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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Acute mountain sickness -- experience on the roof of Africa expedition and military implications.

Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) is a potentially severe problem for military exercises and operations and may present in a variety of ways as was the case on the "Roof of Africa" Expedition 1990. Four cases are described and the pathophysiology of AMS is discussed. Gradual acclimatization to increasing altitude will decrease the incidence of AMS, but pharmacological prophylaxis is recommended when time is short, acetazolamide being the drug of choice.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1987

The BMRES 1984 Medical Research Expedition to the Himalayas.

Twenty-one subjects formed a trekking expedition to study the effects of acetazolamide on exercise performance and acclimatization at high altitude. Subjects were randomized to acetazolamide or placebo on a double blind basis. During ascent to and stay for 6 nights at 4846 m studies were carried out on blood gases, 2,3 diphosphoglycerate (2,3 DPG), proteinuria, exercise testing, intestinal absorption, purine metabolism and changes in body composition. The results showed beneficial effects of acetazolamide on exercise performance and preservation of muscle mass.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1983

Dr Harvey Pirie and the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition (1902-4). Scottish science and medicine in the Falklands and Antarctica.

Shortly after receiving a science and medical degree at Edinburgh, Dr Harvey Pirie joined the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition (1902-4) under Bruce. The naturalist team explored East Falkland, Laurie Island in the South Orkneys, and made the first oceanographic investigation of the Weddell Sea. After sighting Antarctica and naming the coast seen Coats Land, they returned to the Clyde via Gough Island and Cape Town. After a period in Scottish private practice, Pirie became a bacteriologist; he joined the Colonial Medical Service in 1913 and served in Kenya. In 1918 he organised the bacteriological services at the South African Institute for Medical Research in Johannesburg, and became deputy-director, 1926-41.

Antarctic Regions↗
PubMed1998

[Traveling instructions for a voyage into the French scientific expeditions (1750-1830)].

At the turn of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the literature of travel instructions increased greatly. This literature expresses the expectations of naturalists, the scientific community and government with respect to knowledge and use of natural products from exotic lands. As far as texts relating to natural history are concerned, the research priorities emphasized, the methodology proposed and the audience to which they were directed make it clear that expeditions were conceived as an essential but not final stage of scientific investigation. Indeed, the requirements voiced in these instructions show that the appraisal of the data gathered was to be carried out within French research institutions and botanical gardens.

Expeditions↗
PubMed1995

[The Royal Botanical Expedition to New Spain and the intention to start the Royal Botanical Garden in Havana].

The creation of a Botanical Garden in La Habana, at the beginning of the nineteenth century, was due to the efforts of the Real Sociedad Patriótica of La Havana and those of Martín de Sessé in 1795, member of the Botanical Expedition to Nueva España, who was commissioner for the recognition of natural productions and the organization of botanical studies and gardens at the colonies. The arrival of Sessé awakened the interest of some members of the Real Sociedad Patriótica with respect to the proposition made in 1793. A few years later, the Havana Garden was a reality.

Botany↗
PubMed1999

Performance evaluation in analogue space environments: adaptation during an 8-month Antarctic wintering-over expedition.

BACKGROUND: This paper reports a study which examined the impact of long-term isolation and confinement on multiple-task performance. METHODS: A group of 10 scientists and 6 technicians from a French wintering-over expedition in the Antarctic participated in the 8-mo study. The group was tested 8 times on a computerized simulation of a complex life support system. The task environment allowed the measurement of primary and secondary task performance, system control activities and subjective operator state. RESULTS: No signs of serious performance decrements were observed but a number of subtle indications of hidden decrements emerged. The data also revealed strong differences in performance between the professional groups. Finally, the paper discusses the implications of the work for extended spaceflight.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Survey on the anthropological collection of the Finnish Nubia Expedition.

Thanks to the activity of two field anthropologists the Finnish Nubia Expedition working in the Batn el Hagar area south of the Second Cataract in Upper (Sudanese) Nubia collected human cranial and postcranial remains representing a total of 115 individuals. Two chronological series could be built up, viz. Meroitic/X-Group and Christian Period. Most of the remaining material was chronologically and partly also geographically heterogeneous and covered Mesolithic to New Kingdom times. It was tentatively put together so as to represent the old "Prae-Meroitic" Nubian stock. The material was generally too sparse and too selected to allow a demographic study. However it allowed a comparative anthropometric analysis, focusing on the Meroitic/X-Group and Christian periods. Other aspects of the physical build of the individuals studied could be reconstructed by analysis of descriptive features. The differences observed between the series could be explained by determination of the relative shares of the White and Black anthropological varieties and their blend. The ample collection of pathological findings included rare instances such as two cases of vertebral tuberculosis and one case probably representing fungal osteomyelitis. Detailed data will be published in a monograph under preparation.

Anthropology, Physical↗
PubMed1995

[The importance of the wheat harvest in the expedition of Mopox in Cuba (1797-1799)].

The expedition of Mopox gathers, during their stay in the island of Cuba, a variety of acclimatized wheat that constituted a rarity of the agricultural flora of the Habana. The gathering work carried out by the naturalist and expeditionary Baltasar Boldo, favored the description that Mariano Lagasca fulfill later in the Royal Botanical Garden from Madrid. The effort of the Spanish botanists has served in order to identify the wheat that continued cultivating in the region of Villa Clara in the XIXth century, and in order to recommend to the agricultural Cuban institutions the cultivation of a type of wheat similar to that which Boldo found in the vicinity of the Habana.

Botany↗
PubMed1994

[The discovery of the tropics: Williams College's expedition to Venezuela in 1867].

