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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Relationships between recall of perceived exertion and blood lactate concentration in a judo competition.

Relationships between perceived exertion and blood lactate have usually been studied in laboratory or training contexts but not in competition, the most important setting in which sports performance is evaluated. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between psychological and physiological indices of the physical effort in a competition setting, taking into account the duration of effort. For this, we employed two Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE and CR-10) and lactic acid plasma concentration as a biological marker of the effort performed. 13 male judo fighters who participated in a sports club competition provided capillary blood samples to assay lactate concentrations and indicated on scale their Recall of Perceived Exertion in the total competition and again in just the Last Fight to compare the usefulness of RPE and CR-10 in assessing discrete bouts of effort and a whole session. Analysis showed that perceived exertion or the effort made during the whole competition was positively and significantly related to maximal lactate concentration and lactate increase in competition, thus extending the validity of this scale to sports contests. The Recall of Perceived Exertion scores were not significantly correlated with the duration of effort.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Deception and perceived exertion during high-intensity running bouts.

This investigation examined the overall and localized perceived exertion responses to repeated bouts of submaximal, high-intensity running when subjects were deceived. Well-trained male and female n = 40) runners were randomly assigned to four groups who completed three 1680-m bouts of running at 80-86% peak treadmill running speed. The two experimental groups, Expected Similar and Expected Increase, were deceived of the actual run intensities while the two control groups, Control Increase and Control Similar, were informed of the actual protocol. After each run, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were taken for the whole body, chest, legs, head, and other areas. No significant differences were found in overall RPE between deceived and control groups. However, there was a tendency for the Expected Increase group, deceived into believing the intensity would be higher than they were subsequently made to run, to experience an attenuated increase in RPE between runs compared to the control group (Control Increase) who were honestly informed. For all groups, legs and chest were given consistently higher localized exertion scores than the head and other areas. It appears that a precise system of afferent feedback mediates the overall perceived exertion response during high-intensity running, and psychological intervention that alters pre-exercise expectations has minimal feedforward effect on exertion ratings taken postexercise.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Interalveolar septal changes with Pasteurella haemolytica-induced pneumonia in exertion-stressed calves.

This study compared the effects of exertion stress and exertion stress combined with P. haemolytica infection on cells in the pulmonary capillaries and interalveolar septa adjacent to pneumonic lung. Two calves stood on an Anamill treadmill to serve as nonexercised controls and four calves were run to exhaustion (exertion-stressed) on the treadmill. Two of these four calves were inoculated endobronchially with 5 x 10(9) CFU of virulent Pasteurella haemolytica immediately following treadmill exercise. All calves were euthanized 24 h later and lung tissue was collected from the right mid-caudal lung lobe, next to the area of the gross lesion in inoculated calves. Ultrastructural evidence of increased metabolic activity of pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIMs) and slight alveolar edema were present after exertion stress, but no changes in numbers of PIMs and platelets were observed between exertion-stressed and control calves. Lungs of calves that were subjected to stress and experimental infection had increases in size, number, and metabolic activity of PIMs, and numerous platelets that were interspersed among the PIMs. These findings suggest that exercise has minimal effect on the cellular changes in interalveolar septa after 24 h. However, exercise with P. haemolytica infection can stimulate PIM activity at short distances (<2.5 mm) from the gross pneumonic lesion. It is possible that the alterations in PIMs are stimulated by cytotoxic products arising from a nearby lesion in which bacteria and infiltrated cells are present.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[The blood pressure response to physical exertion in adults: a preliminary survey results].

