937), Reich (1949), Ovesey (1969), and Stoller and Herdt (1982), among others. In this article, I will review those contributions and identify and elucidate two modal forms of hypermasculinity: the Man's Man and the Ladies' Man. I will argue that these two patterns constitute recognizable forms of character pathology with their own understandable developmental paradigms, intrapsychic conflicts and object ties. A developmentally based model for the evolution of hypermasculinity will be proposed, and the implications of these concepts explored.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Truth and consequences in sex and marital therapy: the revelation of secrets in the therapeutic setting.

This paper describes the development by the author and his colleagues of a policy of full revelation of secrets between spouses as a prerequisite to offering sex and marital therapy. This stand is controversial, for it directly contradicts the advice and practice of many sex and marital therapists. The exploration of this therapeutic position by therapists who are firmly convinced of the need for sexual and emotional commitment, but who will not themselves betray confidences, has offered crucial new opportunities to couples. For example, many couples have been able to confront the self-serving aspects of the wish to "protect" the other partner from knowledge that would in reality subject both partners to risk and a sense of vulnerability. Remarkably, there has not been one casually in the series of more than 30 cases. Marital and sexual case illustrations, alternate methods of handling such secrets, and a discussion of the course of subsequent treatment are considered.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Coping with homosexual expression within heterosexual marriages: five case studies.

The general consensus of previous studies dealing with heterosexually married homosexuals is that the outcome is a rather poor and unhappy marriage, or divorce. The subjects in previous studies, for the most part, had not disclosed their sexual orientation to their marriage partner or were divorced at the time of the study. Presented are five case studies of heterosexual marriages where disclosure to the spouse is evident. Examined are the coping mechanisms involved when such marriages do not end in divorce. A three-phase heuristic model is offered for understanding and aiding individuals in such marriages.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1978

Extramarital sexuality: implications for marital therapists.

Although large numbers of clients approach marital therapists with concerns about extramarital behavior (ES), little has been written specifically about the implications of ES for practitioners. This paper uses a script theory framework to suggest why there are important attitude-behavior discrepancies concerning ES and how these differences may affect therapy. The authors also examine research findings concerning ES which do not support some widely held beliefs. This discussion includes a list of seven factors which therapist may utilize to differentiate diverse ES experiences and help couples clarify their values and intentions. Several case examples illustrate this process. Attention is also paid to the therapist's own values about ES and how they may affect therapy. ES emerges as a very complex phenomenon which requires a high degree of knowledge, sensitivity, and recognition of individual differences on the part of therapists.

Attitude↗
PubMed1985

Extramarital sex: impact on depression and commitment in couples seeking marital therapy.

The effects of extramarital sex on depression and commitment were examined in couples seeking marital therapy. One hundred and twenty couples completed a standard assessment battery which assessed level of depression, level of commitment and demographic variables. Couples presenting extramarital sex as an issue reported higher rates of depression and lower levels of commitment to their marriages. In fact, all couples presenting extramarital sex indicated either lowered commitment, elevated depression, or both. Interestingly, it was the spouse engaging in extramarital sex who was most likely to show higher levels of depression and/or lower levels of commitment than other same sex spouses presenting for marital therapy. The need for individual sessions with the spouse engaging in extramarital sex as a preliminary step in marital therapy is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Dating relationships and infidelity: attitudes and behaviors.

This study of 197 college student participants found that marital infidelity is significantly more unacceptable than dating infidelity. Men tended to be more lenient in their ratings of infidelity than women. Self-esteem scores were significantly higher for individuals who did not become involved in dating infidelity than for participants who did. However, self-esteem was not found to be a significant factor in whether a person remained in a current relationship in which the partner had been unfaithful.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Romantic jealousy and affairs: research and implications for couple therapy.

Romantic jealousy is often experienced after a situation is interpreted as threatening to one's intimate relationship and can involve elements of other emotions such as anger, fear, and sadness. An individual experiencing jealousy may engage in a number of behaviors and thought processes aimed at reducing jealousy or keeping the relationship intact. However, these cognitions and behaviors may not achieve either of these goals and may escalate problems in the relationship. We review the theoretical and empirical jealousy literature and integrate the research findings with existing models of couple therapy. Assessment and treatment guidelines are offered on the basis of theory, research, and clinical practice. Future research directions are also discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Extramarital sexual affairs.

In this essay, sexual acting out is subdivided into four forms in order to better define their separate meanings to the unfaithful spouse, the partner, and the therapist: affairs, just-sex, making-do sex, imaginary partner sex. The conventional justifications for considering any sexual acting out a form of psychopathology are presented. These justifications are more compelling in some forms of acting out than others. Love affairs, the major subject of this paper, can also be understood as an existential choice that arises within a large array of social and psychological situations. The conscious experience of the betrayed and betrayer is explored. Guidelines for the therapist's role in dealing with individuals and couples involved in these lifechanging experiences are offered.

Extramarital Relations↗
PubMed1994

Attitudes to sex and sexual behaviour in rural Matabeleland, Zimbabwe.

Though HIV prevention campaigns in Zimbabwe have increased public awareness of HIV, they have not meaningfully changed sexual behaviour. Possibly these campaigns are based on wrong assumptions about sexual behaviour. By means of 111 structured interviews with hospital patients, secondary school students and teachers, and 11 focus group discussions with traditional healers, midwives, village community workers, secondary school students and teachers, and commercial sex workers in a rural district of Matabeleland in Zimbabwe, this low-budget study explores attitudes towards sex and sexual behaviour in order to define more appropriate health education messages. Results indicate that traditional sex education no longer takes place and that communication between sexual partners is limited. The almost ubiquitous expectation of women to get rewards for sex outside marriage motivates mostly single women out of economic necessity to meet the male demand for sexual partners, which is created by large scale migrant labour and men's professed 'biological' need for multiple partners. Types of sexual behaviour other than penetrative vaginal sex are uncommon and considered deviant. Safe sex messages from the West therefore are inappropriate in the Zimbabwean context. Recommendations are given to restore traditional communication about sexual matters across generations and to urge sexual partners to discuss sex. Women who, for economic reasons, engage in casual sex should at least learn to negotiate the use of condoms. Men seriously need to reconsider their attitudes to sex and sexual practices in view of the high HIV sero-prevalence. Faithfulness, rather than multiple sexual contacts, should become a reason to boast.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The marriage squeeze and the rise in informal marriage in Brazil.

Around the world, populations have experienced shortages of one sex or the other at marriageable ages, as a result of mortality declines. The solutions to this problem vary with the cultural context. Declines in the spousal age difference and increases in dowry payments (India) and polygamy (Africa) are two adjustments to a disequilibrium in the marriage market. We hypothesize that in Brazil the marriage market finds its balance by "recycling" men through highly unstable informal unions. Using census and 1984 survey data, we establish the relationship between a marriage squeeze and the increase in informal marriage. Census data and a competing-risks analysis of marriage choice provide evidence that a marriage squeeze has affected both the chances of marrying at all and the type of marriage entered.

Adolescent↗