SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

1,536 records · Page 8Linked to original sources

PubMed2026

Cochlear size variation in a large-scale international multicentre cohort.

AIM: This study aims to (1) review the literature on cochlear size, measured by the A-value, to assess reported variation across studies, and (2) consolidate cochlear parameters-specifically basal turn diameter (A-value) and width (B-value)-measured using the standardized DICOM viewer OTOPLAN®, and compare these with published data. METHODS: A scoping literature review was conducted using the search term "diameter of cochlear basal turn" to identify studies reporting A-value measurements. To complement this, cochlear measurements obtained with OTOPLAN® were collected from clinical collaborators across multiple international centres. The ratio of B- to A-values, which defines the cochlear basal turn shape, was calculated as previously described by Khurayzi et al. (2021). RESULTS: The literature review identified 38 studies comprising 5,206 A-value measurements (average: 9.08 mm; range: 8.01-10.03 mm). Additionally, 5,580 OTOPLAN® measurements were collected from 43 clinics across 25 countries (mean: 9.07 mm; range: 6.67-11.45 mm). Overall, 68.7% of cochleae exhibited an elliptical basal turn shape. CONCLUSION: Using a large, international multicentre dataset and a standardized measurement tool, this study demonstrates substantial variation in cochlear size and shape across clinical cohorts from different regions. The mean A-value (9.07 mm) is consistent with previously published literature, while the wider observed range highlights greater anatomical variability within a multicentre clinical population than previously reported. The majority of cochleae demonstrate an elliptical basal turn configuration.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Effect of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on survival in glioma patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RASIs) on the survival outcomes of glioma patients, determine whether using RASIs correlates with survival benefit, and provide evidence-based guidance for the clinical treatment. METHODS: Studies assessing the effects of using RASIs versus non-use in glioma patients were retrieved from the PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Embase databases from inception to April 17, 2024. The included studies reported hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for overall survival (OS) and/or progression-free survival (PFS), as well as the effect on brain edema and steroid dosing in patients. RESULTS: Seven articles involving 2660 patients were included in this study. Pooled results indicated there was no significant difference in OS (HR = 0.89, 95% CI 0.75-1.06, P = 0.204) or PFS (HR = 0.98, 95% CI 0.82-1.18, P = 0.847) between RASIs-treated patients and non-RASIs-treated patients. Sensitivity analysis identified the ACEIs-focused trial reported by Happold et al. as a major contributor to inter-study heterogeneity. Subgroup analyses revealed that in recurrent glioblastoma, pooled OS was significantly longer in RASIs-treated patients than non-RASIs-treated patients (HR = 0.70, 95% CI 0.54-0.92, P = 0.01). Similarly, compared with bevacizumab monotherapy, bevacizumab combined with RASIs significantly extended OS in glioblastoma patients (HR = 0.73, 95% CI 0.63-0.86, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The results revealed that treatment with RASIs may show a trend toward prolonged overall survival (OS) in patients with glioma. For patients with glioblastoma, RASI therapy could prolong OS in those with recurrent disease. Furthermore, compared with bevacizumab monotherapy, the combination of RASIs and bevacizumab was associated with improved OS in glioblastoma patients.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Role of External Vibratory Lithoclast (Lithecbole) in Improving Lower Pole Stone Clearance After Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL).

