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PubMed1992

Effects of tri-iodothyronine and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) on alkaline phosphatase activity, [3H]thymidine incorporation and IGF-I receptor mRNA in cultured rat epiphyseal chondrocytes.

The effects of tri-iodothyronine (T3) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) on [3H]thymidine incorporation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and IGF-I receptor mRNA levels were studied in rat epiphyseal chondrocytes cultured in monolayer. Chondrocytes from enzymatically digested rat tibia epiphyseal growth plates were seeded in monolayer culture and precultured for 7-14 days in Ham's F-12 medium supplemented with 10% (v/v) newborn calf serum and 1% (v/v) of a serum substitute. After preculture the medium was changed to Ham's F-12 medium containing 1% (v/v) serum from hypophysectomized rats, and the effects of T3 and/or IGF-I on DNA synthesis ([3H]thymidine incorporation), ALP activity (a late marker of differentiated epiphyseal chondrocytes) and IGF-I receptor mRNA levels were studied. ALP activity was increased by T3 in a dose-dependent manner with a maximal response at 10 micrograms T3/l (678 +/- 86% compared with control culture). The increase in ALP activity was accompanied by a concomitant decrease in [3H]thymidine incorporation (52 +/- 14% compared with control culture). Human GH (hGH; 50 micrograms/l) and IGF-I (25 micrograms/l) had no stimulatory effect on ALP activity. However IGF-I (10 micrograms/l) exerted an inhibition on the T3 (10 micrograms/l)-induced increase in ALP activity (64 +/- 9% compared with T3-treated culture). T3 (3 micrograms/l) inhibited the increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation caused by 25 micrograms IGF-I/l (51 +/- 13% compared with IGF-I-treated culture). Furthermore, IGF-I receptor mRNA levels were increased by 10 micrograms T3/l (137 +/- 4.2% compared with control culture) while no effect of hGH (50 micrograms/l) or IGF-I (25 micrograms/l) was demonstrated. Both T3 and IGF-I were shown to interact with epiphyseal chondrocytes and both substances seemed to affect cell proliferation and maturation and therefore longitudinal bone growth. Furthermore, the results indicated that IGF-I is important for proliferation of the cells while T3 initiates the terminal differentiation of epiphyseal chondrocytes.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Epiphyseal plate transplantation between sites of different growth potential.

The purpose was to study epiphyseal plate growth after microvascular transplantation to sites of different growth potential. The hypothesis was that the growth potential of an epiphyseal plate transplant is a function of the donor irrespective of the recipient site to which it is transplanted. Immature rabbits were used in an experiment that transplanted microsurgically revascularized second metatarsal epiphyseal plates. There were three experimental groups in which transplants were made to (i) sites of the same growth potential (orthotopic), (ii) sites of higher growth potential (proximal tibia), and (iii) sites of lower growth potential (third metacarpal). Control groups were nonoperated animals, animals with an anteromedial proximal tibial osteotomy, and nonoperated contralateral limbs of all experimental animals. Postoperative graft viability was checked with fluorochrome labeling. Postoperative growth was measured from serial standardized radiographs. Follow-up was for either 5 or 8 weeks. Animals were then killed, and epiphyseal plate specimens removed for histomorphometric analysis. Results showed that the total growth of experimental second metatarsal transplants was not statistically different (p > 0.05) in any recipient site. It was noted, however, that transplanted epiphyseal plates in all experimental groups grew at lower rates than nonoperated controls.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Metabolism of sex steroid hormones in neuroendocrine organs. I. In vitro androgen metabolism in the hypophyses and epiphyses of rats during the puberal period].

Metabolism of tritium-labeled testosterone, delta4-androstane-3, 17-dion, dihydrotestosterone. 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diod and 5alpha-androstane-3beta, 17beta-dion by the isolated hypophyses and epiphyses of male and female 30-day rats was studied. The glands were incubated in Eagle's medium containing the mentioned androgens with the concentration of 1-2.10(-8) M for 90 min at 37 degrees C. As revealed, restoration of testosterone and delta4 androstane-3, 17-dion by 5alpha-reductase occurred in the epiphyses and hypophyses; under conditions of incubation androgen hydroxylation was realized only in the 3alpha- and 17beta-positions. Organ and sexual specificity of the androgen metabolism in the hypophyses and the epiphyses was quantitative in character: the metabolism level of all the androgens was greater in female rats than in the male both in the hypophysis and in the epiphyses; the activity of 5-reductase was lower in the epiphyses of animals of the both sexes than in the hypophyses. It appeared that in the process of biotransformation androgens in the organs under study served as precursors of the polar unidentified metabolites poorly retained by the tissues and eliminated from the organs into the incubation medium during the incubation.