UNLABELLED: Monitoring changes in blood pressure except controlling clinical symptoms and electrocardiogram during submaximal physical exertion is essential for analyzing stress test results. Taking into consideration changes in a blood pressure play an important role in diagnostic procedures and assessment of exercise tolerance in adults. The aim of this study was to assess changes in blood pressure among adults during gradually increasing physical exertion. Blood pressure assessment was conducted in every single workload during exercise stress test. The preliminary study was performed in the randomly selected group of normotensive subjects n=224 including 107 female and 117 male 25-64 years old. Study participants had no cardiovascular or other noncommunicable diseases diagnosed by a physician. To determine cardiorespiratory fitness in the examined persons the submaximal exercise stress tests on a bicycle ergometer were performed. Blood pressure measurements were obtained according to Polish Hypertension Society (2003) standards by trained technician with a sphygmomanometer during rest period and during last minute on each level of workload. RESULTS: Mean values of resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly higher in male comparing with female (125.6 +/- 12.8 mmHg vs 117.7 +/- 15.6 mmHg for systolic and 81.3 +/- 8.5 mmHg vs 76.2 +/- 8.1 mmHg for diastolic blood pressure). We found statistically significant increase of exercise systolic and diastolic blood pressure comparing with its resting level (p<0.001). For all study participants association of exercise systolic blood pressure level and workload can be illustrate by linear equation: for female systolic blood-pressure (mmHg) = 0.0500 x load (W) + 159.74 and for male systolic blood-pressure (mmHg) = 0.3917 x load (W) + 136.00. CONCLUSIONS: During gradually increasing physical exertion systolic blood pressure is rising proportionally to increasing physical exertion. Mean values of systolic blood pressure on each level of workload had strong, linear increase. This study results can be useful in clinical practice for exercise tolerance assessment in adults and helpful for identification subjects with hypertensive response to physical exertion or hypertensive patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Exertion-related abnormalities in the urine].

Strenuous exercise can lead to the occurrence of various abnormalities in the urine. Hematuria and proteinuria are those most frequently described. Other less common possibilities are pigmenturia like hemoglobinuria and myoglobinuria. These urine abnormalities are found not only in sportsmen/women or soldiers, but also in percussionists. Other possible causes are hereditary metabolic myopathy and the use of drugs or medication. Exertion-related urine abnormalities occur frequently and are usually benign. Any abnormalities should disappear after a period of 24-72 h of rest. Exertional rhabdomyolysis only appears 24-48 h after exercise. This condition rarely leads to acute renal failure and the need for (temporary) renal replacement therapy. When exertion-related urine abnormalities do not disappear spontaneously following a period of rest, further investigation as to the cause, e.g. renal or urological disease, should be started. Prevention of exertion-related urine abnormalities is possible by ensuring an adequate fluid intake during and following exertion.

Dehydration↗
PubMed1995

Evaluation of physical exertion by statistical analysis of worker's heart rate at log skidding.

Results of investigation into the physical exertion of the log skidding workers: tractor driver, winch operator and choker are presented. The investigation consisted of laboratory and field measurements and included measurements of the heart rate and assessment of the work effect, the work time structure, and the worker's physical exertion and energy consumption. According to the average rate during daily work, the physical exertion of the tractor driver and winch operator was classified as low exertion (75-95 min-1), whereas that of the choker was established as medium exertion (96-115 min-1). Energy consumption was calculated for the daily working time of 262 minutes, according to field measurements and for normal eight-hour work. According to field measurement values the tractor driver's and winch operator's work was categorized as light work (1.23-2.51 MJ) and that of the choker as heavy work (2.52-6.30 MJ). According to the values for eight-hour work, the tractor driver's and the winch operator's jobs were classified as heavy work (2.52-6.30 MJ/8 h) and the choker's job as the heaviest (6.31-10.47 MJ/8 h).

Energy Metabolism↗
PubMed1995

Acute exertional anterior compartment syndrome in an adolescent female.

Acute compartment syndromes usually occur as a complication of major trauma. While the chronic exertional anterior tibial compartment syndrome is well described in the sports medicine literature, reports of acute tibial compartment syndromes due to physical exertion, or repetitive microtrauma, are rare. The case of an adolescent female who developed an acute anterior compartment syndrome from running in a soccer game is described in this report. Failure to recognize the onset of an acute exertional compartment syndrome may lead to treatment delay and serious complications. Whereas the chronic exertional anterior compartment syndrome is characterized by pain that diminishes with the cessation of exercise, the onset of the acute exertional anterior compartment syndrome is heralded by pain that continues, or increases, after exercise has stopped. Compartment pressure measurement confirms the clinical diagnosis and helps guide treatment. True compartment syndromes require urgent fasciotomy.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1994

[Stress factors in acute myocardial infarct: the role of physical exertion and unusual life events].

