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PubMed2005

The education and employment status of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has the propensity to affect patients who are in their late teens and early 20s, an age when most people decide on their educational and career directions. This review describes the effects that IBD has on the continuum of education and employment. Patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis attain a similar level of education as that of the general population. The quality of life of such patients in school, as measured by both patients' and teachers' perceptions, indicates that, despite the difficulties that students face in terms of missed school time and physical inconveniences, teachers are generally perceived by students to have favorable attitudes toward helping them. Even though earlier work in the area of employment has suggested that the occurrence of IBD is clustered among people in white-collar positions, recent data have suggested that certain environmental risks for IBD (i.e., sedentary or indoor jobs) may be associated with jobs classified as being white-collar, and therefore having a white-collar job may in itself not be a risk factor for the development of IBD. Patients with IBD have a higher rate of nonparticipation in the labor force, and the participation rate seems to maintain steady levels over time. A majority of patients with IBD continue in the same employment positions over a period of years. Patients with IBD, especially those who have undergone surgery, took more sick leave than their counterparts without IBD. A majority of patients with IBD favored the disclosure of their diagnosis to their employers and perceived little discrimination in the workplace. Furthermore, most employers were perceived by their employees with IBD as having fair attitudes toward the compensation provided for their employees with IBD.

Education↗
PubMed1982

Employment status of spinal cord injured patients 3 years after injury.

This study examined the influence of selected medical, demographic, and epidemiologic variables on the spinal cord injured patient's return to gainful employment 3 years postinjury. Discriminant analysis was the statistical method selected as most appropriate for this study. Utilizing the best combination of predictor variables, the proportion of variance in "working" and "not working" groups explained by discriminant function was 65%. These variables included sex, race, marital status, extent of lesion, preinjury employment history, high Barthel score, incidence of urinary tract infection, and completion of any business or trade school courses. Patients who returned to work were more likely to be (1) young, (2) white, (3) female, and (4) working at the time of injury, and (5) were more likely to have a high Barthel score. Among a validation sample of 34 patients, 71% were correctly classified as employed or unemployed 3 years after injury. While other determinants of vocational rehabilitation undoubtedly exist, individual potential of a given spinal cord injured patient can probably be assessed by means of a relatively small set of predictor variables.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Employment status and ability to work among working-age chronic dialysis patients.

283 patients, age 18-59 years on chronic dialysis were interviewed about their current work status and their ability to work if currently not employed. Only 11% of the total sample was currently employed. However, one third of the nonemployed patients said they were able to work, and most of these patients had made an effort to be employed. Age, race, educational level, health status, and physical ability to perform job tasks, recent work experience, and interest in working were related to the reported ability to work. Patients who said they were able to work were also likely to be rated able to work by the medical director of their dialysis facility. The data indicate the importance of helping work-interested patients maintain their jobs when they start chronic dialysis treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Litigation and employment status: effects on patients with chronic pain.

In order to study the effects of compensation and litigation, 201 chronic pain patients were selected from a sample of 444: 99 were working, 15 were working and litigating, 53 were receiving Worker's Compensation, and 34 were receiving Worker's Compensation and litigating. Employment (working vs. Worker's Compensation) and litigation status (litigating vs. not litigating) were analyzed in a 2 x 2 factorial design with measures of pain, disability, psychological distress, and selected demographics as dependent variables. Compared to Worker's Compensation patients, working patients reported significantly less disability (down-time, days spent in bed, interference of pain in daily activities) and pain of a longer duration. Compared to litigating patients, non-litigating patients reported less pain (on the McGill Pain Questionnaire) and less disability (stopping activity, interference of pain in daily activities). On two measures of psychological distress (depression, anxiety), there were significant interactions: Worker's Compensation patients who were litigating reported less distress than non-litigants, while working patients who were litigating reported more distress than non-litigants. The results indicate clear differences in self-reports of disability associated with both employment and litigation status. They also suggest that litigation may function as a coping response for patients who are distressed by the adversarial nature of the Worker's Compensation system. Limitations of the study as well as suggestions for further research also are discussed.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2000

Factors influencing single mother's employment status.

Changes in the welfare system limit the length of time a person can receive welfare benefits, thus mandating employment for many current welfare recipients. Single mothers with young children who do not become employed will lose financial support for housing, food, clothing, and health care and place their own and their children's health and safety at risk. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore women's experiences of being unemployed and to examine the barriers to employment perceived by single mothers who expressed a desire to be employed. Nine mothers were recruited from a larger sample of single mothers who had participated in a quantitative study about employment conducted 1 to 2 years earlier. Using focus group interviews, mothers were asked what it was like to be a single mother, and then what barriers to their employment they perceived. Two dimensions were identified from the mothers' statements. The first, a sense of obligation, included themes of "being there" for their own and their child's benefit and doing what it takes to optimize the child's growth and development. The second, negotiating the obstacles, referred to problems regarding child care, lack of involvement of the child's father and lack of support from relatives and friends for the mother's efforts toward securing employment. These findings have important implications for welfare reform, namely, that efforts aimed at moving nonemployed single mothers into the workforce will fail if these factors are not considered.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1982

Employment status after coronary artery bypass surgery.

Factors that influence the effect of coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) on employment were examined in 1427 2-year survivors from entry into the nonrandomized Mayo Clinic portion of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's prospective Coronary Artery Surgery Study. Five hundred seventy-nine patients (41%) were treated medically, 769 (54%) were treated surgically and 79 (5%) were initially treated medically but later had CABG. All groups were similar at entry with respect to age and percent working, retired or quitting work for cardiac reasons. There was a similar decline in employment from entry to 2 years in all three groups. The number who quit work for cardiac reasons was twice the number of previously disabled workers who returned to work with all three modes of therapy. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to test the independent prognostic values of a number of variables for subsequent employment in the largest homogeneous surgical subset--496 nonretired males. Postoperative angina was the most powerful factor reducing postoperative employment. Postoperative employment was also lower if the patient was not working before surgery, was a laborer, or older than age 55 years (all p less than 0.01). Although the level of nonwork physical activity was generally increased after CABG, there was no relationship between physical activity and employment. This study confirms that employment declines after CABG, but three of the four most powerful prognostic variables were not related to surgery.

Age Factors↗