15-Oxoprostaglandin 13-Reductase↗
PubMed1984

[Experimental study of vascularized fibular grafting including the epiphyseal growth plate--autogenous orthotopic grafting].

Advancements of microsurgery opened up a new horizon in various facets of surgery. Vascularized bone grafting is one of them and promised viable bone grafting with superb results. Whether this bone grafting along with the epiphyseal growth plate yields continuous bone growth is a matter of great concern and the purpose of the present study. Thirty-nine puppies were used for the experiment, and they were divided into two groups. The proximal portion of the fibula was resected with the popliteal artery and vein including their branches to the epiphysis and the metaphysis, and then, the fibula was returned to the original place and fixed with two Kirschner wires. In group 1, the artery and vein were anastomosed with 10-0 Nylon sutures under operative microscope. In group 2, the bone was treated in a same fashion, but without vascular anastomosis. The roentgenological and histopathological changes were sequentially studied in the both groups. Results were summarized as follows: In group 1, 13 dogs were followed until the epiphyseal closure completed. In two dogs, the treated fibula was of equal length with the non-treated opposite fibula, whereas in five dogs there was slight hypogrowth (average 1.8 mm) and in six dogs there was slight overgrowth (average 2.2 mm). Otherwise, The roentgenological appearance was essentially normal. There was no significant difference in the histopathology of the epiphyseal plates in the treated and the non-treated fibulas. In group 2, all the treated fibulas failed to show epiphyseal growth. Roentgenologically destruction and absorption appeared as early as in the first and second week postoperatively, followed by a fracture line through the metaphysis with displacement and nearly complete absorption of the grafted bone. Histopathological findings consisted of early destruction of the growth plate and early necrosis of the bone marrow as well as the bone trabeculae of the epiphysis, metaphysis and diaphysis. Some reparative new bone formation was noted in the grafted area. In conclusion, the results of the experiment showed the possibility of normal bone growth when a bone is grafted with its epiphyseal growth plate provided the vascular supply to them is reconstructed.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Painful hip joint with epiphyseal dysplasia (author's transl)].

Among patients who visited our hip clinic, eighteen patients from ten families were diagnosed as mild or atypical cases of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia or multiple epiphyseal dysplasia. Clinical and X-ray examinations of these patients showed common characteristic features as follows. 1. They usually had short stature but were not dwarfs. Their facial features and body proportions did not suggest hereditary bone dysplasia. 2. Although the disease might be transmitted in an autosomal dominant manner, its occurrence among these families was found to be sporadic. 3. Symptoms of the hip joint mainly resulted from limited range of motion, coxalgia being usually less than expected from X-ray findings. 4. Joints were always affected bilaterally although the degree might be different on each side. 5. In the majority of the cases, the spine, shoulder (in 7 cases), knee (in 6 cases), elbow (in 3 cases), ankle, and wrist joint (in 2 cases) were also affected. 6. Characteristic X-ray findings of the hip joints were as follows. a) Coxa vara, flattening or rectanglar deformity of the femoral head and shortening of the femoral neck. b) The trabecular pattern of the femoral head was irregular and subchondral cysts were often observed. c) Joint space was relatively better restored than expected from the deformity and subchondral bony changes of the femoral head. Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia are genetic disorders of the epiphyseal and apophyseal cartilage. The hip joint is loading greater mechanical force than any other joint. In both spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, the hip joint is always affected. As the hip joint is most vulnerable when there is some disorder of the epiphyseal cartilage, it is probably the only detectable abnormal joint. In relatively short period (1972-1978), the diagnosis of mild or atypical spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia was made in 18 patients in our hip clinic. This means that the mild or atypical cases of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia is not so rare as expected. They might be misdiagnosed as aseptic necrosis, deformity of the femoral head due to Perthes disease or primary osteoarthrosis. An extreme care should be taken when we examine such patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Epiphyseal replacement using developing tissue donors in a murine model: a combined histologic and radiographic study.

