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PubMed1992

SQUID: a program for the analysis and display of data from crystallography and molecular dynamics.

SQUID is a flexible computer program that allows the analysis and display of molecular coordinates from crystallography, NMR, and molecular dynamics. The program can also display two-dimensional and three-dimensional data using many graph types, as well as perform array processing of data with numerous intrinsic functions. Graphics are based on the use of "move" and "draw" instructions, allowing easy development of new device drivers, including vector plotters.

Computer Graphics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Program evaluation. Part 1: Four generations of theory.

Program evaluation is necessary for understanding and improving educational programs in nursing, but it is frequently surrounded by a climate of unease and perplexity. This first article in a two-part series reviews and evaluates extant models of program evaluation using Guba and Lincoln's four generations of evaluation as a theoretical framework. The second article (November/December 1990) examines the state-of-the-art of program evaluation in nursing education and proposes implementation of a responsive model of program evaluation in schools of nursing. The series aims to foster more dynamic, efficient program analysis, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of nursing's educational programs.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Changing men's attitudes and behavior: the Zimbabwe Male Motivation Project.

A multimedia communication campaign was conducted between 1988 and 1989 to promote family planning among men in Zimbabwe. The campaign consisted of a 52-episode semiweekly radio soap opera, about 60 motivational talks, and two pamphlets about contraceptive methods. Changes over time were measured by comparing a subset of a follow-up survey conducted from October to December 1989 to a baseline survey conducted from April to June 1988. Men exposed to the campaign were also compared to men who were not exposed. The follow-up survey revealed that the campaign reached 52 percent of men aged 18 to 55. Among married Shona-speaking men, use of modern contraceptive methods increased from about 56 percent to 59 percent during the campaign. Condom use increased from about 5 percent to 10 percent. Awareness and current use of modern contraceptives was also higher among men exposed to the campaign, primarily because of their greater awareness of condoms. Men exposed to the campaign were significantly more likely than other men to make the decision to use family planning and to say that both spouses should decide how many children to have.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Contraceptive use and fertility decline in Chogoria, Kenya.

This article describes the results pertaining to fertility and family planning from a 1985 survey conducted in the catchment area of Chogoria Hospital in central Kenya. Current contraceptive prevalence was found to be quite high, 43 percent as opposed to 17 percent for Kenya as a whole. The total fertility rate of 5.2 births per woman was 2.5 births lower than the national rate. Very few women reported wanting to have large numbers of children or thinking that fate or God should determine family size. Although these data cannot conclusively demonstrate that the family planning program operating in the area has been responsible for reduced fertility there, they do provide some support for this hypothesis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

The demographic impact of the family planning--health services project in Matlab, Bangladesh.

This paper evaluates the demographic impact of the Family Planning-Health Services Project in Matlab Thana of rural Bangladesh. The project was begun by the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh in October 1977. Contraceptive services--including pills, condoms, IUDs, sterilization, and injectables--are supplemented by oral rehydration, tetanus toxoid, and other services. About 33 percent of eligible couples are using contraception. Impact is evaluated by direct measurement of birth rates in the treatment and comparison areas. An overall fertility decline of about 25 percent is observed, concentrated among older women. The impact is two-to-three times that of an earlier project that included fewer methods and used lesser trained workers. The study shows that intensive family planning efforts can affect fertility in the absence of socioeconomic changes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

[Endemic situation of leprosy in the municipality of Rondonopolis-Mato Grosso].

Here we show a report about the incidence of leprosy in Rondonópolis, State of Mato Grosso in Brazil. We direct attention to the fact that the contemporary index of prevalence in Brazil doesn't correspond to our reality when one makes a program of dynamic research of new cases and clearances to the population, medical staff and co-workers, through lectures and programs on radio and television, besides articles in local papers.

Brazil↗
PubMed1983

Contraceptive use by adolescent females in relation to knowledge, and to time and method of contraceptive counseling.