Background and Objective: Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is a widely used non-invasive treatment for renal stones. However, its effectiveness in clearing stones located in the lower pole of the kidney is often limited due to the anatomical challenges that impede the spontaneous passage of fragmented stones. This study evaluate the efficacy and safety of External Physical Vibration Lithecbole (EPVL) when used as an adjunctive therapy following ESWL in patients with lower pole renal stones, with a focus on improving stone clearance rates. Materials and Methods: This prospective interventional study was conducted at Al Yarmouk Teaching Hospital over two years and included 100 patients with 10-15 mm lower pole renal stones. Patients were randomized into two groups: The ESWL alone and ESWL plus EPVL. All patients received two ESWL sessions (3000 shocks/session). The treatment group additionally received EPVL therapy using a flank-applied vibration device. Follow-up was performed using ultrasound and KUB radiography. Statistical analysis was conducted using appropriate tests with significance set at p<0.05. Results: Baseline characteristics, including age, gender, weight, stone size and location, were statistically comparable between groups. The mean stone size was 12.4±1.7 mm. A significantly higher stone-free rate was observed in the ESWL+EPVL group compared to the ESWL-only group (66% vs. 48%, p = 0.027). Although the residual stone size showed a numerical difference favoring EPVL, it was not statistically significant (p = 0.11). Complication rates were low, mild and similar in both groups (p = 0.3). Logistic regression analysis revealed that smaller stone size (p<0.001) and lower patient weight (p = 0.030) were significantly associated with successful stone clearance. Subgroup analysis further confirmed that patients with stones <11 mm or a weight <70 kg had the highest stone-free rates. Conclusion: In this initial evaluation, EPVL demonstrated a safe and effective adjunct to ESWL in enhancing stone clearance for lower-pole renal stones. Its application was associated with improved treatment outcomes without increasing complication rates. Further studies with extended EPVL sessions and longer follow-up are warranted.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Ameliorating Effects and Autonomic Mechanisms of Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Abdominal Pain in Patients With Functional Dyspepsia and Irritable Bowel Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Patients with functional dyspepsia (FD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) often experience abdominal pain and reduced quality of life and need effective treatments. This exploratory study aimed to evaluate whether transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) could improve abdominal pain and quality of life in patients with FD and IBS, and whether the effects were mediated via the autonomic mechanisms. METHODS: A total of 64 patients with abdominal pain (43 FD and 21 IBS) with a pain score of 3 out of 10 or higher were randomized to receive 2 weeks of taVNS or sham-taVNS treatment. The primary outcome was numeric rating scale (NRS) for abdominal pain. The dyspeptic symptom scales (DSS), IBS symptom severity scale score (IBS-SSS), anxiety and depression scores, and the SF36 quality of life scale were assessed before and after the treatment. The electrocardiogram was also recorded for the assessment of autonomic function at baseline and after the treatment. KEY RESULTS: (1) taVNS reduced the abdominal pain score (p < 0.001 for both FD and IBS), the frequency of abdominal pain (p < 0.001 for both FD and IBS), and overall symptom scores in both FD patients and IBS patients (p < 0.001 for FD and IBS). There was no significant difference in the effect of taVNS on abdominal pain between FD and IBS patients. (2) taVNS improved quality of life compared with baseline in both FD and IBS patients. (3) taVNS decreased anxiety (p < 0.001) and depression (p < 0.001). (4) taVNS increased vagal activity. At the end of the taVNS treatment, the vagal activity was negatively correlated with the pain score (r = -0.491, p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Non-invasive taVNS improves abdominal pain, quality of life, and anxiety and depression in patients with FD and patients with IBS, possibly attributed to the enhancement of vagal activity. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR2400085697.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Paramedian supracerebellar transtentorial approach for Yaşargil T2 tentorial incisura meningiomas.