Epiphyseal transplantation has long been a goal of orthopaedic surgeons. While microvascular surgery has raised hopes that this goal could be achieved, factors other than blood supply also appear capable of affecting the function of the epiphysis. Basic research into the biology of the epiphysis appears to be required. This would be facilitated with a model of epiphyseal transplantation using a small mammal. The purpose of this experiment was to develop such a model in the mouse. Developing CD1 mouse or Lewis rat limb tissue was used to replace knee tissue that had been resected from CD1 postnatal mouse hosts. Donor tissue ranged from 14-day embryonic mouse to 9-day postnatal mouse or 18- and 19-day fetal rat, which has a gestation similar to the mouse. The murine tissue is known to be avascular prior to the sixth postnatal day. The limbs were analyzed radiographically and histologically. The results show that epiphyseal replacement could be studied using developing tissue donors in a murine model. The results suggest that donor tissue prior to vascularization and tissue combinations with the least developmental time mismatch (the least heterochronicity) produced relatively the best, although still abnormal epiphyses.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Correlative roentgenography and morphology of the longitudinal epiphyseal bracket.

Detailed examination of a complete chondro-osseous specimen from a patient with duplication of the first ray of the foot revealed the involved metatarsal had a trapezoid-shaped, diaphyseal-metaphyseal osseous unit that was longitudinally bracketed along the lateral side by a functioning physis, epiphysis, and secondary (epiphyseal) ossification center. The physis extended as an arc from the medial proximal side toward and along the lateral side and then back to the medial side distally. The medial side of the diaphysis had a normal periosteum. The longitudinal epiphyseal ossification bracket was a composite of initially separate proximal and distal secondary ossification centers that had progressively extended toward each other and finally coalesced along the laterally placed epiphyseal cartilage. We have termed this deformity the "longitudinal epiphyseal bracket" (LEB). The macroscopic and microscopic anatomy relevant to initial diagnosis and evaluation of sequential roentgenographic changes will be considered.

Bone Diseases, Developmental↗
PubMed1981

Occult humeral epiphyseal fracture in battered infants.

Complete fracture-separation of humeral epiphyses, proximal or distal, represents unusual skeletal injuries in the battered infant. Radiographic identification of the type and extent of epiphyseal injury may be difficult due to lack of ossified epiphyseal centers. While arthrography can be a useful diagnostic and therapeutic supplement, radionuclide scintigraphy appears to be of limited value in the detection of such epiphyseal-metaphyseal injuries.

Battered Child Syndrome↗
PubMed1976

[Management of slipped epiphyses in renal osteodystrophy (author's transl)].

Epiphyseal slipping in uraemia differs strikingly from juvenile epiphyseal slipping with respect to pathology and therapy. Based on our own experience with the treatment of 8 uraemic children with epiphyseal slipping, an effort was made to establish the respective indications for conservative and surgical treatment. Mechanical stabilization of slipped epiphyses was achieved within a few weeks without any surgery and usually without parathyreoidectomy by vitamin D3 alone. The initial dose was 10,000 to 30,000 I.U./day, the total curative dose 1.8 to 5.6 millions I.U. Prolonged immobilization was unnecessary. Rising urinary calcium excretion was a valuable indicator of vitamin D intoxication even in advanced renal failure. In one case, pronounced metaphyseal deformations (distal femur, distal tibia) required surgical correction before the ability to walk normally was restored. - The following therapeutical approach is recommended: metabolic bone disease must be cured by vitamin D therapy with or without parathyreoidectomy. Osteotomy to correct metaphyseal deformities or coxa vara epiphysaria never should be performed before metabolic bone disease is healed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Physeal and epiphyseal extent of primary malignant bone tumors in childhood. Correlation of preoperative MRI and the pathologic examination.