OBJECTIVE: It is controversial whether the onset of myocardial infarction is a "random" event or whether there are triggering factors of the disease. Previous reports on possible triggers were based on case studies or inadequately controlled studies. The TRIMM study (Triggers and Mechanisms of Myocardial Infarction) was designed to determine the influence of physical activity and other external factors on the acute risk of myocardial infarction. METHODS: At Klinikum Steglitz, Berlin, all consecutive patients with myocardial infarction were included. In the Augsburg area, all patients with myocardial infarction in a prospectively defined cohort (n = 330,000) were registered by monitoring 26 hospitals. Information on the circumstances and possible triggers of the disease was obtained by standardized interviews. The control group was matched for age, sex, precinct, and time of a control event. The statistical analysis included a case-control comparison of patients with control subjects and a case-crossover comparison comparing the average exposure to a possible trigger with the time of the last exposure prior to the onset of disease. RESULTS: From January 1989 to December 1991, 1194 patients (74% men, 61 +/- 9 years) were enrolled 13 +/- 6 days after myocardial infarction. During the initial three hours after awakening, the occurrence of myocardial infarction was almost threefold compared to other times of day. A multivariate analysis yielded a twofold risk of myocardial infarction during physical exertion, statistically independently of time of day. 7.1% of patients had engaged in exertional physical activity at onset of the event, as opposed to 3.9% of control subjects. The case-crossover analysis demonstrated a relative risk of 2.1 (1.6-3.1) of exertional physical activity within 1 hour prior to myocardial infarction. Patients whose average frequency of physical exertion was < 4 versus > or = to 4 times per week had relative risks of 6.9 versus 1.3 (p < 0.01). Unusual life events within 24 hours and 24 hours to 4 weeks prior to the event occurred with similar frequencies and control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Physical exertion appears to increase the acute risk of myocardial infarction in patients with coronary heart disease, particularly in untrained individuals. Unusual life events, however, are of less importance for the acute risk of disease. These findings are important for further investigation of triggering mechanisms of myocardial infarction and for improving preventive strategies.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The generation of torque in the horizontal plane at the foot-base during laterally directed manual exertions.

Two experiments were carried out to investigate the mechanisms by which both translational forces and a turning moment in the horizontal plane at the foot-base are transmitted by the lower limb during laterally directed manual exertions. The first used a force plate to measure forces and moments exerted by the feet separately or together in order to investigate the contribution of each foot to the moment. The second examined the role of flexors and extensors of the hip, knee and ankle in the transmission of torque. The results suggest that approximately half of the moment is generated by each foot exerting a translational force at a distance from, and in the opposite direction to, the other. The other half is by each foot exerting an individual torque upon the floor. It is suggested that biomechanical models of asymmetric exertion should take these mechanisms into account.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1997

[Headaches due to cough, exertion and sexual intercourse].

The aim of this study was to review the advances in cough, exertional and sexual headaches. We perform a critical analysis of the literature and of our experience with 72 patients. About one-half of patients having cough headache will have benign cough headache. The remaining half suffer from Chiari type I malformation. Benign cough headache begins typically in men above age 50, while symptomatic cough headache begins under 50 and appears with the same frequency in both sexes. Indomethacin is the treatment of choice of benign cough headache, but has no effect in symptomatic cases, which respond to suboccipital craniectomy. Although also showing male predominance, exertional and sexual headaches begin under age 50. Subarachnoid bleeding due to aneurism is the most frequent etiology for exertional and sexual headaches. Cough headache and exertional headache are separate clinical entities, whereas exertional headache and sexual headache seem to be different expressions of the same clinical entity. These data allow, in addition, the clinical differentiation between benign and symptomatic cough headache.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Perception of forces exerted by jaw and thumb.

By comparing the results of force matching between the jaw and the thumbs, whether subjects have any knowledge about the magnitude of exerted forces irrespective of the motor system was studied. Subjects were asked to match isometric forces of their own choice exerted by flexion of one of the thumbs with the jaw, and the other way around. The results were compared with control experiments in which subjects matched forces exerted by flexion of one of the thumbs with the other thumb and vice versa. None of the subjects was able to match correctly in all experimental conditions. All subjects displayed inconsistent matching behaviour, showing a mixture of correct matching and mismatching. This holds both for absolute matches (in N), and for matches relative to the maximal forces. The results show that knowledge about the magnitude of exerted forces is different for the jaw and the thumbs. Sensations about isometric forces exerted by the jaw or the thumbs are different within each subject and from subject to subject.

Bite Force↗
PubMed1996

Physical exertion as a trigger of myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death.