OBJECTIVE: Tentorial incisura meningiomas, particularly those arising from the middle incisural region (Yaşargil T2), are surgically challenging because of their deep location and compression of critical neurovascular structures. These lesions typically have supratentorial or infratentorial extension but can also extend across both compartments. Although approach selection is often guided by the dominant compartment of tumor extension, for lesions with supratentorial-dominant extension, the optimal approach remains controversial, and a standardized strategy has not been established. Authors of this study evaluated the feasibility and outcomes of the paramedian supracerebellar transtentorial (PST) approach for Yaşargil T2 tentorial incisura meningiomas with a supratentorial-dominant or combined extension. METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed data from consecutive patients with radiographic and intraoperative findings consistent with a Yaşargil T2 tentorial incisura lesion treated via the PST approach from September 2005 through December 2025. Patients were placed in a semisitting position whenever feasible and in a semilateral position when semisitting was contraindicated. Collected data included demographics, tumor extension patterns, extent of resection on postoperative MRI, neurological outcomes, histopathology, rate of recurrence, and follow-up. RESULTS: Six patients, 1 male and 5 female, with an overall mean age of 43 years, underwent resection via the PST approach. Four lesions had predominantly supratentorial extension, and 2 had combined supra- and infratentorial growth, with no cases of isolated infratentorial extension. Five patients had been placed in the semisitting position and 1 in a semilateral position because of a cardiac contraindication to the semisitting position. No new permanent neurological deficits were observed. Postoperative MRI showed Simpson grade I resection in all 6 patients. The mean follow-up was 8.6 years. Histopathological analysis revealed 3 WHO grade 1 meningiomas, 1 WHO grade 2 meningioma (clear cell), and 2 solitary fibrous tumors (meningioma mimics). These diagnoses were evaluated according to the 2021 WHO classification. CONCLUSIONS: In this consecutive series, the PST approach was a viable single-corridor strategy for Yaşargil T2 tentorial incisura lesions, including supratentorial-dominant tumors, achieving Simpson grade I resection with no permanent neurological deficits. By providing early devascularization at the tentorial attachment and a gravity-assisted, retractorless working corridor with favorable deep venous visualization, the PST approach challenges compartment dominance as the primary determinant of approach selection.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Continuous Ultrasound-guided Erector Spinae Plane Block Versus Thoracic Paravertebral Block for Postoperative Analgesia in Patients Undergoing Thoracotomy.

OBJECTIVES: To compare postoperative analgesia using continuous ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block (ESPB) versus thoracic paravertebral block (TPVB), with dynamic visual analog scale (VAS) during coughing as the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included static VAS (at rest), hemodynamic changes, side effects, total opioid consumption, time of first rescue analgesia, length of hospitalization, anesthesia recovery time, postanesthesia care unit stay, time to first ambulation, and patient satisfaction. METHODS: The study included 40 cases scheduled for elective thoracotomy admitted to the cardiothoracic surgery unit of Menoufia University Hospital. Patients were equally randomized into 2 groups, 20 patients each receiving either ultrasound-guided ESPB or TPVB (control group). Both groups received 20 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine as a loading dose followed by continuous infusion of 0.125% bupivacaine at 5 mL/h, with patient-controlled boluses of 20 mL on demand. RESULTS: Dynamic visual analogue pain scale scores were significantly lower in the ESPB group at 6, 9, 12, and 24 hours ( P =0.008, 0.035, 0.001, 0.006). Morphine consumption was significantly reduced in the ESPB group ( P < 0.001). Hypotension was more frequent in TPVB (40% vs. 10%, P =0.028). No significant differences were observed in hospital stay or patient satisfaction. DISCUSSION: The utilization of continuous ultrasound-guided ESPB demonstrated better postoperative visual analogue pain scale scores and a significant decrease in opioid consumption, with fewer side effects than TPVB.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Longitudinal whole-genome analysis of bluetongue virus identifies conserved serotype-specific genomes and distinct genomic constellations within a Colorado sheep flock (2021-2023).

Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a segmented double-stranded RNA virus of ruminants transmitted by Culicoides spp. biting midges. Although the genome consists of ten segments, classification into serotypes is primarily based on genome segment 2. However, reassortment among genomic segments is a major driver of BTV evolution and diversity. This study used longitudinal whole-genome sequencing to characterize BTV genomes collected from 2021 to 2023 within a single sheep flock in Colorado, where multiple serotypes co-circulate. Whole-genome sequences were generated from fourteen blood samples representing four serotypes: BTV-6, -11, -13, and -17. Longitudinal sampling identified multiple BTV serotypes within individual sheep across consecutive years. Tanglegram analysis comparing segment phylogenies to the segment 2 tree demonstrated incongruent topologies across all genomic segments, suggestive of reassortment or the circulation of distinct genomic constellations. Nucleotide-level comparisons revealed high sequence homology among same-serotype samples from the same year, while the greatest genetic divergence was observed among BTV-17 genomes collected in different years. Additionally, all BTV-13 genomes contained a previously undescribed nonsynonymous substitution in segment 10 predicted to extend the encoded protein by three amino acids. Together, these findings demonstrate that highly conserved BTV genomes and distinct genomic constellations can be detected at the flock level across multiple years. This longitudinal whole-genome approach reveals the genetic complexity of endemic BTV populations, including novel variants and genomic patterns consistent with reassortment that are lost with conventional serotyped-based approaches, highlighting the need to integrate whole-genome characterization into endemic BTV monitoring programs.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Transcriptomic responses of Porphyrophora sophorae larvae during licorice root colonization reveal coordinated remodeling of translation, mitochondrial energy metabolism and defense-related genes.