Twenty-two patients with metaphyseal primary malignant bone tumors (17 osteosarcomas, 5 Ewing's tumors) occurring before closure of the growth plate were examined with plain radiographs and MRI in order to determine the physeal or epiphyseal extent of the tumor. Results were correlated with the pathologic examination. Transphyseal spread was pathologically proven in 13 cases (59%): 12 cases of osteosarcoma and 1 case of Ewing's tumor (70% and 20%, respectively). There was no significant relation between epiphyseal invasion, age of patient, length of tumor or, in the cases of osteosarcoma, response to chemotherapy. Plain radiographs showed epiphyseal involvement in 4 cases and there were 10 false negatives. MRI revealed epiphyseal involvement in all cases; there were no false positives or false negatives. T1-weighted images in coronal or sagittal planes appeared to be sufficient. These findings are very useful in planning surgical limb salvage procedures and stress the ineffectiveness of the "barrier effect" of the growth plate against tumor spread.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging of epiphyseal and metaphyseal marrow in normal piglets.

The purpose of this study is to define the appearance of normal epiphyseal and metaphyseal marrow and normal changes of marrow due to fatty conversion on Gadolinium (Gd)-enhanced MR Imaging. Unenhanced and enhanced T1-weighted MR imaging were performed in proximal and distal femoral ends of 8 healthy piglets at the ages of 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks, respectively. The changes with age in signal intensity and enhancement ratio of the epiphyseal and metaphyseal marrow with age were examined. The correlation of MRI characteristics with histological findings was studied. Our study showed that marrow of the metaphysis and of periphery of the 2nd ossification center were well vascularized hematopoietic marrow and had great enhancements. The enhancement ratio of metaphysis was greater than that of epiphyseal marrow and both enhancement ratios degraded gradually with age. The central regions of the epiphyseal ossification center and of the diaphysis were of fatty marrow and had little enhancement. It is concluded that on Gd-enhanced MR imaging the hematopoietic marrow of metaphysis and of periphery of the 2nd ossification center had greater enhancement than that of fatty marrow of central region of the 2nd ossification center. All of their enhancements decreased gradually with age.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural localization of CGRP-positive nerve fibers at the epiphyseal trabecules facing the growth plate of rat femurs.

We performed immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies to disclose a possible relationship between nerve fibers and bone metabolism. Immunohistochemical distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-positive nerve fibers during bone development was assessed in the femurs of rats. CGRP-positive nerve fibers were denser in the epiphysis than in the metaphysis. These nerve fibers particularly ran along the epiphyseal trabecules facing the growth plate and came in contact with osteoclasts. Many osteoclasts at the epiphyseal trabecules facing the growth plate contained abundant toluidine blue and periodic acid-Schiff-positive granules. Electron microscopy revealed that these osteoclasts have many membrane-bound, electron-dense granular structures and dilated cisterns of rough endoplasmic reticulum containing electron-dense material. They were often surrounded by clear cells displaying features of nerve fiber and had no ruffled border. Furthermore, ultrastructural observations revealed electron-dense structures coating the cytoplasmic side of plasma membranes of the nerve fibers. We also observed coated pits in the cytoplasm of the osteoclasts facing the nerve fibers. To further clarify the role of innervation, we compared trabecules of rats undergoing denervation of the sciatic nerve with those from unoperated rats. Denervation resulted in a significant increase in the number of cement lines on the epiphyseal trabecules facing the growth plate. These results suggest that the osteoclasts at the epiphyseal trabecules facing the growth plate are in part regulated by CGRP-positive nerve fibers. Thus, CGRP-positive nerve fibers could be a crucial element in bone metabolism during bone growth and development.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The role of the epiphyseal and metaphyseal circulations on longitudinal growth in the dog: an experimental study.

An experimental model using the immature canine proximal fibular epiphysis was developed to isolate and investigate the effects of the epiphyseal and metaphyseal circulations on longitudinal growth. Experimental constructs studied the epiphyseal circulation, the epiphyseal and metaphyseal circulations, a devascularized growth plate, and a control group. Twenty-four limbs were studied by serial x-ray films and microangiographic and histologic analyses at time of death, 24 weeks after surgery. The data from this preliminary study show that both metaphyseal and epiphyseal circulations are necessary for predictable longitudinal growth.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Magnetic resonance imaging and differential diagnosis of epiphyseal osteonecrosis.