Myer's expedition to Venezuela passed unnoticed for U.S. intellectual circles in the 19th century. Although Humboldt's work made it known scientifically, the country remains today terra incognita in some respects, such as the knowledge of her natural resources. Venezuela's political and economic conditions in the 19th century prevented the publication at the time of the foreign literature on her natural history. In the last decades of the 20th century there is at last a new and growing interest in studying and translating the legacy that international scholars on Venezuela left.

Expeditions↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Nutritional pattern of the "Komsomolskaya Pravda" Arctic expedition].

Data on the chemical composition, nutritional value and caloricity of food ration used by the "Komsomolskaya Pravda" expedition during ski marches in the Arctics are reported. The rations consisted chiefly of dehydrated products and weighed 800-1000 g. The daily caloricity of the rations amounted to 3400 and 4400 great calories.

Arctic Regions↗
PubMed2003

[Audimont--a scientific research expedition to Mount Cho Oyu in the Himalayas].

Even though hearing and vestibular disorders at high altitude have been reported since 1938, their reasons are still unknown. During the Audimont Research Expedition the risk for cochlear and vestibular sensory cells has been quantified by otoacoustic emissions and videonystagmography. Vestibular disorders could not be observed up to 7050 meters. However, the outer hair cells in the inner ear showed a reduction of emissions at increasing height. The pattern of the inner ear reply, depending on the altitude, complies with an increase of the perilymphatic pressure. As the perilymphatic space corresponds directly to the subarachnoid space, the limitation of hearing thus appears to be a direct consequence of raised intracranial pressure.

Acclimatization↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Variability and dynamics of micronuclei rate in participants of transatlantic march of the VIIth Ukranian Antarctic expedition].

The estimation of individual variability and group dynamics of micronuclei rate in buccal cells of participants of transatlantic march of the VIIth Ukrainian Antarctic expedition (Sevastopol--UAS "Akademik Vernadsky"--Sevastopol) was carried out. The general average rate of micronuclei was 2.20 per thousand. Individual values of micronuclei frequencies varied in wide limits. The maximum value of CV was 92.4% and the minimal one was 48.4%. Individual averages of micronuclei rates varied from 1.70 to 2.78 per thousand. Dependence of individual and group dynamics of micronuclei rates on environmental factors (temperature, atmospheric pressure and storm activity) was tested. No significant correlation of these parameters was found.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mawson and Mertz: a re-evaluation of their ill-fated mapping journey during the 1911-1914 Australasian Antarctic Expedition.

During the Australasian Antarctic Expedition of 1911-1914, Douglas Mawson and two companions, Belgrave Ninnis and Xavier Mertz, undertook an ill-fated mapping journey. Ninnis died when he fell down a crevasse, together with the sledge carrying most of their food supplies, and later Mertz became ill and died. Only Mawson returned. In 1969, Cleland and Southcott proposed that Mertz died of vitamin A toxicity and Mawson suffered from the effects of hypervitaminosis A because, with little food left, they were forced to eat their surviving dogs, including the liver. This hypothesis was supported by Shearman in 1978. After re-evaluating this hypothesis, I propose that Mawson and Mertz suffered from the effects of severe food deprivation, not from hypervitaminosis A, and that Mertz died as he was unable to tolerate the change from his usual vegetarian diet to a diet of mainly dog meat. I also suggest that Mertz's condition was aggravated by the psychological stress of being forced to eat the dogs he had cared for for 18 months.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[The Norwegian Antarctic expedition 1989-1990--medical contingency, work and research].

Antarctica is the world's coldest, driest, highest and most windy continent. The ice may reach a thickness of nearly five km, and the greater part of the world's fresh water is bound in this ice cap. The lowest temperature ever measured is -90 degrees C. The weather during this summer expedition was pleasant, and the temperature seldom fell below -30 degrees C. The 35 persons in the land party included two physicians and one nurse. No serious injury or disease occurred. The participants seemed experience an increase in lean body weight and loss of fat during five weeks in tents. Extensive data were collected for medical-psychological projects on immunology, adaptation to cold, exhaustion from cold and stress. Some results have been published in separate reports.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1991

[Medical experiences from the Norwegian Nanga Parbat Expedition 1990].

The author reports five cases of severe acute mountain sickness on a climbing expedition to Nanga Parbat (8,125 m) in Himalaya, Pakistan. One porter developed high altitude pulmonary edema, Grade IV, at an altitude of 4,200 m, and was successfully treated with oxygen, nifedipine and descent. One of the climbers developed a moderate pulmonary edema, and two moderate cerebral edema. All of these incidents occurred above 7,000 m, and responded to descent. A case of moderate high altitude sickness is also reported. Certain pathophysiological and symptomatic features of high altitude sickness are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

[Russia-Hall relations in medicine of the 18th century. III. Halle physicians as research travelers and members of expeditions].

In the history of Russian expeditions in the 18th century several physicians and natural scientists who were educated in Halle and temporarily working, respectively, at the university of the city on river Saale occupy a respectable position. Names such as Buxbaum, Messerschmid, Stoeller, Lerche and Pallas are mentioned with high respect up to the present time. The results of their investigations in Sibiria, in Caucasia and in Persia are regarded as pioneer achievements which became the prerequisite for the investigations of the 19th century.

Expeditions↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Diet for the first expedition of Soviet climbers to Mount Everest].

Biomedical requirements for the diets to be used by the Soviet mountaineers during their Everest expedition have been determined, employing the experience of Soviet mountaineers who have ascended the highest summits in this country, dietary data accumulated by the mountaineers who have conquered the Himalaya Mountains and the Karakoram Range, as well as current concepts of human physiology and biochemistry in highlands. This paper presents the major nutritional parameters of the diets and the arrangement of meals. The Soviet mountaineers were on the whole happy with the diets and showed no disorders in the health state, gastrointestinal system or digestive function that can be of nutritional origin.

Diet↗