The data reviewed in this article indicate that physical exertion can trigger the onset of nonfatal myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death. In addition, it is clear that although the relative risk associated with heavy exertion may be high, the absolute risk is actually quite small. It also is clear that regular exercise reduces the risk of triggering of myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death by isolated bouts of exertion. Thus, these data provide further support for encouragement of regular exercise, as recommended by the American Heart Association. Such a program is likely to lower the overall risk of myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death because it may lower the baseline risk and also decrease the relative risk that an episode of exertion will trigger a myocardial infarction or sudden cardiac death. Specific recommendations for patients with a history of myocardial infarction or angina are complex. Patients with coronary artery disease have the same relative risk of myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death as those with no such history. Because of their elevated and variable baseline risk, however, specific recommendations regarding the risks and benefits of heavy physical exertion must be provided by their individual physicians, acting on recommended guidelines for exercise in such patients.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2002

EMG activity of trunk muscles and torque output during isometric axial rotation exertion: a comparison between back pain patients and matched controls.

Abnormal patterns of trunk muscle activity could affect the biomechanics of spinal movements and result in back pain. The present study aimed to examine electromyographic (EMG) activity of abdominal and back muscles as well as triaxial torque output during isometric axial rotation at different exertion levels in back pain patients and matched controls. Twelve back pain patients and 12 matched controls performed isometric right and left axial rotation at 100%, 70%, 50% and 30% maximum voluntary contractions in a standing position. Surface EMG activity of rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, latissimus dorsi, iliocostalis lumborum and multifidus were recorded bilaterally. The primary torque in the transverse plane and the coupling torques in sagittal and coronal planes were measured. Results showed that there was a trend (P = 0.08) of higher flexion coupling torque during left axial rotation exertion in back pain patients. Higher activity for external oblique and lower activity for multifidus was shown during left axial rotation exertion in back pain group when compared to the control group. In right axial rotation, back pain patients exhibited lesser activity of rectus abdominis at higher levels of exertion when compared with matched controls. These findings demonstrated that decreased activation of one muscle may be compensated by overactivity in other muscles. The reduced levels of activity of the multifidus muscle during axial rotation exertion in back pain patients may indicate that spinal stability could be compromised. Future studies should consider these alternations in recruitment patterns in terms of spinal stability and internal loading. The findings also indicate the importance of training for coordination besides the strengthening of trunk muscles during rehabilitation process.

Abdominal Muscles↗
PubMed2000

Gender differences in exerted forces and physiological load during pushing and pulling of wheeled cages by postal workers.

The aim was to determine gender differences regarding exerted forces and physiological load during push/pull tasks simulating the daily working practice of postal workers. Eight female and four male workers handled four-wheeled cages under eight conditions corresponding to the cage weight (130, 250, 400, 550 kg) and the direction of force exertion (pushing, pulling). For each of the five dependent variables, average force, initial force, ending force, oxygen uptake and heart rate, two analyses of variance with repeated measurements were performed, i.e. with and without correction for the worker's body weight, body height and maximum capacity regarding the dependent variable. Exerted forces and physiological load were high for the cages weighing 400 and 550 kg. Gender differences were significant for all dependent variables (p = 0.030-0.000). When the personal factors were included in the model, male workers exerted significantly higher average forces and ending forces than their females, while differences regarding initial forces and physiological load were not significant. However, none of the personal factors were significantly related to any of the dependent variables. It is concluded that gender differences in exerted forces were not caused by differences in anthropometry and maximum capacity, but due to application of different work methods by women in order to balance work demands and work ability.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The interaction between lid diameter, height and shape on wrist torque exertion in younger and older adults.

The following study investigated wrist torque strength measurements of a group of younger and older adults. The aim of the study was to examine the impact of shape, diameter and height of lid on wrist torque opening strength. Forty participants took part in the study in four groups, younger males and females and older males and females. Data were collected for 12 test pieces. Anthropometric data were also obtained for stature, weight, hand breadth, hand length, chuck grip force, grip force, lateral grip force and pinch grip force. The analysis of the wrist torque strength measurements found that participants could exert greater force with square test pieces compared to circular test pieces of the same diameter. Examination of the circular test pieces found that as diameter and height increased, so did torque exertion data for the test pieces between 20 mm and 50 mm diameter. The surface area of the test pieces was found to be highly correlated with the level of torque exertion, thus a linear model was developed to describe this relationship. The model could be used to predict maximal torque closure levels for use in the packaging industry. The anthropometric data revealed that as height, weight, hand length and hand breadth increased, there was a correlation with the levels of torque exerted. Future research needs to further examine the relationship between surface area and torque exerted and the design of spherical lids to increase the contact area between the hand and the lid.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Dissociation between exertional symptoms and circulatory function in patients with heart failure.