BACKGROUND: Porphyrophora sophorae is a subterranean piercing-sucking scale insect that damages licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) roots, but the molecular responses associated with larval root colonization remain insufficiently defined. METHODS: We compared non-parasitic larvae (NP) and root-colonizing larvae (RC) using six RNA-seq libraries, de novo transcriptome assembly, DESeq2-based differential expression analysis, GO/KEGG enrichment, annotation-based candidate gene screening, and RT-qPCR validation of selected genes. RESULTS: Sequencing yielded 260.91 million clean reads, and de novo assembly produced 60,794 non-redundant transcripts. DESeq2 identified 703 FDR-significant DEGs, including 49 upregulated and 654 downregulated genes in RC larvae. Upregulated genes were mainly associated with translation- and ribosome-related processes, whereas downregulated genes were enriched in mitochondrial, oxidation-reduction, energy metabolism, and oxidative phosphorylation-related functions. Annotation-based screening identified 75 FDR-significant candidate genes associated with chemosensation, defense-related responses, and energy metabolism, with mitochondrial energy metabolism-related genes forming the largest module. RT-qPCR validation based on the raw Ct data showed concordant expression directions for ten selected transcript targets. CONCLUSIONS: Root colonization in P. sophorae larvae was associated with coordinated transcriptional remodeling involving selective activation of translation-related processes, adjustment of mitochondrial energy metabolism, and changes in defense-related gene expression. These results provide candidate molecular targets for future functional studies of host contact, feeding establishment, and physiological adjustment in this subterranean scale insect.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Written vs. verbal sleep hygiene strategies administration in track and field athletes: a randomized controlled trial study.

BACKGROUND: Sleep hygiene strategies (SHS) are practical, evidence-informed recommendations to enhance both the quantity and quality of sleep in athletes. However, little is known about how these strategies could be communicated and implemented in practice. The primary objective of this study is to investigate how different methods of delivering SHS (written vs. verbal) affect sleep hygiene and sleep parameters in athletes. METHODS: The study was a three-arms randomized controlled trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT07083544) involving track and field athletes competing at the regional or national level (N.=66). Athletes were randomized to either a control group (CON=22), a written SHS group (W-SHS=22), or a verbal SHS group (V-SHS=22). Sleep characteristics were assessed by actigraphy and sleep diary during a ten-day baseline period (T0) and a ten-day intervention period (T1). Six objective sleep parameters and the Sleep Regularity Index were assessed. Participants also completed a training diary and the Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI). RESULTS: No statistical differences were found between and within groups in training and sleep parameters, but SHI scores improved significantly in the intervention groups between T0 and T1, with differences compared to the control group. A non-significant improvement in total sleep time was observed in the intervention groups, primarily due to earlier bedtimes. CONCLUSIONS: While significant differences in objective sleep measures were not observed, the trends suggest that both written and verbal SHS interventions can modestly improve sleep-related behaviors, particularly by encouraging earlier bedtimes and slightly extending total sleep duration.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Effectiveness of symptom map-based education in the management of premenstrual syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness of a symptom map-based educational intervention for the non-pharmacological management of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), with a focus on symptom reduction among women with differing baseline symptom severity. METHODS: This randomized controlled study was conducted between May and December 2024. A total of 110 women meeting diagnostic criteria for PMS were randomly assigned to an intervention group (n = 55) or a control group (n = 55) using block randomization, and 101 participants completed follow-up assessments. The intervention comprised structured education based on a PMS symptom map and evidence-based self-care strategies. Outcomes included PMS symptom severity (Premenstrual Syndrome Scale), pain intensity (Visual Analog Scale), psychological symptoms (Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21), and PMS-specific life satisfaction. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT06585475. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, women in the intervention group reported significantly lower pain (adjusted mean 4.21 vs. 6.81, p < .001) and stress levels (8.54 vs. 12.03, p < .001) at follow-up. The intervention was particularly effective in reducing PMS symptom severity and depressive symptoms among participants with higher baseline symptom burden. Improvements in PMS-specific life satisfaction were observed, with reductions in depressive symptoms contributing to this effect. CONCLUSION: A symptom map-based educational intervention is a clinically applicable, non-pharmacological approach for PMS management. This structured education appears especially beneficial for women with more severe baseline symptoms and may be integrated into routine gynecological care to support individualized symptom management.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Influence of built environment on occupational health of women workers in tea plantations of India: a systematic review.