Contraceptive behavior of adolescent females was examined in relation to their level of knowledge, and time and method of contraceptive counseling. Subjects were 122 subscribers to a prepaid health plan, 13-18 years of age, unmarried, sexually active, and not desiring pregnancy. Contraceptive counseling was offered to 62 adolescents following receipt of a negative pregnancy test and to 60 adolescents following a routine medical visit. The 80 adolescents who chose to participate in the study were randomly assigned to a conventional or developmental method of counseling. The effectiveness of their contraceptive practice was measured 1 year later. Two hypotheses were not upheld: Sexually active adolescents were not more likely to accept contraceptive counseling at the time of a negative pregnancy test than at a time of a routine medical visit, and did not subsequently become more effective users of contraceptives. Two hypotheses were upheld: Effective and ineffective users of contraception did not differ in level of knowledge, and adolescents counseled by a developmental method practiced contraception more effectively than those counseled by a conventional method. Findings are discussed in terms of the theory of adolescent development and the proposition that a pregnancy scare motivates teenagers to control fertility.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The impact of service delivery frequency on family planning program output and efficiency.

Operations research is the study of factors that can be controlled by program administrators. Among such factors is the frequency of performing program activities. The present experiment, conducted in Lima, Peru during 1985-86, tested the impact of holding family planning post sessions once per month, twice per month, and weekly. Frequency was shown to have a major impact on program outputs, costs, and cost-effectiveness. Depending on the indicator, sessions held twice per month produced between 1.5 and 2.1 times the output of those conducted once per month. Weekly sessions produced between 1.3 and 1.6 times the output of those held twice per month. At an output level of nearly 11,200 visits per year, twice-per-month sessions were estimated to be 7-38 percent more cost-effective, depending on the indicator, than once-per-month sessions, and 6-28 percent more cost-effective than weekly sessions.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed1991

Localization of small renal tumor by dynamic computerized tomography.

Herein we report on 4 cases of renal tumor whose diameter was less than 3 cm. A mass lesion was suggested by renal echography in mass screening program. Renal dynamic computerized tomography (CT) with bolus injection can delineate a mass lesion clearer than ordinary plain and enhanced CT, and renal angiography. In renal dynamic CT, tumor lesion is well depicted because of the difference between the time density curve in the tumor lesion and that in the surrounding renal parenchyma. Renal dynamic CT is considered to be an especially versatile modality to diagnose small tumors which are hardly delineated by ordinary enhanced CT.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

The establishment of a centralised referral service leads to earlier abortion.

In 1988 a centralised referral service for termination of pregnancy was established in Edinburgh. This has led to a significant reduction in the time women who have requested termination wait to see a gynaecologist (mean 4.7 days) and in the time it takes before suction termination of pregnancy is undertaken (total wait 10.2 days). In 1988 only 40% of induced abortions in Edinburgh were carried out at 9 weeks gestation or before while in 1989 that figure had risen to 60%. In 1989 less than 10% of pregnancies were terminated at or after 12 weeks gestation, compared with 21% in 1988. Reasons for delays in obtaining an abortion are multifactorial but rapid referral once a woman has made the decision to seek help will be essential if she is to avail herself of the advantages of medical termination--only available until eight weeks of pregnancy.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1989

Mortality pattern in the Emergency Paediatric Unit of Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria.

Three hundred and seven (307) deaths were recorded out of 3,155 admissions into the Emergency Paediatric Unit of Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria between January 1st and December 31st 1986, giving a percentage mortality of 9.9 percent. 67 percent of the patients who died were aged between one month and twenty four months, and the overall male: female ratio of deaths was 1:1.04. Measles with complications was the commonest cause of death (24.1 percent) closely followed by protein energy malnutrition (23 percent) and respiratory tract infection (18 percent). Over half of the patients (57.6 percent) died less than 24 hours after admission. As most deaths resulted from preventable conditions, the implications of this finding, and suggestions on how to improve the situation are discussed.

Cause of Death↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Program evaluation. Part 2: A responsive model proposal.

While program evaluation is necessary for understanding and improving educational programs in nursing, it is frequently surrounded by a climate of unease and perplexity. The first article (September/October 1990) in this two-part series reviewed models of program evaluation. This second article examines the state-of-the-art of program evaluation in nursing education and proposes implementation of a responsive model of evaluation in schools of nursing. The series aims to foster more dynamic, efficient program analysis, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of nursing education programs.

Education, Nursing↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fertility reduction and the quality of family planning services.

The purpose of this paper is to determine whether a focus on quality of family planning services is consistent with meeting demographic objectives. An analytical framework that links the six elements of quality with fertility is described. A review of existing literature and analysis suggest that improvements in quality of family planning services by enhancing the choice of contraceptive methods available in a country would increase the overall practice of contraception and thus would result in fertility reduction.

Contraception↗