BACKGROUND: Patients with heart failure frequently report exertional dyspnea and fatigue. These symptoms are usually attributed to circulatory dysfunction and therefore are typically treated with cardiovascular medications. Serial assessment of exertional symptoms has also become the principal method used to assess drug efficacy in heart failure. Nevertheless, the relation between exertional symptoms in heart failure and circulatory dysfunction remains uncertain. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study was undertaken to investigate the relation between exertional symptoms, ventilatory and skeletal muscle dysfunction, and circulatory function in patients with heart failure. To this end, 52 ambulatory patients with heart failure underwent hemodynamic monitoring during maximal treadmill exercise testing. During exercise, the severity of dyspnea and fatigue was evaluated on a scale of 6 to 20 (Borg scale). The level of perceived exercise intolerance during daily activities was evaluated with the Minnesota Living With Heart Failure Questionnaire and the Yale Dyspnea-Fatigue Index. Maximal treadmill exercise increased the VO2 to 13.4 +/- 2.8 mL.min-1.kg-1, the dyspnea score to 15.7 +/- 2.3, the fatigue score to 14.8 +/- 3.4, the pulmonary wedge pressure to 28 +/- 11 mm Hg, and the pulmonary artery lactate concentration to 34.5 +/- 16.3 mg/dL and decreased the pulmonary artery hemoglobin oxygen saturation to 30 +/- 9%. The level of perceived dyspnea had no relation to the pulmonary wedge pressure and correlated only minimally with the level of excessive ventilation (r = 39). The level of perceived fatigue correlated only weakly with blood lactate concentration (r = .55). Eleven patients (21%) exhibited a normal cardiac output and wedge pressure < 20 mm Hg during exercise, 22 (42%) exhibited a normal cardiac output but wedge pressure > 20 mm Hg during exercise, and 19 (37%) exhibited reduced cardiac output and wedge pressure > 20 mm Hg during exercise. Despite these markedly different hemodynamic responses, all three groups exhibited similar levels of fatigue and dyspnea at comparable workloads and had comparable total scores for the Minnesota Living With Heart Failure Questionnaire and the Yale Dyspnea-Fatigue Index. There was no relation between the Living With Heart Failure Questionnaire and peak exercise VO2 and only a weak correlation between the Dyspnea-Fatigue Index and peak VO2 (r = .48). CONCLUSIONS: The level of exercise intolerance perceived by patients with heart failure has little or no relation to objective measures of circulatory, ventilatory, or metabolic dysfunction during exercise. In patients who report severe exertional symptoms, it may be desirable to directly measure hemodynamic response to exercise to ensure that these symptoms are due to circulatory dysfunction.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Acute exertional rhabdomyolysis and its relationship to sickle cell trait.

Exertional rhabdomyolysis, a syndrome characterized by skeletal muscle degeneration and muscle enzyme leakage, has been shown to occur in normal, healthy individuals following strenuous exercise. In severe cases, this syndrome can result in renal failure and sudden death. Although anyone who performs strenuous exercise may be at risk for developing exertional rhabdomyolysis, some individuals may be more susceptible than others. A number of case reports of exertional rhabdomyolysis involve persons with sickle-cell trait, leading to the theory that these individuals might be at greater risk for developing the syndrome than those without this trait. This article discusses the etiology of exertional rhabdomyolysis, the associated risk factors for persons with sickle-cell trait, and the recommended preventive measures. Additionally, several case studies of exertional rhabdomyolysis are reviewed.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of music on the rate of perceived exertion and general mood among coronary artery bypass graft patients enrolled in cardiac rehabilitation phase II.

The purpose of the study was to identify the effect of music on perceived exertion and mood in 30 coronary artery bypass graft patients during cardiac rehabilitation. The modified Borg Scale of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and the Rejeski Feeling Scale (FS) were the dependent variables. Group A subjects exercised with music and Group B subjects exercised without music as they rated their perceived exertion and mood. The use of music to reduce perceived exertion was not supported (p = 0.16). However, Group A members reported significantly enhanced mood while exercising to music and Group B members reported a significantly decreased mood without music (p = 0.0006). Enhancement of mood might lead to increased compliance with a regular exercise routine.

Adult↗