The built environment, comprising homes, buildings, roads, public spaces, infrastructure, land use, civic design, and amenities, has a considerable influence on occupational health. In India's tea plantations, where women comprise majority of the workforce, the built environment plays a crucial role in determining occupational health. The aforementioned point can be explained by the co-occurrence of living and working conditions, which often coexist in tea plantations, further resulting in vulnerabilities to the health of women workers. Therefore, to understand the influence of built environment on the occupational health of women workers in tea plantations of India, the present paper employs a systematic review using the PRISMA 2020 framework. In the first search, 421 studies were identified, of which 21 studies met all the inclusion criteria. A quality appraisal and risk of bias of the included studies have been undertaken. The results identified that musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are the most prevalent occupational health consequence, affecting over 80 % of the women workers in Indian tea plantations, substantiated by a range of estimates in the studies reviewed. Gendered disparities in wage earning, self-autonomy, and dual responsibilities often lead to emotional distress, as delineated in minimal of the reviewed studies, grounded on self-disclosed or qualitative analysis. Further, deprived housing conditions and other facilities across the reviewed studies reflect institutional negligence. Therefore, by conducting a systematic synthesis of occupational health of women workers in the Indian tea plantation sector through the lens of the built environment, prior accounts have been extended. Addressing these issues is essential for safeguarding women workers, which will ensure the longevity of the Indian tea industry.

Female↗

PubMed2026

The global potential of freshwater microbes for plastic degradation.

Plastic pollution is becoming increasingly severe on a global scale, and the potential for biodegradation as a treatment method that is environmentally friendly merits greater attention. A significant number of genes that associated the degradation of plastic (PDAGs) have been identified, however, the distribution of these genes among microorganisms in global inland waters remains to be elucidated. A global-scale meta-analysis was conducted, incorporating approximately 1000 metagenome datasets of inland waters across seven continents. A total of 13,109 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) were obtained by means of metagenomics binning, and 22,621 PDAGs were identified from these. Among these recognized PDAGs, phenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase (PAD) was the most dominant (n = 16,664), followed by catalase (n = 5931). The predominant hosts for PAD and catalase were identified as Gamma-proteobacteria and Bacteroidia, respectively. The largest number of both PAD and catalase was found in MAGs from North America, while the average gene number in single MAG was highest in MAGs from Oceania. In accordance with the prediction of traits, PDAG-carrying MAGs from Europe demonstrated the fastest growth rate and the lowest optimal growth rate. Furthermore, 25 styrene monooxygenase (StyA) enzymes were identified, which were found to cluster into two distinct groups hosted by Alpha-proteobacteria and Gamma-proteobacteria, respectively. Moreover, 11 MAGs were observed to possess the complete pathway of polystyrene degradation. These results explored the potential of inland water microorganisms as a biological resource for plastic degradation and provided valuable microbial reference information that can be used to develop biological treatment technologies for mitigating plastics.

Plastics↗

PubMed2026

Post-Breakup Instagram Surveillance: Attachment Style, Personality Traits, and Breakup Distress as Predictors.