This article addresses imaging features of epiphyseal osteonecrosis that have been highlighted by the use of magnetic resonance imaging, including better depiction of marrow infarcts, better knowledge of their natural history, and better understanding of the different patterns of epiphyseal osteonecrosis. Imaging features that enable differentiation between irreversible lesions, including epiphyseal osteonecrosis and rapidly progressive osteoarthritis, and spontaneously transient lesions, including transient osteoporosis and epiphyseal fractures, are emphasized.

Bone Marrow↗
PubMed2000

Bilateral epiphyseal fractures of the proximal tibia within a six-month interval: a case report.

An epiphyseal fracture commonly results from avulsion of the epiphysis by traction through the attached ligaments. A fracture of the proximal tibial epiphysis is, therefore, a rare injury because of the absence of collateral ligament attachments. Most proximal tibial epiphyseal injuries occur as avulsion fractures of the tibial tubercle; Salter-Harris Types I or II injuries involving pressure epiphyses are rare. In the current case of a thirteen-year-old boy, the proximal tibial epiphyseal injuries in both knees occurred during quadriceps contraction in the absence of violent trauma, and there was a six-month interval between the two injuries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Treatment of posterior epiphyseal disruption of the medial clavicle with a modified Balser plate.

BACKGROUND: Acute posterior dislocation of the sternoclavicular joint is a rare but dangerous injury that is often difficult to diagnose. Because of late closure of the medial clavicular epiphysis, epiphyseal disruption must be taken into consideration in patients up to 25 years of age with an apparent diagnosis of posterior sternoclavicular dislocation. We developed a novel method of treating epiphyseal disruptions with a modified Balser plate. METHODS: This method was used in a 19-year-old patient with a posterior epiphyseal disruption of the left medial clavicle. After molding of the plate, the hook was introduced into the manubrium sterni and the plate was fixed on the clavicle with screws. RESULTS: The new method could be applied safely and achieved a good functional result without any external immobilization. The postoperative course was uneventful. CONCLUSION: Fixation of the posterior epiphyseal disruption of the medial clavicle with a modified Balser plate is feasible and may be an alternative to traditional methods.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Unicameral bone cyst with epiphyseal involvement: clinicoanatomic analysis.

Epiphyseal involvement of a unicameral bone cyst (UBC) is rare. This anatomic setting represents a distinct clinical and radiographic entity. This study reports a new case and analyzes the clinical and biological behavior of seven additional UBCs with epiphyseal involvement from the literature. We report the first successful treatment of this variant with methylprednisolone acetate. The average age was 20.1 years with a male to female ratio of 1.3:1. Anatomic location: proximal femur (4), proximal humerus (2), and proximal tibia (2). Both age and location were atypical when compared to the classic metaphyseal location. Radiographically, all lesions presented a characteristic involvement of the epiphysis and metaphysis in various proportions. The epiphyseal plates were judged closed versus open in 50%, respectively. Follow-up ranged from 9 months to 3 years. Six cases healed following a single curettage (three with and three without bone graft). There were no late complications of fracture, deformity, shortening, or avascular necrosis. Recurrence was 0%. No secondary procedures were required. We conclude the age, location, and radiographic appearance is atypical and diagnosis is difficult, but the biological behavior is less aggressive and the prognosis more favorable than the typical, metaphyseal UBC. Curettage with or without bone graft has a high success rate. We recommend aspiration and intralesional methylprednisolone as the initial management. We hypothesize that epiphyseal UBCs have a better prognosis than metaphyseal location alone due to the older age, atypical location, and the potential of the epiphysis to reossify.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis: assessment of epiphyseal displacement and angulation.

Nineteen hips with slipped capital femoral epiphysis underwent assessment of the severity of epiphyseal displacement on anteroposterior and lateral roentgenograms and by computerized tomography. The head-shaft angle, the percentage of maximal epiphyseal displacement, and the computed tomographic head-neck angle were determined. The head-shaft angle showed great variability when compared with the percentage of epiphyseal displacement and with the head-neck angle. The percentage of epiphyseal displacement showed less variability when compared with the computerized tomographic head-neck angle; however, the range of error was still significant. These data suggest that the computerized tomographic measurement of degree of slip is more accurate than previously described techniques. We believe that the computerized tomographic measurement of head-neck angle achieves greater accuracy and therefore reproducibility by virtue of a decrease in position dependency. This measurement may be indicated as a reproducible standard for assessing slip severity in the horizontal plane.

Adolescent↗