The end of a romantic relationship is one of the most emotionally challenging life events. Social media platforms such as Instagram enable users to monitor an ex-partner, a behavior known as Interpersonal Electronic Surveillance (IES), which may complicate coping. This study examined associations with retrospectively reported IES on Instagram during the first 3 weeks post-breakup, focusing on attachment, personality, and breakup-related emotional distress. Previous studies suggest that higher anxious attachment and emotional distress are related to increased monitoring behaviors on Facebook. The present research extends this approach to Instagram, a popular platform among Generation Z, and additionally examines personality factors. Data from N = 232 participants (aged 18-27 years; 84 percent women), who had experienced a breakup within the past year and followed their ex-partner on Instagram, were collected using a cross-sectional online questionnaire. The survey included standardized measures and self-constructed items. Hierarchical regression analyses including breakup-related variables, mediation analyses, and independent-samples t-tests were conducted. Due to extremely low internal consistency, Agreeableness was excluded from inferential analyses. The analyses indicated that Extraversion was the only personality trait directly associated with increased IES. Attachment styles showed no direct associations after emotional distress was included in the model. Emotional distress emerged as the most consistent factor associated with IES, showing patterns consistent with indirect associations involving Neuroticism and anxious attachment, suggesting a central role of emotional distress in post-breakup surveillance behavior. These findings highlight digital monitoring as a potentially maladaptive coping strategy and underscore the importance of addressing social media use in post-breakup adjustment.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Patient-reported outcomes in pediatric regional anesthesia trials: current use and limitations.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review examines the current use and limitations of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) in pediatric regional anesthesia research. Despite the increasing emphasis on patient-centered outcomes, existing pediatric outcome assessment frameworks may inadequately capture the pain experience and interference with daily living. RECENT FINDINGS: Across 17 identified randomized controlled trials and 15 ongoing studies, PROM use remains highly variable, with consistent reliance on observational pain scales such as the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability scale and limited incorporation of standardized, longitudinal health-related quality-of-life measures. SUMMARY: Current pediatric PROM frameworks remain fragmented, limiting comprehensive evaluation of recovery. Greater standardization and incorporation of developmentally appropriate, longitudinal outcome measures are needed to better align clinical research with meaningful patient-centered endpoints and to improve assessment of functional and psychosocial recovery.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Molecular Diagnostics for WHO Priority Bacterial Pathogens: A Bibliometric Mapping of Diagnostic Platforms, Resistance Markers, and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Trends.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) constrains effective treatment and carries implications for infection control, surveillance, and public health. The World Health Organization (WHO) priority bacterial pathogen framework has intensified the need for diagnostic innovation by redefining research priorities around organisms combining high disease burden with complex resistance profiles. Molecular diagnostics have accordingly moved beyond culture-based workflows, integrating rapid pathogen identification, resistance-marker detection, genomic surveillance, and clinical decision support. The present study conducted a bibliometric mapping of the literature on WHO priority pathogens. Rather than addressing resistance at a general level or a single pathogen or technology, it integrates priority pathogens, molecular platforms, and resistance markers within a single framework, tracing their joint thematic and temporal evolution along an explicit pathogen-platform-marker axis. Scopus-indexed articles and reviews (2000-2025) were retrieved, yielding 1746 publications after screening adapted from the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Analyses used Bibliometrix/Biblioshiny, R, and VOSviewer. The literature expanded markedly after 2018, led by China and the United States. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Enterococcus faecium, and the Enterobacterales-carbapenemase axis constituted the principal thematic cores, whereas conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) and whole-genome sequencing were the dominant platforms. Overall, the field has evolved from pathogen detection into an AMR-centered translational domain encompassing resistance prediction, genomic epidemiology, surveillance, and clinical decision support. Diagnostic development, stewardship, and surveillance depend on hybrid workflows coupling rapid marker-targeted assays with genome-based characterization, delivering actionable resistance within clinically meaningful timeframes, and extending coverage to underrepresented pathogens and platforms.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Integrin-Linked Kinases 1, 4, and 5 participate in cell wall-mediated innate immunity to leaf and root pathogens.

The cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway is triggered by plasma membrane-localized receptors in plant cells and serves to orchestrate responses to cell wall damage by initiating compensatory changes under stressful environments. The essential role of CWI maintenance as part of plants' interactions with pests or pathogens and during growth is well known. Nevertheless, CWI pathways remain to be fully characterized. Here, we show that altered Integrin-Linked Kinase 1 (ILK1) expression causes widespread defects in the transcriptional program activated by the bacterial elicitor flg22, primarily in genes associated with cell wall integrity and immunity. These transcriptional deficiencies are recapitulated in mutant lines with altered ILK4 or ILK5 expression. Analysis of molecular and cellular defenses in ilk mutants revealed reduced callose accumulation in leaves treated with bacterial (elf18) and plant (pep1) elicitors and increased pathogen susceptibility. Histochemical analysis of cell-wall-associated staining across diverse cells and organs of ilk mutants revealed modified lignin-associated patterns in the root xylem and altered calcofluor staining patterns in the seed coat. All ilk mutants exhibited altered root morphology due to mechano-touch and high-NaCl stress. Based on these results, we propose that ILKs contribute to pathways connecting elicitor-triggered immune signaling with cell-wall-associated stress responses and that ILK-related defense functions may extend to the cotton root-nematode interaction, while the mechanism remains to be elucidated.

Cell Wall↗

PubMed2026

Liquid biopsy-based detection of circulating and exfoliated cholangiocarcinoma tumor cells from blood and bile using heparan sulfate octasaccharides on integrated microfluidic systems.

Early diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) remains challenging because existing diagnostic approaches often lack sufficient sensitivity for reliable detection of early-stage disease. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in blood and exfoliated tumor cells (ETCs) in bile represent valuable targets for liquid biopsy-based detection; however, their low abundance and the complexity of clinical sample analysis pose substantial technical challenges for reliable enrichment and identification. Herein, we present a reproducible workflow for isolating and identifying CCA tumor cells from blood for CTCs and bile for ETCs using synthetic cell-surface heparan sulfate (HS) octasaccharide-functionalized magnetic beads (MBs) on integrated microfluidic systems. The method combined sample pre-processing, magnetic bead-based enrichment, controlled low-shear mixing and immunofluorescence-based identification into a unified workflow compatible with distinct clinical sample types. Key operational parameters, including MB concentration, mixing frequency, and pressure settings, were detailed to facilitate consistent performance. Using this workflow, tumor cell capture rates of approximately 70% in bile (for ETCs) and blood (for CTCs) were achieved, with a total processing time of 60-90 min per sample under clinically relevant low-abundance conditions. The platform enables reliable detection of as few as 1 tumor cell per mL of blood or bile. This method provides a practical and adaptable strategy for glycosaminoglycan-mediated liquid biopsy applications and may be extended to other tumor-cell enrichment workflows involving heterogeneous cell-surface interactions.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

PaNDA: Efficient Optimization of Phylogenetic Diversity in Networks.

Phylogenetic diversity (PD) plays an important role in biodiversity, conservation, and evolutionary studies by measuring the diversity of a set of taxa based on their phylogenetic relationships. In phylogenetic trees, a subset of k taxa with maximum PD can be found by a simple and efficient greedy algorithm. However, this algorithmic tractability is lost when considering phylogenetic networks, which incorporate reticulate evolutionary events such as hybridization and horizontal gene transfer. To address this challenge, we introduce PaNDA (Phylogenetic Network Diversity Algorithms), the first software package and interactive graphical user-interface for exploring, visualizing, and maximizing diversity in phylogenetic networks. PaNDA includes a novel algorithm to find a subset of k taxa with maximum diversity, running in polynomial time for networks of bounded scanwidth, a measure of tree-likeness of a network that grows slower than the well-known level measure. This algorithm considers the variant of PD on networks in which the branch lengths of all paths from the root to the selected taxa contribute towards their diversity. We demonstrate the scalability of this algorithm on simulated networks, successfully analyzing level-15 networks with up to 200 taxa in seconds. We also provide a proof-of-concept analysis using a phylogenetic network on Xiphophorus species, illustrating how the tool can support diversity studies based on real genomic data. The software is easily installable and freely available at https://github.com/nholtgrefe/panda. Additionally, we extend the definition of PD to semi-directed phylogenetic networks, which are mixed graphs increasingly used in phylogenetic analysis to model uncertainty of the root location. We prove that finding a subset of k taxa with maximum diversity remains NP-hard on semi-directed networks, but do present a polynomial-time algorithm for networks with bounded level.

network↗